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{{Infobox Japanese clan
|surname = Minamoto
|surname nihongo = 源氏
|image = Sasa Rindo.svg
|image size = 200px
|image caption = The emblem ([[Mon (emblem)|''mon'']]) of the Minamoto clan<br>''(three [[Gentiana scabra|Japanese gentian flowers]] on five [[Bamboo|bamboo leaves]])''
|home province = [[Heian-kyō]] (Modern [[Kyōto]])
|parent house = [[Imperial House of Japan]]<br/>([[Emperor Saga]])
|titles = [[Shogun]], [[Daimyō]], [[Kuge]], [[Daijō-daijin]], [[Minister of the Left|Sadaijin]], [[Minister of the Right|Udaijin]], [[Kazoku]], and others
|founder = [[Minamoto no Makoto]] (first recorded)
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|dissolution =
|ruled until =still extant
|cadet branches = {{PlainlistPlain list|
* [[Saga Genji]]
* [[Ninmyō Genji]]
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* [[Go-Fusakusa Genji]]
* [[Ōgimachi Genji]]
* ---
* '''Noble descendant clans:'''
* [[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|15px]] [[Ashikaga clan|Ashikaga]], [[File:Japanese Crest Nitta hitotu Hiki.svg|15px]] [[Nitta clan|Nitta]], [[File:Tokugawa family crest.svg|15px]] [[Matsudaira clan|Matsudaira]], [[File:Japanese Crest Takeda Hisi.svg|15px]] [[Takeda clan|Takeda]], [[File:Mitsubaaoi.svg|15px]] [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]], [[File:Maru ni Jū-monji (Kutsuwa) inverted.svg|15px]] [[Shimazu clan| Shimazu]], [[File:Japanese Crest Hinomaru Oogi.svg|15px]] [[Satake clan| Satake]], [[File:Mon ogasawara.svg|15px]] [[Ogasawara clan|Ogasawara]], [[File:Japanese Crest Nanbu Turu.svg|15px]] [[Nanbu clan|Nanbu]], [[File:五七桐に七葉根笹.png|15px]] [[Yamana clan|Yamana]], [[File:Kamon yotumeyui.png|15px]] [[Kyōgoku clan|Kyōgoku]], [[File:So clan mon2.svg|15px]] [[Rokkaku clan|Rokkaku]], [[File:Japanese crest Oota Kikyou.svg|15px]] [[Ōta clan|Ōta]], [[File:Akamatsu mon.png|15px]] [[Akamatsu clan| Akamatsu]], [[File:Koga Yama-Rindō inverted.png|15px]] [[Koga family|Koga]], [[File:Japanese Crest Hosokawa Kuyou.svg|15px]] [[Hosokawa clan|Hosokawa]], [[File:Japanese crest Imagawa Akadori.svg|15px]] [[Imagawa clan|Imagawa]], [[File:Kuyo.svg|15px]] [[Kanamaru clan|Kanamaru]], [[File:Japanese crest Turu no maru(White background).svg|15px]] [[Mori clan (Genji)|Mori]], [[File:Mizu-Iro Tokikikyo.png|15px]] [[Akechi clan|Akechi]], [[File:Kamon maru ni kenkatabami2.png|15px]] [[Sakai clan|Sakai]], [[File:Japanese Crest Maru ni Hidari Mannji.svg|15px]] [[Hachisuka clan|Hachisuka]], [[File:Alex K Hiroshima Asano (color).svg|15px]] [[Asano clan|Asano]], [[File:Kamon yotumeyui.png|15px]] [[Amago clan|Amago]], [[File:Japanese Crest Watanabe Hosi.svg|15px]] [[Watanabe]], [[File:So clan mon2.svg|15px]] [[Sasaki clan|Sasaki]], [[File:Kuroda Fuji (No background and Black color drawing).svg|15px]] [[Kuroda clan|Kuroda]], [[File:Tokikikyo.svg|15px]] [[Toki clan|Toki]], [[File:Japanese crest Sanngai Hisi ni itutu Kuginuki.svg|15px]] [[Miyoshi clan|Miyoshi]], [[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|15px]] [[Shiba clan|Shiba]], [[File:Ashikaga mon rev.svg|15px]] [[Kira clan|Kira]], [[File:Ashikaga mon.svg|15px]] [[Mogami clan|Mogami]], [[File:Inoue kamon.jpg|15px]] [[Inoue clan|Inoue]], [[File:Maru ni Kumai Sasa (No background and Black color drawing).svg|15px]] [[Takenaka clan|Takenaka]], [[File:Sasa Rindō inverted.png|15px]] [[Kitabatake clan| Kitabatake]], [[File:Maru ni Sasa Rindō inverted.png|15px]] [[Ishikawa clan|Ishikawa]], [[File:Futatsuhikiryo.svg|15px]] [[Satomi clan|Satomi]], [[File:Japanese Crest Yanagisawa Hanabisi.svg|15px]] [[Yanagisawa clan| Yanagisawa]], [[File:Sumikiri hana01.svg|15px]] [[Yonekura clan| Yonekura]], [[File:Miyake-rimpo crest rev.jpg|15px]] [[Miyake clan|Miyake]], [[File:Japanese crest sanngai bisi.png|15px]] [[Akiyama clan|Akiyama]], and numerous others}}
}}
}}
 
{{nihongoNihongo|'''Minamoto'''|源}} was a [[Aristocracy (class)|noble]] surname bestowed by the [[Emperors of Japan]] upon members of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial family]] who were excluded from the [[List of emperors of Japan|line of succession]] and demoted into the ranks of [[Nobility|the nobility]] since 814.<ref name=":3">"...the Minamoto (1192-1333)". ''Warrior Rule in Japan'', page 11. Cambridge University Press.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=September 2024}}<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=井上 |first=辰雄 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_panuAAACAAJ |title=嵯峨天皇と文人官僚 |publisher=塙書房 |year=2011 |isbn=9784827312409 |location=Japan |pages=305–306 |language=ja}}</ref> TheSeveral Minamotonoble waslines were bestowed the mostsurname, powerful andthe most important clannotable of allwhich fourwas greatthe [[JapaneseSeiwa clans|clansGenji]], thatwhose dominateddescendants Japanese politics duringestablished the [[HeianKamakura periodshogunate|HeianKamakura]], and [[KamakuraAshikaga periodshogunate|KamakuraAshikaga]], [[MuromachiShogun|shogunates]] periodfollowing the Heian era. The Minamoto was one of the four great [[Japanese clans|Muromachiclans]] andthat dominated Japanese politics during the [[EdoHeian period|EdoHeian]] periodsperiod in [[History of Japan|Japanese history]]—the other three were the [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara]], the [[Taira clan|Taira]], and the [[Tachibana clan (kuge)|Tachibana]].<ref>{{Cite bookencyclopedia |last=Gibney |first=Frank |year=1984 |title=Shisei: 'Genji' |encyclopedia=Britannica International Encyclopedia |publisher=TBS-Britannica |year=1984 |at=Shisei: "Genji" |oclc=47462068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frédéric |first=Louis |year=2002 |title=Japan Encyclopedia |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780674017535 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=439–452 |language=en}}</ref>▼
 
In the late Heian period, Minamoto rivalry with the Taira culminated in the [[Genpei War]] (1180–1185 AD). The Minamoto emerged victorious and established Japan's first [[Kamakura shogunate|shogunate]] in [[Kamakura]] under [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]], who appointed himself as ''[[shōgun]]'' in 1192, ushering in the [[Kamakura period]] (1192–1333 AD) of Japanese history. The name "Genpei" comes from [[On'yomi|alternate readings]] of the ''[[kanji]]'' "Minamoto" (源 ''Gen'') and "Taira" (平 ''Hei'').
▲{{nihongo|'''Minamoto'''|源}} was a [[Aristocracy (class)|noble]] surname bestowed by the [[Emperors of Japan]] upon members of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial family]] who were excluded from the [[List of emperors of Japan|line of succession]] and demoted into the ranks of [[Nobility|the nobility]] since 814.<ref>"...the Minamoto (1192-1333)" Warrior Rule in Japan, page 11. Cambridge University Press.</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=井上 |first=辰雄 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_panuAAACAAJ |title=嵯峨天皇と文人官僚 |publisher=塙書房 |year=2011 |isbn=9784827312409 |location=Japan |pages=305–306 |language=ja}}</ref> The Minamoto was the most powerful and most important clan of all four great [[Japanese clans|clans]] that dominated Japanese politics during the [[Heian period|Heian]], [[Kamakura period|Kamakura]], [[Muromachi period|Muromachi]] and [[Edo period|Edo]] periods in [[History of Japan|Japanese history]]—the other three were the [[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara]], the [[Taira clan|Taira]], and the [[Tachibana clan (kuge)|Tachibana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibney |first=Frank |title=Britannica International Encyclopedia |publisher=TBS-Britannica |year=1984 |at=Shisei: "Genji" |oclc=47462068}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frédéric |first=Louis |title=Japan Encyclopedia |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2002 |isbn=9780674017535 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=439–452 |language=en}}</ref>
 
The Kamakura Shogunate was overthrown by [[Emperor Go-Daigo]] in the [[Kenmu Restoration]] of 1333. Three years later the Kenmu government would then itself be overthrown by the [[Ashikaga clan]], descendants of the Seiwa Genji who established the [[Ashikaga shogunate]] (1333 to 1573).
The Minamoto clan is also called the {{nihongo|'''Genji'''|源氏|4="Minamoto clan"}}, or less frequently, the {{nihongo|'''Genke'''|源家|4="House of Minamoto"}}, using the [[On'yomi]] readings of {{nihongo|''gen''|源}} for "Minamoto", while {{nihongo|''shi'' or ''ji''|氏}} means "[[Uji (clan)|clan]]", and {{nihongo|''ke''|家}} is used as a suffix for "[[extended family]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Lebra |first=Takie Sugiyama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780520076020 |language=en}}</ref>▼
 
▲The Minamoto clan is also called the {{nihongoNihongo|'''Genji'''|源氏|4="Minamoto clan"}}, or less frequently, the {{nihongoNihongo|'''Genke'''|源家|4="House of Minamoto"}}, using the [[Onon'yomi]] readings of {{nihongo|''gen''|源}} for "Minamoto", while {{nihongoNihongo|''shi'' or ''ji''|氏}} means "[[Uji (clan)|clan]]", and {{nihongoNihongo|''ke''|家}} is used as a suffix for "[[extended family]]".<ref>{{citeCite book |last=Lebra |first=Takie Sugiyama |year=1995 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xa0wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72 |title=Above the Clouds: Status Culture of the Modern Japanese Nobility |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780520076020 |language=en}}</ref>
The practice was most prevalent during the [[Heian period]] (794–1185 AD), although its last occurrence was during the [[Sengoku period]]. The [[Taira clan|Taira]] were another such offshoot of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial dynasty]], making both clans distant relatives.
 
== History ==
InThe May[[Emperors of Japan]] bestowed noble surnames upon members of the [[814Imperial House of Japan|imperial family]] who were excluded from the [[List of emperors of Japan|line of succession]] and demoted into the ranks of [[Nobility|the nobility]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In May 814, the first [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] to grant the surname "Minamoto" was [[Emperor Saga]], to his seventh son—[[Minamoto no Makoto]], in [[Heian-Kyo|Heian-Kyō]] (modern [[Kyoto|Kyōto]]).<ref>Frederic, Louis (2002). ''Japan Encyclopedia.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=倉本 |first=一宏 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FClzAEACAAJ |title=公家源氏: 王権を支えた名族 |publisher=中央公論新社 |date=2019-12-18 |isbn=9784121025739 |location=Japan |pages=18 |language=ja}}</ref>{{rp|18}}<ref name=":2" /> The practice was most prevalent during the Heian period (794–1185 AD), although its last occurrence was during the [[Sengoku period]]. The [[Taira clan|Taira]] were another such offshoot of the [[Imperial House of Japan|imperial dynasty]], making both clans distant relatives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuehn |first=John T. |title=A military history of Japan: from the age of the Samurai to the 21st century |date=2014 |publisher=Praeger |isbn=978-1-4408-0394-9 |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |pages=36}}</ref> [[File:Seiryoji0332.jpg|thumb|[[Seiryō-ji]], a temple in [[Kyoto]], was once a villa of [[Minamoto no Tōru]] (d. 895), a prominent member of the Saga Genji|left]]The most prominent of the several Minamoto families, the [[Seiwa Genji]], descended from [[Minamoto no Tsunemoto]] (897–961), a grandson of [[Emperor Seiwa]]. Tsunemoto went to the provinces and became the founder of a major warrior dynasty. [[Minamoto no Mitsunaka]] (912–997) formed an alliance with the Fujiwara. Thereafter the Fujiwara frequently called upon the Minamoto to restore order in the capital, [[Heian-Kyo|Heian-Kyō]] (modern [[Kyoto|Kyōto]]).<ref name="Sansom" />{{rp|240–241}}Mitsunaka's eldest son, [[Minamoto no Yorimitsu]] (948–1021), became the protégé of [[Fujiwara no Michinaga]]; another son, [[Minamoto no Yorinobu]] (968–1048) suppressed the rebellion of [[Taira no Tadatsune]] in 1032. Yorinobu's son, [[Minamoto no Yoriyoshi]] (988–1075), and grandson, [[Minamoto no Yoshiie]] (1039–1106), pacified most of northeastern Japan between 1051 and 1087.<ref name=Sansom>{{Cite book |last=Sansom |first=George |title=A History of Japan to 1334 |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1958 |isbn=0804705232 |pages=241–242, 247–252}}</ref>
[[File:Emperor Saga.jpg|left|thumb|399x399px|[[Emperor Saga]] (786 – 842)]]
The Seiwa Genji's fortunes declined in the [[Hōgen Rebellion]] (1156), when the Taira executed most of the line, including [[Minamoto no Tameyoshi]]. During the [[Heiji Disturbance]] (1160), the head of the Seiwa Genji, [[Minamoto no Yoshitomo]], died in battle.<ref name=Sansom/>{{rp|256–258}} [[Taira no Kiyomori]] seized power in Kyoto by forging an alliance with the retired emperors [[Emperor Go-Shirakawa|Go-Shirakawa]] and [[Emperor Toba|Toba]] and infiltrating the ''[[kuge]]''. He sent [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]] (1147–1199), the third son of Minamoto no Yoshimoto of the Seiwa Genji, into exile. In 1180, during the [[Genpei War]], Yoritomo mounted a full-scale rebellion against the Taira rule, culminating in the destruction of the Taira and the subjugation of eastern Japan within five years. In 1192, he received the title ''[[shōgun]]'' and set up the first ''[[bakufu]]'' in the history of Japan at [[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]—[[Kamakura shogunate]].<ref name=Sansom/>{{rp|275,259–260, 289–305,331}}
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The [[Genpei War]] is also the subject of the early Japanese epic ''[[The Tale of the Heike]]'' (''Heike Monogatari'').<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Watson|first1=Burton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OF4aAwAAQBAJ|title=The Tales of the Heike|last2=Shirane|first2=Haruo|date=2006-06-27|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51083-7|pages=4|language=en}}</ref>
== Members of the Minamoto clan (Genji clan) ==
Even within [[Royal family|royalty]] there was a distinction between princes with the title {{nihongo3||親王|shinnō}} ("[having the] ability to advance", ''i.e.'', eligible to become the new Emperor), who could ascend to the throne, and princes with the title {{nihongo3||王|ō}} ("king", "ruler", "magnate"),<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Spahn |first1=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JKyAAAAIAAJ |title=The Kanji Dictionary 漢字熟語字典 |last2=Hadamitzky |first2=Wolfgang |last3=Fujie-Winter |first3=Kimiko |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |date=1996 |isbn=978-0804820585 |location=Global |pages=4f0.1 |language=ja, en}}</ref> who were not members of the line of [[List of emperors of Japan|imperial succession]] but nevertheless remained members of the [[Imperial House of Japan|royal class]] (and therefore outranked members of Minamoto clans). The bestowing of the Minamoto name on a (theretofore-)prince or his descendants excluded them from the royal class altogether, thereby operating as a reduction in legal and social rank even for ''ō''-princes not previously in the line of succession.
[[File:Old silver coin with family crest of Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji), Edo period.png|left|thumb|291x291px|[[Silver coin|Old silver coin]] with [[Mon (emblem)|mon]](emblem) of the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji), found in [[Edo period]]]]
Many later clans were formed by members of the Minamoto clan, and in many early cases, progenitors of these clans are known by either family name. There are also known [[Bhikkhu|monks]] of Minamoto descent; these are often noted in genealogies but did not carry the clan name (in favour of a [[dharma name]]).
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The Minamoto is the ancestor and parent clan of many notable descendant clans, some of which are [[Ashikaga clan|Ashikaga]], [[Tokugawa clan|Tokugawa]], [[Matsudaira clan|Matsudaira]], [[Nitta clan|Nitta]], [[Takeda clan|Takeda]], [[Shimazu clan|Shimazu]], [[Sasaki clan|Sasaki]], [[Akamatsu clan|Akamatsu]], [[Kitabatake clan|Kitabatake]], Tada, [[Ōta clan|Ota]], [[Toki clan|Toki]], [[Yamana clan|Yamana]], [[Satomi clan|Satomi]], [[Hosokawa clan|Hosokawa]], [[Satake clan|Satake]], Yamamoto, Hemi, [[Ogasawara clan|Ogasawara]], [[Yasuda clan|Yasuda]], Takenouchi, Hiraga, [[Imagawa clan|Imagawa]], [[Miyake clan|Miyake]], etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Papinot |first=Jacques Edmond Joseph |url=http://www.unterstein.net/Toyoashihara-no-Chiaki-Nagaioaki-no-Mitsuho-no-Kuni/NobiliaireJapon.pdf |title=Nobiliaire du Japon |publisher=Oliver Rost; Stefan Unterstein |year=1906 |location=Dortmund; München |pages=3–73 |language=fr}}</ref>
 
There were 21 branches of the clan, each named after [[Emperor of Japan|the emperor]] from whom it descended. Some of these lineages were populous, but a few did not produce descendants.[[File:Genealogy-of-the-Minamoto-Clan-Utagawa-Kuniyoshi.png|thumb|688x688px|Genealogy of the Minamoto clan, [[ukiyo-e]] by [[Utagawa Kuniyoshi]]|center]]
 
===Saga Genji===
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[[File:Kamakura - Grand Bouddha.jpg|thumb|The statue of [[Amitābha|Amida Buddha]] at [[Kōtoku-in]], [[Kamakura]]]]
 
* [[Kamakura|Kamakura cityperiod]] and [[Kamakura|Kamakura periodcity]], which were established and founded by [[Minamoto no Yoritomo]]''—''the first ''[[shōgun]]'' of Japan.
* [[Muromachi period]] was founded by ''[[shōgun]]'' [[Ashikaga Takauji]]''—''a direct descendant of [[Minamoto no Yoshiyasu]] (also known as ''Ashikaga Yoshiyasu'').
* [[Edo period]] was founded by ''[[shōgun]]'' [[Tokugawa Ieyasu]]''—''who claimed to be a descendant of [[Minamoto no Yoshishige]] (also known as ''Nitta Yoshishige'').
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* {{Nihongo|[[Three Genji Shrines]]|源氏三神社|Genji San Jinja}} - A group of Shinto shrines connected closedly with the members of [[Seiwa Genji]] branch of the Minamoto clan.
** [[Rokusonnō Shrine]], [[Minami-ku, Kyoto|Minami-ku]], [[Kyoto]], [[Kyoto Prefecture]]
** [[Tada Jinja]], [[Kawanishi, Hyōgo|Kawanishi]], [[Hyōgo Prefecture]]
** [[Tsuboi Hachimangū]], [[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]], [[Osaka Prefecture]]
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== See also ==
*[[History of Japan]]▼
*[[Japanese clans]]▼
*[[Japanese name]]
*[[Minamoto (surname)]]
*[[Taira clan]]
*[[Genpei War|Genpei war]]
*[[Fujiwara clan]]
*[[Minamoto Takahito]]
*[[Minamoto Yoritomo]]
▲*[[Japanese clans]]
▲*[[History of Japan]]
 
==References==
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[[Category:Nobility from Kyoto]]
[[Category:Royal families]]
[[Category:Japanese noble families]]
[[Category:Japanese royalty]]
[[Category:Japanese nobilitynoble families]]
[[Category:High society (social class)]]
[[Category:Lists of families]]
[[Category:Nobility from Japan]]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minamoto_clan"