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{{Short description|13th century Mongol general and kingmaker}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Nogai
|
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
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| successor =
| house = [[Borjigin]]
| father = Tatar
| mother =
| spouse = {{plainlist|
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*Toraï<ref name="GeniNogai" />
*[[Chaka of Bulgaria]]}}
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|module = {{Infobox military person | embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Golden Horde]]
| branch = Golden Horde army
| serviceyears = 1250s – 1290s
| rank = Army General
| unit =
| commands =
| battles_label =
| battles = [[Berke–Hulagu war]], <br> War with Byzantines, <br> Invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia, <br> [[Second Mongol invasion of Hungary]], <br> [[Second Mongol invasion of Poland]], <br> [[Third Mongol invasion of Poland]], <br> [[Toqta#Early reign under Nogai|Battle of the Kagamlyk River]]
| awards =
}}
}}
'''Nogai''', or '''Noğay''' ({{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|ˈ|ɡ|aɪ}}; also spelled '''Nogay''', '''Nogaj''', '''Nohai''', '''Nokhai''', '''Noqai''',{{sfn|Rashid Al-Din|1971|p=113}} '''Ngoche''', '''Noche''', '''Kara Nokhai''', and '''Isa Nogai''';<ref>G. V. Vernadsky, ''The Mongols and Rus''</ref> died 1299/1300) was a [[general]] and [[kingmaker]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire|page=219|author=Paul D. Buell|author2=Francesca Fiaschetti|year=2003}}</ref> of the [[Golden Horde]]. His great grandfather was [[Jochi]], son of [[Genghis Khan]].
Though he never formally ruled the Golden Horde himself, he was effectively the co-ruler of the state alongside whatever Khan was in power at the time, and had unrestricted control over the portions west of the Dnieper. At his height, Nogai was one of the most powerful men in Europe, and widely thought of as the Horde's true head. The Russian chroniclers gave him the title of Tsar, and the Franciscan missionaries in the Crimea spoke of him as a co-emperor.<ref>J. J. Saunders, ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', p. 162.</ref>▼
▲Though he never formally ruled the Golden Horde himself, he was effectively the co-ruler of the state alongside whatever
==Name==▼
▲==Name==
French historian [[Paul Pelliot]] wrote that Nokhai meant
==Early life under Batu and Berke==
Nogai was born to Tatar (Tutar), a son of Terval who was a son of [[Jochi]]. He would rule his grandfather's [[appanage]] after his father died. After the [[Mongol invasion of Europe]], [[Batu Khan]] left Nogai with a tumen (10,000 warriors) in modern-day [[Moldavia]] and [[Romania]] as a frontier guard. He was a nephew of [[Berke]] Khan as well as Batu Khan and [[Orda Khan]], and under his uncle, he became a powerful and ambitious warlord.
===Second Mongol invasion of Poland===
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===Berke–Hulagu War===
{{Main|Berke–Hulagu war}}
[[File:Bataille du Terek (1262).jpeg|thumb|left|
In 1262, a [[Berke–Hulagu war|civil war]] broke out between the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate, with Berke and
In August 1264, the war effectively ended when [[Kublai Khan]] was crowned khagan with the acknowledgement of Berke, Hulegu, and Chagatai. However the war was renewed between the Golden Horde and Ilkhanate in 1265. Nogai was given the task of leading an invasion of the Ilkhanate, now ruled by Hulegu's successor [[Abaqa Khan]]. He invaded Persia and plundered some areas before being met in battle by Abaqa on the Aksu. A fierce and severe battle ensued in which Nogai was personally injured (losing an eye) and his army was forced to retreat. Abaqa pursued Nogai's army across the Kur, hoping to wipe it out, but Abaqa was forced to withdraw when Berke arrived with reinforcements.<ref name="Henry Hoyle Howorth 1876">Henry Hoyle Howorth (1876).
===War against the Byzantines===
In 1265, Nogai led his army across the [[Danube]], leading 20,000
==De facto rule: 1266–1294==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Mongolempiremodernborders.png|thumb|500x|The Golden Horde (yellow) during Nogai's de facto rule]] -->
Berke died sometime in 1266. Despite his influence, Nogai did not try to seize rulership of the Golden Horde, settling for serving [[Mengu-Timur]] Khan. However he managed to
In 1282, Nogai sent 4,000 Mongol soldiers to [[Constantinople]], to help his father in law Emperor Michael suppress the rebels headed by John I Doukas of [[Thessaly]]. But Michael died and [[Andronikos II Palaiologos|Andronikos II]] used the allied troops to fight against Serbia.
===Invasions of Bulgaria and of Eastern Roman Empire===
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===Second Mongol invasion of Hungary===
{{Main|Second Mongol invasion of Hungary}}
In the winter of 1285, Nogai and [[Talabuga]] Khan invaded [[Hungary]] with Mongol and [[Cuman]] troops, but unlike [[Subutai]]
The invasion plan was devised by Nogai, with two columns led by him and Talabuga. Talabuga's troops devastated [[Transylvania]] and raided as far as [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], but the Hungarians' newly
Nogai was more successful than Talabuga, staying in Hungary into spring and retaining the bulk of his army, but still suffered several serious reverses at the hands of local Hungarian troops (primary Szekelys, Saxons, and Vlachs). He also failed to capture any major fortifications, with the exception of the Saxon castle of [[Mikod Kökényesradnót|Ban Mikod]]. Nogai's column never came into contact with the royal army, as his losses to the local Hungarian forces in the areas he operated in were sufficiently serious to convince him to retreat prematurely. His column was also ambushed by the Szekelys on the return.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
Overall the campaign was a severe defeat for the Golden Horde and one of Nogai's biggest setbacks; there would be no major incursions into Hungary after it, only raiding along the frontier.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}
===Ascension of Talabuga===
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===Raid on Circassia===
Following the unsuccessful raid on Poland, Nogai and Talabuga made another expedition, this time into [[Circassia]]. There they pillaged and killed at will. However,
===Conflict with Talabuga===
Nogai and Talabuga had never gotten along, and their
However, Nogai was duplicitous; he had arrived at the designated meeting spot accompanied by a large group of soldiers and [[Tokhta]], as well as three sons of Mengu-Timur. While Nogai and Talabuga met, Nogai's men sprung out in an ambush, quickly capturing Talabuga and his supporters; Nogai, with the help of protégés, then strangled Talabuga to death. After this, he turned to the young Tokhta and said: "Talabuga has usurped the throne of your father, and your brothers who are with him have agreed to arrest you and put you to death. I deliver them up to you, and you may do with them as you will." Tokhta subsequently had them killed.<ref>
==Conflict with Tokhta and death: 1294–1300==
However, Tokhta would prove a more headstrong ruler than either Tuda-Mengur or Talabuga. Nogai and Tokhta soon found themselves embroiled in a deadly rivalry; while they cooperated in raids against rebellious Rus' principalities, they remained in competition. Tokhta's father-in-law and wife often complained that Nogai seemed to consider himself superior to Tokhta, and Nogai repeatedly rejected any demands Tokhta made of him to attend his court. They also disagreed over the policy of trading rights for the Genoese and Venetian cities in Crimea. Two years after Nogai installed Tokhta, their rivalry came to a head and Tokhta set out to gather his supporters for a war against Nogai.<ref>Marco Polo. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VovVAAAAMAAJ
===Battle of Nerghi Plains===
Tokhta, with more control over the eastern portions of the empire, managed to gather a massive force, larger than Nogai's but reportedly less able at arms owing to the experience of Nogai's men in their wars in Europe. Marco Polo, drawing from Mongol sources, states that Nogai assembled 15 tumens (150,000 men) and Tokhta assembled 20 tumens (200,000 men), but these numbers are likely exaggerated. The two
===Battle of Kagamlik===
However, Tokhta was not yet finished. After a few years he managed to reform his army and raise a larger host with which he confronted Nogai deep within Nogai's own territory, at {{ill|Kahamlyk|uk|Кагамлик (село)}} (Kagamlik), near the Dnieper. Here in 1299 or 1300, Tokhta finally prevailed, with his army defeating Nogai's. Nogai's sons escaped the battle with 1,000 horsemen, while Nogai was found fleeing with 17 when he was wounded by a Russian soldier in the service of Tokhta. He said: "I am
Despite his power and prowess in battle, Nogai never attempted to seize the Golden Horde khanate for himself, preferring to act as a sort of kingmaker. He served under several Golden Horde Khans: Berke, [[Mengu-Timur]], [[Tuda-Mengu]], Talabuga, and [[Tokhta]]
==Personality and character==
Rashid Al-Din presents Nogai as both a capable general and as a wily old politician. He was content to remain a kingmaker and the power behind the throne, rather than seizing direct control of the Horde himself. Nogai self-consciously promoted Mongol ways, and took pride in his lineage. Despite this, his religious beliefs apparently followed his diplomatic needs; initially he was a devout [[Tengrist]], like most of the Golden Horde, and remained one even after Berke's conversion to Islam. Later on, in a letter to Egypt in 1271, he claimed to have converted to Islam, and his name was included on a list of converts sent by Berke to the Mamluk Sultan [[
Nogai's first wife was named Chubei, and his second was named Yailaq,
==See also==
▲Nogai's first wife was named Chubei, and his second was named Yailaq, on top of Euphrosyne. Chubei was described by Rashid Al-Din as "clever and competent." Nogai had two sons by Chubei: Joge (the eldest) and Tige. He had one son named Torai by Yailaq. He also had a daughter named Quiyaq.<ref>Rashid Al-Din, p. 126-129</ref> He had another wife named Alaka with which he had another son, [[Chaka of Bulgaria|Chaka]], who ruled as the tsar of Bulgaria from 1299 to 1300. He was also close friends with Mankus, a Byzantine merchant from Crimea,<ref>.Павлов, Пламен. Търновските царици. В.Т.:ДАР-ТХ, 2006.</ref> He arranged and held the marriage ceremony of Mankus's daughter [[Euphrosyne of Bulgaria|Encona]] to [[Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria]] at his court, and his wife Euphrosyne became her god-mother.<ref>Павлов, Пламен. Търновските царици. В.Т.:ДАР-ТХ, 2006.</ref>
* [[Nogais]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
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*Ж.Бор ''Монгол хийгээд евроазийн дипломат шаштир'' Боть 2, 2003
*Howorth, H.H. "History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century: Part 2. The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. Division 1"
*{{cite book |author=[[Rashid al-Din Hamadani|Rashid Al-Din]] |translator=John Andrew Boyle |title=The Successors of Genghis Khan |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1971 }}
*Vernadsky, G. "Mongols and Russia", Yale University Press, Dec 1953
*István Vásáry, ''Cumans and Tatars'', Cambridge University Press 2005
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[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Khans of the Golden Horde]]
[[Category:13th-century
[[Category:13th-century Mongol khans]]
[[Category:Military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire Muslims]]
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