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==History==
[[File:San Nicolas box artifacts.png|thumb|Artifacts from San Nicolas Island, possibly of Nicoleño origin]]
Archaeological evidence suggests that San Nicolas island, like the other [[Channel Islands of California|Channel Islands]], has been populated for at least 10,000 years, though perhaps not continuously. It is thought the Nicoleño people were closely related to the people of [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina]] and [[San Clemente Island]]s; these were members of the Takic branch of the Uto-Aztecan people and were related to the [[Tongva]] of modern-day [[Los Angeles County, California|Los Angeles County]]. The name Nicoleño has been conventional since its use by [[Alfred L. Kroeber]] in ''Handbook of Indians of California''; the [[Chumash
[[File:Lorenzo Gordin Yates Nicoleño 04.png|thumb|1896 image of Nicoleño remains on San Nicolas island]]
The expedition of [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] spotted San Nicolas Island in 1543, but they did not land or make any notes about the inhabitants. In 1602 the Spanish explorer [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] visited San Nicolas and gave it its current name. Little is known of the Nicoleño through the historical record between that date and the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |title= Archaeological explorations on San Nicolas Island|last= Bryan|first= Bruce|year= 1970|publisher= Southwest Museum|page= xvii |url=https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalex0000brya|url-access= registration}}</ref> By that time, the population appeared to have declined significantly, likely due in part to Spanish missionary recruitment efforts, known to have relocated people from the other Channel Islands to the mainland.
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In 1814, the [[Russian–American Company]] brig ''[[Il’mena]]'' brought a party of [[Aleut people|Aleut]]s and Russian fur traders from [[Russian Alaska]] to San Nicolas island in search of [[sea otter]] and [[pinniped|seal]]. They killed many of the Nicoleño men and raped many of the women leaving the population decimated.<ref name="JSTOR Daily"/> By the 1830s only around twenty remained; some sources put the number at seven, six women and an old man named Black Hawk. Black Hawk suffered a head injury during the massacre. Hearing of this, the [[Mission Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara Mission]] on the mainland sponsored a rescue mission, and in late 1835 Captain Charles Hubbard sailed out to the Channel Islands aboard the schooner ''Peor es Nada''. Most of the tribe boarded the ship, but one, the woman later known as Juana Maria, did not arrive before a storm rose and the ship had to return to port. Hubbard was unable to return for Juana Maria at the time as he had received orders to take a shipment of lumber to [[Monterey, California]], and before he could return to Santa Barbara the ''Peor es Nada'' hit a heavy board in the mouth of the [[San Francisco Bay]] and sank. A lack of other available ships is usually cited as preventing further rescue attempts.
Many of the surviving Nicoleño chose to live at the [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel]]. However, they had no immunity to the diseases they encountered there. Black Hawk became blind shortly after arriving, and died when he fell off a steep bank into the water and drowned. The others had also apparently died by the time Juana Maria was rescued. After several other attempts at locating her failed, she was found by Captain [[George Nidever]], who took her to the mainland.<ref name=Chawkins>{{cite news|url=
In 1939, the remnants of a whalebone
Over the years, 469 human remains and 436 burial objects have been found on San Nicolas Island. When leaders from the [[Pechanga Band of Luiseno Mission Indians|Pechanga Band of Luiseño Mission Indians]], a tribe of [[Luiseño]]s claiming a cultural connection with the Nicoleños, visited the island, they were troubled with the way that the human remains were being handled by excavators. With the approval of the [[United States Navy|Navy]], they established a cultural claim to the human remains and artifacts related to burial.<ref name="The San Diego Union-Tribune">{{cite web|last1=Sullivan Brennan|first1=Deborah|title=Artifacts highlight Lone Woman story|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/environment/sdut-environment-san-nicolas-lone-woman-pechanga-2015mar01-story.html|website=The San Diego Union-Tribune|access-date=7 May 2018|language=en|date=1 March 2015}}</ref>
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==Language==
{{Split section|Nicoleño language|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox language
| region = [[San Nicolas Island]], [[California]]
| fam2
| fam3
| fam4
| iso3 = none
▲ |glotto=isla1277
| ethnicity = Nicoleño
▲ |glottorefname=Island Takic
}}
The '''Nicoleño language''' has been extinct since Juana Maria's death. Its extant remnants consist only of four words and two songs attributed to her. This evidence was recorded by non-speakers, as contemporary accounts are clear that no one could be found who could understand Juana Maria. The four Nicoleño words that were translated were "tocah", meaning "animal hide"; "nache", meaning "man"; "toygwah", meaning "sky"; and "puoochay", meaning "body".<ref name="Indian Country Today">{{cite web|title='Island of the Blue Dolphins' Woman Connected to Pechanga Band, Says Navy - Indian Country Media Network|url=https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/island-of-the-blue-dolphins-woman-connected-to-pechanga-band-says-navy/|website=Indian Country Today|access-date=7 May 2018|language=en|date=5 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508200733/https://indiancountrymedianetwork.com/history/events/island-of-the-blue-dolphins-woman-connected-to-pechanga-band-says-navy/|archive-date=8 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Based on the limited evidence, [[Alfred L. Kroeber]] in 1907 identified it as a "[[Shoshonean languages|Shoshonean]]" language – a deprecated term for the [[Northern Uto-Aztecan languages]] – and associated it with the [[Takic languages|Takic]] branch that includes [[Tongva language|Tongva]] (Gabrieliño), spoken on [[Santa Catalina Island, California|Santa Catalina Island]] and the adjacent coast, and [[Luiseño language|Luiseño]], spoken to the south. Most subsequent linguists have followed Kroeber's conclusions.
In 2000, linguist [[Pamela Munro]] argued that Nicoleño was part of the [[Cupan]] subgroup of Takic languages, and not closely similar to Tongva. According to Munro's analysis, Nicoleño had similarities to both the [[Luiseño language|
==Notes==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Nicoleno}}
[[Category:
[[Category:
[[Category:Channel Islands of California]]
[[Category:Takic languages]]
[[Category:Extinct Native American tribes]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of North America]]
[[Category:Extinct Native American peoples]]
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