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Line 1: {{Short description\|Central Sudanic language of DR Congo}} {{Infobox language \|name=Lese \|nativename=''Efé'' \|region=[[Ituri forest]] \|states=[[Democratic Republic of the Congo~~\|Congo-Kinshasa~~]] \|speakers=70,000 \|date=1991 Line 18 ⟶ 19: \|glottoname2=Efe }} '''Lese''' is a [[Central Sudanic languages\|Central Sudanic language]] of northeastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo~~\|Congo-Kinshasa~~]], as well as a name for the people who speak this language. The Lese people, [[Efé people#Relationship to the Lese\|live in association with]] the [[Efe people\|Efé Pygmies]] and share their language, which is occasionally known as '''Lissi''' or '''Efe'''. Although Efe is given a separate ISO code, Bahuchet (2006) notes that it is not even a distinct dialect, though there is dialectical variation in the language of the Lese (Dese, Karo).<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Bahuchet \|first=Serge \|url=http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/54/82/07/PDF/Bahuchet_2006--Leipzig_Version1.pdf \|title=Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherers populations in global perspective \|year=2006 \|location=Leipzig \|chapter=Languages of the African Rainforest 'Pygmy' Hunter-Gatherers: Language Shifts without Cultural Admixture \|id={{HAL\|hal-00548207}}}}</ref> Lese is spoken in [[Mambasa Territory]], [[Watsa Territory]], and [[Irumu Territory]].<ref name="Bokula">{{Cite journal \|last=Bokula, \|first=Moiso &\|last2=Irumu \|first2=Agozia-Kario ~~Irumu.~~ \|year=1994. \|title=Bibliographie et matériaux lexicaux des langues Moru-Mangbetu (Soudan-Central, Zaïre). ''\|journal=Annales Aequatoria'' \|volume=10: \|pages=203‒245.}}</ref> ==Phonology== === Consonants === {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" \| ![[~~Bilabial~~Labial consonant\|~~Bilabial~~Labial]] ![[Alveolar consonant\|Alveolar]] ![[Retroflex consonant\|Retroflex]] ![[Palatal consonant\|Palatal]] ![[Velar consonant\|Velar]] ![[~~Labialized velar~~Labial–velar consonant\|~~Labio-~~Labial–<br/>velar]] ![[Labial-uvular consonant\|Labial-<br/>uvular]] ![[Glottal consonant\|Glottal]] \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ ! rowspan="3" \|[[~~Stop consonant\|~~Plosive]] !<small>voiceless</small> \|{{IPA link\|p}} \|p \|{{IPA link\|t}} \|t \|{{IPA link\|ʈ}} \| \|{{IPA link\|k}} \|k \|{{IPA link\|k͡p}} \| rowspan="3" \|{{IPA link\|q͡p\|q͡ɓ}} \|ʔ \|{{IPA link\|ʔ}} ~~\|- align="center"~~ \|- !<small>voiced</small> \|{{IPA link\|b}} \|b \|{{IPA link\|d}} \|d \| \|ɡ ~~\|ɡ͡b~~ \| \|{{IPA link\|ɡ}} ~~\|- align="center"~~ \|{{IPA link\|ɡ͡b}} \| \|- !<small>implosive</small> \|{{IPA link\|ɓ}} \|ɓ \|{{IPA link\|ɗ}} \|ɗ \| \| \| \|{{IPA link\|ɠ͡ɓ}} \| \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ ! rowspan="2" \|[[~~Fricative consonant\|~~Fricative]] !<small>voiceless</small> \|{{IPA link\|f}} \|{{IPA link\|s}} \| \|s \| \| \| \|h \|{{IPA link\|h}} ~~\|- align="center"~~ \|- !<small>voiced</small> \|{{IPA link\|v}} \| \| Line 76 ⟶ 86: \| \| \| ~~\|- align="center"~~ \|- ~~! rowspan="3" \|[[Affricate consonant\|Affricate]]~~ ! rowspan="2" \|[[Affricate]] !<small>voiceless</small> \|{{IPA link\|p͡f}} \| \| \|{{IPA link\|t͡ʃ}} \| \| \| \| \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ !<small>voiced</small> \|{{IPA link\|b͡v}} \| ~~\|d͡ʒ~~ \| \|{{IPA link\|d͡ʒ}} \| \| \| ~~\|- align="center"~~ ~~!<small>implosive</small>~~ \| \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Nasal consonant\|Nasal]] \|{{IPA link\|m}} \|{{IPA link\|n}} \| \| Line 101 ⟶ 117: \| \| ~~\|- align="center"~~ ~~! colspan="2" \|[[Nasal consonant\|Nasal]]~~ \|m \|n \|ɲ \| \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Lateral consonant\|Lateral]] \| \|{{IPA link\|l}} \| ~~\|- align="center"~~ ~~! colspan="2" \|[[Lateral consonant\|Lateral]]~~ \| \|l \| \| \| \| \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ ! colspan="2" \|[[Rhotic consonant\|Rhotic]] \| \|{{IPA link\|r}} \| \| Line 125 ⟶ 137: \| \| ~~\|- align="center"~~ ~~! colspan="2" \|[[Approximant consonant\|Approximant]]~~ \| \|- ! colspan="2" \|[[Approximant]] \| \|j \| \|w \|{{IPA link\|j}} \| \|{{IPA link\|w}} \| \| \|} /d͡z/ can also be heard as post-alveolar [d͡ʒ], among different dialects.<ref>{{Cite book\|last=Bertille\|first=Djoupee\|title=Morphologie Nominale du Baka\|last2=Essono\|first2=Jean-Jacques Marie\|publisher=Université de Yaoundé\|year=2002}}</ref> * {{IPA\|[q͡p]}} is an allophone of {{IPA\|[q͡ɓ]}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal \|last=Demolin \|first=Didier \|last2=Teston \|first2=Bernard \|date=September 1997 \|title=Phonetic characteristics of double articulations in some Mangbutu-Efe languages \|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00239376/file/662.pdf \|journal=International Speech Communication Association \|pages=803–806}}</ref> In the Demolin 1999, the meaning of {{IPA\|/q͡ɓ/}} is unclear, but {{IPA\|/q͡ɓ/}} seems to be a voiceless labial–uvular stop with significant lowering and a strong release. More research is needed to determine the true nature of this sound.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Güldemann \|first=Tom \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uUeHDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22lese%22+language+%22labial-uvular%22+plosive&pg=PT635 \|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa \|date=2018-09-10 \|publisher=Walter de Gruyter \|isbn=978-3-11-042175-0 \|editor-last=Güldemann \|editor-first=Tom \|series=The World of Linguistics \|volume=11 \|language=en \|doi=10.1515/9783110421668 \|s2cid=158969184}}</ref> * /r/ can also be heard as a tap sound {{IPAblink\|ɾ}}.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Smith \|first=Edwin W. \|url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00001136/00001 \|title=A Tentative Grammar of the Efe or Mbuti language \|publisher=Methodist Missionary Society in Africa & Bible Society \|year=1938}}</ref> === Vowels === {\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! ![[Front vowel\|Front]] ![[Central vowel\|Central]] ![[Back vowel\|Back]] \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ ![[Close vowel\|Close]] \|{{IPA link\|i}} \|i \| \|{{IPA link\|u}} \|- ![[Near-close vowel\|Near-close]] \|{{IPA link\|ɪ}} \| \|{{IPA link\|ʊ}} \|u \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ ![[Close-mid vowel\|Close-mid]] \|{{IPA link\|e}} \|e \| \|{{IPA link\|o}} \|o \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ ![[Open-mid vowel\|Open-mid]] \|{{IPA link\|ɛ}} \|ɛ \| \|{{IPA link\|ɔ}} \|ɔ \|- ~~\|- align="center"~~ ![[Open vowel\|Open]] \| \|{{IPA link\|a}} \|a \| \|} * In rare cases, /ɛ/ can be heard in phonological opposition as a rounded {{IPAblink\|œ}}.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=Vorbichler \|first=Anton \|title=Die Phonologie und Morphologie des Balese (Ituri-Urwald, Kongo) \|publisher=J. J. Augustin \|year=1965 \|location=Glückstadt \|oclc=4813740}}</ref> Lese can also have a doubly articulated [q͡p] <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal\|last=Didier Demolin, Bernard Teston\|date=September 1997\|title=Phonetic characteristics of double articulations in some Mangbutu-Efe languages\|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00239376/file/662.pdf\|journal=International Speech Communication Association\|pages=803–806}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} *Bahuchet, Serge. 2006. "Languages of the African Rainforest « Pygmy » Hunter-Gatherers: Language Shifts without Cultural Admixture."[http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/54/82/07/PDF/Bahuchet_2006--Leipzig_Version1.pdf] In ''Historical linguistics and hunter-gatherers populations in global perspective''. Leipzig. {{Pygmy languages}} Line 175 ⟶ 196: [[Category:African Pygmies]] [[Category:Pygmy languages]] [[Category:Central Sudanic languages]] [[Category:Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]