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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gilan Province
| native_name = {{
{{
| native_name_lang = fa<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fa" for Persian -->
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
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| map_caption1 = Location of Gilan province within Iran
| coordinates = {{coord|37|26|N|49|33|E|dim:120km|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.433333&mlon=49.55&zoom=9#map=9/37.
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
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| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[List of current Iran governors-general|Governor-general]]
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_title2 =
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
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| population_total = 2530696
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
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}}
'''Gilan province''' ({{
The northern section of the province is part of the territory of South (Iranian) [[Talysh (region)|Talysh]]. At the center of the province is [[Rasht]]. Other cities include [[Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh]], [[Astara, Iran|Astara]], [[Fuman, Iran|Fuman]], [[Hashtpar]], [[Lahijan]], [[Langarud]], [[Masuleh]], [[Manjil]], [[Rudbar]], [[Rudsar]], [[Shaft, Iran|Shaft]], [[Siahkal]], and [[Sowme'eh Sara]]. The main port is [[Bandar-e Anzali]], formerly known as Bandar-e Pahlavi.
==History==
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In February 1921 the Soviets withdrew their support for the Jangali government of Gilan and signed the [[Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921)]] with the central government of Tehran. The Jangalis continued to struggle against the central government until their final defeat in September 1921 when control of Gilan returned to Tehran.
==Demographics==
===Language and ethnicity===
{{See also|Gilaki language|Talysh language}}
[[File:Masouleh - panoramio (3).jpg|thumb|upright|Masouleh]]
Gilaks form the majority of the population, while Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Talysh and Persians are significant minorities in the province. Gilaks live in most of the cities and villages in the province, except Astara and Hashtpar counties.
The city and county of [[Astara, Iran|Astara]] are inhabited by majority [[Azerbaijanis]], and a [[Talysh people|Talysh]] minority.
There are four groups of [[Kurds]] in the province with different origins. Amarlou in [[Rasht]] and [[Rudbar]] (Districts of Ammarlu, Deylaman, and Raḥmatabad), Reshvand in [[Rasht]], Jalalvand in [[Langroud]], and Kormanj in [[Hashtpar]].<ref name="iranicaonline.org">{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gilan-xiv-ethnic-groups | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}</ref>
In Talysh county (Hashtpar), the majority are Talysh, and Azerbaijanis make up a significant portion of the population. There are also Kurdish-speaking Gormanj in Talysh county who are immigrants from [[Khalkhal County|Khalkhal]] of [[Ardabil province]].
Persians are concentrated in the city of [[Rasht]] and are divided into immigrants from [[Tehran]] and other central Iranian cities, and the local Gilak people who have adopted the [[Persian language]] and became Persianized.<ref name="iranicaonline.org"/>
The Gilaki language is a Caspian language, and a member of the northwestern Iranian language branch, spoken in Iran's Gilan, Mazandaran and Qazvin provinces.<ref>^ Coon, "Iran:Demography and Ethnography" in Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume IV, E.J. Brill, pp. 10,8. Excerpt: "The Lurs speak an aberrant form of Archaic Persian" See maps also on page 10 for distribution of Persian languages and dialect</ref><ref>Kathryn M. Coughlin, "Muslim cultures today: a reference guide", Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. p. 89: "...Iranians speak Persian or a Persian dialect such as Gilaki or Mazandarani."</ref> Gilaki is one of the main languages spoken in the province of Gilan and is divided into three dialects: Western Gilaki, Eastern Gilaki, and Galeshi (in the mountains of Gilan and Mazandaran).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/glk | title=Gilaki }}</ref> The western and eastern dialects are separated by the Sefid Roud.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistics/past-research-resources/documentation-and-description/northwest-iranian-project.html|title=Former Dept. of Linguistics – Northwest Iranian Project|first=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology|last=Leipzig|website=eva.mpg.de|access-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209044243/http://www.eva.mpg.de/linguistics/past-research-resources/documentation-and-description/northwest-iranian-project.html|archive-date=9 December 2017}}</ref>
Although Gilaki is the most widely spoken language in [[Gilan]], the [[Talysh language]] is also spoken in the province. There are only two cities in Gilan where Talyshi is exclusively spoken: Masal and Masoleh (although other cities speak Talyshi alongside Gilaki) while Talyshi is spoken mostly in the city of [[Astara, Iran|Astara]], [[Hashtpar]] and surrounding towns.
The [[Kurdish language]] is used by Kurds who have moved to the Amarlu region.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gilan Province |url=https://www.masjed.ir/en/article/1826/Gilan-Province |website=Masjed.ir |date=2014-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814192859/https://www.masjed.ir/en/article/1826/Gilan-Province |archive-date=2020-08-14 |url-status=live |last1=Mirrazavi |first1=Firouzeh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/nov/1287.html | title=A Paradise: Gilan, North of Iran | access-date=8 March 2023 | archive-date=22 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122014452/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/nov/1287.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ammarlu-a-kurdish-tribe-of-gilan-and-khorasan | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-tribes | title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica }}</ref>
[[Persian language|Persian]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ost.gilan.ir/27 |title=پرتال استان گيلان – جمعيت و نيروي انساني |access-date=2011-12-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110630002148/http://ost.gilan.ir/27 |archive-date=30 June 2011 }}</ref> is also spoken in the province of Gilan as it is Iran's official language, requiring everyone to know Persian.
'''Heritage language data as of 2022:'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Language distribution: Gilan Province |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.language-distribution.gilan_heritage |access-date=11 April 2022}}</ref>{{bar box|title=Gilan linguistic composition|titlebar=#ddd|left1=language|right1=percent|float=|bars={{bar percent|[[Gilaki language|Gilaki]]|red|65.03}}
{{bar percent|[[Talysh language|Talysh]]|purple|19.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Turkic language|Turkic]]|blue|13.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]|green|1.16}}
{{bar percent|[[Luri language|Luri]]|brown|0.32}}
{{bar percent|Other|black|0.4}}}}
'''Mother tongue data as of 2022:<ref name=":0" />'''{{bar box|title=Gilan linguistic composition|titlebar=#ddd|left1=language|right1=percent|float=|bars={{bar percent|[[Persian language|Persian]]|navy|59.79}}
{{bar percent|[[Gilaki language|Gilaki]]|red|25.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Talysh language|Talysh]]|purple|8.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Turkic language|Turkic]]|blue|5.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]]|green|0.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Luri language|Luri]]|brown|0.1}}}}
===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 2,381,063 people in 669,221 households.<ref name="2006 Gilan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Gilan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083905/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/01.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 2,480,874 in 777,316 households.<ref name="2011 Gilan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Gilan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008063316/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gilan.xls|archive-date=8 October 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 2,530,696 people in 851,382 households.<ref name="2016 Gilan Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Gilan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_01.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204200858/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_01.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
===Administrative divisions===
[[File:Gilan.svg|360px]]
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|+ Gilan Province
|-
! Counties !! 2006<ref name="2006
|-
| [[Amlash County|Amlash]] || style="text-align: right;" | 46,108 || style="text-align: right;" | 44,261 || style="text-align: right;" | 43,225
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| [[Fuman County|Fuman]] || style="text-align: right;" | 96,788 || style="text-align: right;" | 93,737 || style="text-align: right;" | 92,310
|-
| [[Khomam County|Khomam]]{{efn|Separated from [[Rasht County]] after the 2016 census<ref name="Khomam County Establishment">{{cite
|-
| [[Lahijan County|Lahijan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 161,491 || style="text-align: right;" | 168,829 || style="text-align: right;" | 167,544
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| [[Rudbar County|Rudbar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 101,884 || style="text-align: right;" | 100,943 || style="text-align: right;" | 94,720
|-
| [[Rudsar County|
|-
| [[Shaft County|Shaft]] || style="text-align: right;" | 63,375 || style="text-align: right;" | 58,543 || style="text-align: right;" | 54,226
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=== Cities ===
According to the 2016 census, 1,598,765 people (over 63% of the population of Gilan province) live in the following cities:<ref name="2016
{| class="wikitable sortable"
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The coastline is cooler and attracts large numbers of domestic and international tourists. Large parts of the province are mountainous, green and forested. The coastal plain along the Caspian Sea is similar to that of [[Mazandaran]] and mainly used for [[rice]] paddies. Due to successive cultivation and selection of rice by farmers, several cultivars including Gerdeh, Hashemi, Hasani, and Gharib have been bred.<ref name="pazuki">{{cite journal |last1=Pazuki |first1=Arman |last2=Sohani |first2=Mehdi |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in 'Indica' rice cultivars |journal=Acta Agriculturae Slovenica |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=239–247 |doi=10.2478/acas-2013-0020 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
==Colleges and universities==
* [[Gilan University of Medical Sciences]]
* [[Institute of Higher Education for Academic Jihad of Rasht]]
* Islamic Azad University of Bandar Anzali
* [[Islamic Azad University of Astara]]
* [[Islamic Azad University of Lahijan]]
* [[Islamic Azad University of Talesh]]
* [[Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch|Islamic Azad University of Rasht]]
* [[Payam-e-Noor University – Talesh]]
* [[Technical & Vocational Training Organization of Gilan]]
* [[University of Guilan]]
==Notable people==
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*[[Shardad Rohani]], composer, violinist/pianist, and conductor
*[[Shahin Najafi]], musician, singer, songwriter and political activist
==See also==
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* [[Soviet Republic of Gilan]]
{{clear}}
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==Further reading==
*Poshtvan, Hamideh. "[https://www.cla-acl.ca/pdfs/resumes-2022-abstracts/Poshtvan.pdf A first detailed language map of Gilan Province, Iran]."
==References==
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