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| currency_code = QAR
| time_zone = [[UTC+03:00#Arabia Standard Time|AST]]
| utc_offset = +3:00
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = right<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/|title=List of left- & right-driving countries – World Standards|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229191259/https://www.worldstandards.eu/cars/list-of-left-driving-countries/|url-status=live}}</ref>
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'''Qatar''',{{efn|The English pronunciation is commonly {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɑr}} or, approximating Arabic, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑː|t|ɑr}}; others variants include {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʌ|t|ɑːr|,_|ˈ|k|æ|t|ɑːr|,_|ˈ|k|ɑː|t|ɑːr|,_|-|ər|,_|k|ə|ˈ|t|ɑːr|,_|k|æ|ˈ|t|ɑːr|,_|k|ɑː|ˈ|t|ɑːr}}; respectively: {{respell|KUT|ar|,_|KAT|ar|,_|KAH|tar|,_|KUT|ər|,_|KAT|ər|,_|KAH|tər|,_|kə|TAR|,_|ka(h)|TAR}}.<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Qatar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Lexico|Qatar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite EPD|18|Qatar}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Definition of Qatar {{!}} Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Qatar|access-date=26 November 2022|website=www.dictionary.com|language=en|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129060235/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/qatar|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/politics/how-do-you-say-qatar-senate-hearing-has-the-answer/2014/06/12/57b193aa-f240-11e3-8658-4dc6c63456f1_video.html|title=How do you say 'Qatar'? Senate hearing has the answer|newspaper=Washington Post|date=12 June 2014|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> --><!-- There seem to be a number of additional variants in sporadic use, but lets stick to those attested in pronunciation dictionaries, especially since CEPD and LPD concur almost entirely. --> ({{langx|ar|قطر|Qaṭar}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈqɑtˤɑr|pron}}, {{IPA|afb|ˈɡɪtˤɑr|label=[[Qatari Arabic|local vernacular]]}}).<ref name="EoI">{{cite journal |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/katar-SIM_4018 |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |last=Johnstone |first=T. M. |journal=Ķaṭar |year=2008 |publisher=Brill Online |access-date=22 January 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927185243/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/katar-SIM_4018 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required|date=January 2013}}</ref>}} officially the '''State of Qatar''',{{efn|{{langx|ar|دولة قطر|Dawlat Qaṭar|links=no}}.}} is a country in [[West Asia]]. It occupies the [[Geography of Qatar|Qatar Peninsula]] on the northeastern coast of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the [[Middle East]]; it shares [[Qatar–Saudi Arabia border|its sole land border]] with [[Saudi Arabia]] to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the [[Persian Gulf]]. The [[Gulf of Bahrain]], an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby [[Bahrain]]. The capital is [[Doha]], home to over 80% of the country's inhabitants. Most of the land area is made up of flat, low-lying [[desert]].
Qatar has been ruled as a [[hereditary monarchy]] by the [[House of Thani]] since [[Mohammed bin Thani]] signed "an agreement, not a formal treaty"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fromherz |first=Allen James |title=Qatar: A Modern History |publisher=Georgetown University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1626162037 |edition=1st |location=Washington, DC |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref> with Britain in 1868 that recognised its separate status. Following [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule, Qatar became a [[British protectorate]] in 1916 and gained independence in 1971. The current emir is [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]], who holds nearly all executive, legislative, and judicial authority in an [[autocratic]] manner under the [[Constitution of Qatar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Qatar: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2020|access-date=6 April 2021|website=Freedom House|language=en|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503104458/https://freedomhouse.org/country/qatar/freedom-world/2020|url-status=live}}</ref> He appoints the [[List of prime ministers of Qatar|prime minister]] and [[Cabinet of Qatar|cabinet]]. The partially-elected [[Consultative Assembly of Qatar|Consultative Assembly]] can block legislation and has a limited ability to dismiss ministers.
In early 2017, the population of Qatar was 2.6 million, although only 313,000 of them are Qatari citizens and 2.3 million being [[expatriate]]s and [[migrant workers]].<ref name=pop>{{cite web |url=http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |title=Population of Qatar by nationality – 2017 report |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225053320/http://priyadsouza.com/population-of-qatar-by-nationality-in-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its [[State religion|official religion]] is [[Islam]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution|url=http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024231923/http://english.mofa.gov.qa/details.cfm?id=80|archive-date=24 October 2004}}</ref> The country has the fourth-highest [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] in the world<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=22 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622102516/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD |url-status=live }}</ref> and the eleventh-highest [[List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita|GNI per capita (Atlas method)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=data.worldbank.org |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120072314/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD |url-status=live }}</ref> It ranks 42nd in the [[Human Development Index]], the third-highest HDI in the [[Arab world]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |date=8 September 2022 |title=Human Development Report 2021-22 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22 |language=en |access-date=16 November 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112121440/https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2021-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income economy]], backed by the world's third-largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|natural gas reserves]] and oil reserves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112042847/http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/|archive-date=12 January 2013 |title=Indices & Data | Human Development Reports |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |date=14 March 2013 |access-date=27 June 2013}}</ref> Qatar is one of the world's largest exporters of liquefied natural gas<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 July 2022|title=2022 World LNG Report Press Release|work=International Gas Union (IGU)|url=https://www.igu.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Press-Release-IGU-World-LNG-Report-2022-1.pdf|access-date=7 October 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009205924/https://www.igu.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Press-Release-IGU-World-LNG-Report-2022-1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's largest emitter of carbon dioxide per capita.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where in the world do people emit the most CO2?|url=https://ourworldindata.org/per-capita-co2|access-date=17 July 2021|website=Our World in Data|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525012947/https://ourworldindata.org/per-capita-co2|url-status=live}}</ref>
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===Antiquity===
[[File:Excavated site on Al Khor Island.jpg|thumb|Excavation of a [[Kassites|Kassite]] dye site on [[Al Khor Island]]]]
Human habitation in Qatar dates back to 50,000 years ago.<ref name="cs1"/> Settlements and tools dating back to the [[Stone Age]] have been unearthed in the peninsula.<ref name="cs1">Toth, Anthony. "Qatar: Historical Background." [https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/pe/persiangulfstate00metz_0/persiangulfstate00metz_0_djvu.txt ''A Country Study: Qatar''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209203237/https://cdn.loc.gov/master/frd/frdcstdy/pe/persiangulfstate00metz_0/persiangulfstate00metz_0_djvu.txt |date=9 February 2017 }} ([[Helen Chapin Metz]], editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (January 1993). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [[public domain]]''.</ref> [[Mesopotamia]]n artifacts originating from the [[Ubaid period]] (c. 6500–3800 BC) have been discovered in abandoned coastal settlements.<ref name="haya">{{cite book|last1=Khalifa|first1=Haya|last2=Rice|first2=Michael|title=Bahrain Through the Ages: The Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2hmbc9evgB0C|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0710301123|year=1986|pages=79, 215}}</ref> [[Al Da'asa]], a settlement located on the western coast of Qatar, is the most important Ubaid site in the country and is believed to have accommodated a small seasonal encampment.<ref name="thaiembassy">{{cite web|url=http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf|title=History of Qatar|website=www.qatarembassy.or.th|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Qatar. London: Stacey International, 2000|access-date=9 January 2015|archive-date=10 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092636/http://www.qatarembassy.or.th/download/Complete_History_of_Qatar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Rice|first=Michael|title=Archaeology of the Persian Gulf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0maIAgAAQBAJ|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415032681|pages=206, 232–233|year=1994}}</ref>The polity of Dilmun, which is attested to in sources from the 3rd millennium BC onwards, is said to have encompassed Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and the eastern portion of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-14 |title=Dilmun: Ancient Polity of Modern Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia |url=https://brewminate.com/dilmun-ancient-polity-of-modern-bahrain-kuwait-qatar-and-saudi-arabia/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas |language=en-US}}</ref>Some historians have theorized that the Sumerians may have originated from this region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION |url=https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sumer.htm |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.sjsu.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite
[[Kassites|Kassite]] [[Babylonia]]n material dating back to the second millennium BC found in [[Al Khor Island]]s attests to trade relations between the inhabitants of Qatar and the Kassites in modern-day Bahrain.<ref>{{cite book|last=Magee|first=Peter|title=The Archaeology of Prehistoric Arabia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqlkAwAAQBAJ|publisher=Cambridge Press|year=2014|pages=50, 178|isbn=9780521862318}}</ref> Among the findings were crushed snail shells and Kassite potsherds.<ref name="thaiembassy"/> It has been suggested that Qatar is the earliest known site of shellfish dye production, owing to a Kassite [[Tyrian purple|purple dye]] industry which existed on the coast.<ref name="haya"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Sterman|first=Baruch|title=Rarest Blue: The Remarkable Story Of An Ancient Color Lost To History And Rediscovered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGdBBAAAQBAJ|publisher=Lyons Press|year=2012|pages=21–22|isbn=978-0762782222}}</ref>
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| width1 = 145
| caption1 = [[Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani]]<br /><small>[[Emir of Qatar|Emir]] since 2013</small>
| image2 =
| width2 = 145
| caption2 = [[
}}
Qatar is officially a [[semi-constitutional monarchy]],<ref name=BBC9Sep05>BBC News, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm ''How democratic is the Middle East?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm |date=11 February 2021 }}, 9 September 2005.</ref><ref name=USState2011>United States Department of State [https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Qatar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026090100/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |date=26 October 2020 }}, 2011.</ref> but the wide powers retained by the monarchy have it bordering an [[absolute monarchy]]<ref name=ftManage>{{cite news|last=Gardener|first=David|url=https://www.ft.com/content/2e141faa-dd82-11e2-a756-00144feab7de|title=Qatar shows how to manage a modern monarchy|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=5 December 2016|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224183440/https://www.ft.com/content/2e141faa-dd82-11e2-a756-00144feab7de|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/qatar/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&pedisable=true|title=Embassy of Canada to the State of Qatar|date=|work=[[Government of Canada]]|access-date=4 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094525/https://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/qatar/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/index.aspx?lang=eng&pedisable=true|url-status=live}}</ref> ruled by the [[House of Thani|Al Thani family]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm|title=BBC NEWS – Middle East – How democratic is the Middle East?|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211002901/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3784765.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |title=Documents |website=www.state.gov |access-date=21 May 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026090100/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/186656.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Al Thani dynasty has been ruling Qatar since the family house was established in 1825.<ref name="CIA"/> In 2003, Qatar adopted a [[Constitution of Qatar|constitution]] that provided for the direct election of 30 of the 45 members of a legislature.<ref name="CIA"/><ref name="Lambert2011a">{{cite journal|first=Jennifer|last=Lambert|year=2011|title=Political Reform in Qatar: Participation, Legitimacy and Security|url=http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print|journal=Middle East Policy|volume=19|issue=1|access-date=9 January 2012|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116235840/http://mepc.org/journal/middle-east-policy-archives/political-reform-qatar-participation-legitimacy-and-security?print|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Reut20111101">{{cite news|title=Qatar to hold advisory council elections in 2013|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101|date=1 November 2011|publisher=Reuters|work=Reuters (UK edition)|access-date=4 March 2012|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118142354/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-qatar-election-idUKTRE7A01US20111101|url-status=dead}}</ref> The constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a referendum, with almost 98% in favour.<ref name="electionguide.org">{{cite web|title=IFES Election Guide – Elections: Qatar Referendum Apr 29 2003|url=http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|access-date=5 June 2017|website=www.electionguide.org|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513193632/http://www.electionguide.org/results.php?ID=341|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="princeton.edu">{{cite web|title=Qatar 2003|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092106/https://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/qatar2003.html|archive-date=10 October 2017|access-date=5 June 2017|website=www.princeton.edu}}</ref> Despite this, the government remains [[authoritarian]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The objections to Qatar hosting the World Cup reek of Eurocentrism |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/2022-world-cup-qatar-time-fifa-came-arab-world-rcna57749 |agency=nbc |quote=In condemning Qatar, we should remember that the population of this authoritarian monarchy |access-date=22 November 2022 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122171942/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/2022-world-cup-qatar-time-fifa-came-arab-world-rcna57749 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=MEPEI /> According to the [[V-Dem Democracy indices]] Qatar is 2023 the second least [[Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa|electoral democratic country in the Middle East]].<ref name="vdem_dataset">{{cite web |last=V-Dem Institute |date=2023 |title=The V-Dem Dataset |url=https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |access-date=14 October 2023 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208183458/https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Qatari law does not permit the establishment of political bodies or trade unions.<ref name="kuwari">{{cite web|title=The People Want Reform… In Qatar, Too.|work=Jadaliyya|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8880/the-people-want-reform%E2%80%A6-in-qatar-too.|access-date=9 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010092159/http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/8880/the-people-want-reform%E2%80%A6-in-qatar-too.|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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On 2 October 2020, Qatari authorities strip-searched 13 Australian women on a plane at [[Hamad International Airport]] over a premature baby found in a bathroom at the terminal. This caused an international incident with Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carla Mascarenhas |date=26 May 2023 |title='Terrified, humiliated': Invasive strip search lawsuit against Qatar Airlines gains momentum |work=[[news.com.au]] |url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/terrified-humiliated-invasive-strip-search-lawsuit-against-qatar-airlines-gains-momentum/news-story/c1c1fb598202cdb5bcb10ac5976d822e |access-date=19 October 2023 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214403/https://www.news.com.au/travel/terrified-humiliated-invasive-strip-search-lawsuit-against-qatar-airlines-gains-momentum/news-story/c1c1fb598202cdb5bcb10ac5976d822e |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Victoria Pengilly |author2=Jack Snape |author3=Riley Stuart |date=26 October 2020 |title=Qatar airport incident in which women were invasively searched reported to Australian Federal Police |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-26/qatar-airport-baby-women-invasive-search/12812364 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=6 September 2023 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906090154/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-10-26/qatar-airport-baby-women-invasive-search/12812364 |url-status=live }}</ref> In September 2023, Qatar mediated the US-Iran prisoners swap deal. Iran freed five Americans in exchange for five Iranians held in the [[United States|US]] and transfer $6 billion in frozen Iranian money from South Korea to Qatar.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 September 2023|title=Five Americans head home in $6bn US-Iran prisoner swap deal|website=[[TheGuardian.com]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/18/five-americans-fly-out-of-iran-in-6bn-oil-money-prisoner-swap|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008231244/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/18/five-americans-fly-out-of-iran-in-6bn-oil-money-prisoner-swap|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2023 United States President [[Joe Biden]] thanked the Qatar's Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani for his help in mediating a landmark prisoner swap deal with Iran.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 October 2023|title=Biden thanks Qatar's emir for mediation in freeing Americans from Iran|website=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-thanks-qatars-emir-mediation-freeing-americans-iran-amiri-diwan-2023-10-03/|access-date=10 October 2023|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009075900/https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-thanks-qatars-emir-mediation-freeing-americans-iran-amiri-diwan-2023-10-03/|url-status=live}}</ref>
On September 24, 2024, Qatar was designated as the first Gulf country to join the U.S. Visa Waiver Program (VWP), allowing its citizens to travel to the United States for up to 90 days for business or tourism without a visa. The inclusion strengthens security cooperation between the two nations and eases travel for Qatari citizens. U.S. citizens are now permitted to stay in Qatar for up to 90 days without a visa, an increase from the previous 30-day limit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=missionqa |date=2024-09-24 |title=Designation of Qatar into the Visa Waiver Program |url=https://qa.usembassy.gov/designation-of-qatar-into-visa-waiver-program/ |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=U.S. Embassy in Qatar |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 24, 2024 |title=US admits Qatar into visa waiver program |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/us-admits-qatar-into-visa-waiver-program-2024-09-24/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref>
=== Military ===
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==== Terror ====
Qatar has been criticized for allowing terror financiers to operate within its borders, with accusations originating from intelligence reports, government officials, and journalists. In 2014, U.S. officials, including David S. Cohen, claimed that Qatar had failed to take action against blacklisted individuals living freely in the country. Despite introducing anti-terrorism laws in 2004 and updating them in subsequent years, Qatar faced allegations of supporting groups like Hamas, which it denied, stating its goal was to facilitate constructive engagement with the Palestinian Authority. These concerns contributed to the Qatar diplomatic crisis from 2017 to 2021.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kells |first=Michelle Hall |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501399 |title=Ximenes, Vicente Trevino (05 December 1919–27 February 2014) |date=October 2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |series=American National Biography Online|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1501399 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003 |title=Chapter 7 Terrorists We Like and Terrorists We Don't Like |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216973942.0012 |journal=Images That Injure |pages=51–55 |doi=10.5040/9798216973942.0012|isbn=979-8-216-97394-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Elnakhala |first=Doaa’ |title=National counter-terrorism responses: France |date=2021-04-20 |work=Global Jihadist Terrorism |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781800371309.00021 |access-date=2024-10-06 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |doi=10.4337/9781800371309.00021 |isbn=978-1-80037-130-9|doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Administrative divisions==
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[[Qatari literature]] traces its origins back to the 19th century. Originally, written poetry was the most common form of expression. Abdul Jalil Al-Tabatabai and Mohammed bin Abdullah bin Uthaymeen, two poets dating back to the early 19th century, formed the corpus of Qatar's earliest written poetry. Poetry later fell out of favor after Qatar began reaping the profits from oil exports in the mid-20th century and many Qataris abandoned their [[Bedouin]] traditions in favor of more urban lifestyles.<ref name="tawfiq">{{cite web|url=http://aljasra.org/archive/cms/?p=2727|script-title=ar:الشعر في قطر علي امتداد مائة سنة|publisher=Al Jasra Cultural and Social Club|author=Hassan Tawfiq|language=ar|date=1 May 2015|access-date=29 August 2018|archive-date=27 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827075610/http://aljasra.org/archive/cms/?p=2727|url-status=live}}</ref>
Due to the increasing number of Qataris who began receiving formal education during the 1950s and other significant societal changes, 1970 witnessed the introduction of the first short story anthology, and in 1993 the first locally authored novels were published. Poetry, particularly the predominant [[nabati]] form, retained some importance but would soon be overshadowed by other literary types.<ref name="tawfiq"/> Unlike in most other forms of art in Qatari society,
===Media===
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[[File:2015 Ladies Tour of Qatar Cucinotta winning stage 1.jpg|thumb|left|[[2015 Ladies Tour of Qatar]]]]
[[File:Al-Rayan-Stadium-doha.jpg|thumb|left|[[Al-Rayyan Stadium]]]]
''[[The Guardian]]'', a British national daily newspaper, produced a short documentary named "Abuse and exploitation of migrant workers preparing emirate for 2022".<ref name="Guardian20130925">{{cite news|last = Pattisson|first = Pete|title = Revealed: Qatar's World Cup 'slaves'|url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves|access-date = 26 September 2013|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 25 September 2013|quote = So entrenched is this exploitation that the Nepalese ambassador to Qatar, Maya Kumari Sharma, recently described the emirate as an "open jail".}}</ref> A 2014 investigation by ''The Guardian'' reported that migrant workers who had been constructing luxurious offices for the organisers of the 2022 World Cup had not been paid in over a year, and were now "working illegally from cockroach-infested lodgings."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/jul/28/qatar-world-cup-migrants-not-paid-building-office|title=Qatar World Cup: migrants wait a year to be paid for building offices|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|last1=Booth|first1=Robert|last2=Pattisson|first2=Pete|date=28 July 2014|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> For 2014, Nepalese migrants involved in constructing infrastructure for the 2022 World Cup died at a rate of one every two days.<ref>Owen Gibson and Pete Pattisson (23 December 2014). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/23/qatar-nepal-workers-world-cup-2022-death-toll-doha Death toll among Qatar's 2022 World Cup workers revealed]. ''The Guardian.'' Retrieved 29 May 2015.</ref> The Qatar 2022 organising committee responded to various allegations by claiming that hosting the World Cup in Qatar would act as a "catalyst for change" in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2014/jun/15/qatar-world-cup-bid-2022|title=Qatar hits back at allegations of bribery over 2022 World Cup|last=Gibson|first=Owen|work=The Guardian|date=14 June 2014|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> According to a February 2021 article in ''The Guardian'', some 6,500 migrant construction workers had died.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pattisson |first=Pete |display-authors=etal.|date=23 February 2021 |title=Revealed: 6,500 migrant workers have died in Qatar since World Cup awarded |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/23/revealed-migrant-worker-deaths-qatar-fifa-world-cup-2022 |work=The Guardian |location= |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref> However, the World Cup in Qatar was the most expensive in the competition's history and had many modern technologies, with many expressing their satisfaction with the country's handling of the tournament.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12098/12643330/world-cup-2022-qatar-tournament-to-feature-semi-automated-offside-technology-with-ball-sensors-and-cameras|title=World Cup 2022: Qatar tournament to feature semi-automated offside technology with ball sensors and cameras|website=Sky Sports}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=December 2023}}
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[[File:Khalifa International Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[Khalifa International Stadium]]]]
[[File:17 11 2021 - Visita ao Estádio Lusail (51688270420).jpg|thumb|[[Lusail Iconic Stadium]] with capacity of 80,000 seats.]]
Though football is the most popular sport, other team sports have experienced considerable success at senior level. In 2015, the [[Qatar men's national handball team|national handball team]] emerged as runners-up to [[France men's national handball team|France]] in the [[2015 World Men's Handball Championship|World Men's Handball Championship]] as hosts, however the tournament was marred by numerous controversies regarding the host nation and its team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/88OMR.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201181403/http://www.ihf.info/files/CompetitionData/153/pdf/88OMR.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 February 2015|title=Match report|publisher=International Handball Federation|access-date=12 March 2015}}</ref> Further, in 2014, [[Qatar national 3x3 team|Qatar]] won the world championship in men's [[FIBA 3x3 World Championships|3x3 basketball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://russia2014.fiba.com/|title=2014 FIBA 3x3 World Championships|publisher=International Basketball Federation|access-date=13 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031210632/http://russia2014.fiba.com/|archive-date=31 October 2015}}</ref>
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In 2009, Qatar established the [[Qatar Science & Technology Park]] in Education City to link those universities with industry. Education City is also home to a fully [[School accreditation|accredited]] [[international Baccalaureate]] school, [[Qatar Academy]]. In addition, two Canadian institutions, the [[College of the North Atlantic]] (headquarters in Newfoundland and Labrador) and the [[University of Calgary]], have inaugurated campuses in Doha. Other [[For-profit school|for-profit universities]] have also established campuses in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhlstenden.com/en/locations/qatar-doha |title=NHL Stenden University Qatar |access-date=22 May 2009 }}</ref>
In 2012, Qatar was ranked third from the bottom of the 65 OECD countries participating in the PISA test of mathematics, reading and skills for 15- and 16-year-olds, despite having the highest per capita income in the world.<ref>{{Cite book|title=PISA 2012 Results in Focus|publisher=OECD|year=2014|page=5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Key findings – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|url=http://www.oecd.org/pisa/keyfindings/pisa-2012-results.htm|publisher=Oecd.org|access-date=30 December 2013}}</ref> Qatar was ranked 49th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024, up from 65th in 2019.<ref>{{cite
As part of its national development strategy, Qatar has outlined a 10-year strategic plan to improve the level of education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar National Development Strategy 2011~2016|date=March 2011|url=http://www.gsdp.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/knowledge_center/Tab/Qatar_NDS_reprint_complete_lowres_16May.pdf|access-date=24 March 2015|location=Doha, Qatar|publisher=Gulf Publishing and Printing Company|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104820/http://www.gsdp.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/knowledge_center/Tab/Qatar_NDS_reprint_complete_lowres_16May.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The government has launched educational outreach programs, such as [[AL-Bairaq|Al-Bairaq]]. Al-Bairaq was launched in 2010 aims to provide high school students with an opportunity to experience a research environment in the [[Center for Advanced Materials]] in Qatar University. The program encompasses the [[STEM fields]] and languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php |title=Welcome to Al-Bairaq World |publisher=Qu.edu.qa |date=6 March 2014 |access-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419220638/http://www.qu.edu.qa/offices/research/CAM/dmsprogram/index.php |archive-date=19 April 2014 }}</ref>
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