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The '''dark-sky movement''' is a [[social movement|campaign]] to reduce [[light pollution]]. The advantages of reducing light pollution include an increased number of stars visible at night, reducing the effects of electric lighting on the environment, improving the well-being,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Summers|first=J. K.|last2=Smith|first2=L. M.|last3=Case|first3=J. L.|last4=Linthurst|first4=R. A.|date=2012-6|title=A Review of the Elements of Human Well-Being with an Emphasis on the Contribution of Ecosystem Services|journal=Ambio|volume=41|issue=4|pages=327–340|doi=10.1007/s13280-012-0256-7|issn=0044-7447|pmc=3393065|pmid=22581385}}</ref> health<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chepesiuk|first=Ron|date=2009-1|title=Missing the Dark: Health Effects of Light Pollution|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=117|issue=1|pages=A20–A27|issn=0091-6765|pmc=2627884|pmid=19165374}}</ref> and safety<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.darksky.org/light-pollution/lighting-crime-and-safety/|title=Lighting, Crime and Safety|last=|first=|date=|website=www.darksky.org|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> of both people and wildlife,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0417_030417_tvlightpollution.html|title=Light Pollution Taking Toll on Wildlife, Eco-Groups Say|last=|first=|date=|website=news.nationalgeographic.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref> and cutting down on energy usage. [[Earth Hour]] and [[National Dark-Sky Week]] are two examples of such efforts.
The [[social movement|movement]] started with professional and amateur [[astronomer]]s alarmed that nocturnal [[skyglow]] from urban areas was blotting out the sight of stars. For example, the world-famous [[Palomar Observatory]] in California is threatened by sky-glow from the nearby city of [[Escondido, California|Escondido]] and local businesses.<ref>[http://www.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/community/lightpollution.html Caltech Astronomy Department]</ref> For similar reasons, astronomers in Arizona helped push the governor there to veto a bill in 2012 which would have lifted a ban on illuminated billboards.<ref>[http://azdailysun.com/news/state-and-regional/astronomers-celebrate-veto-of-billboard-bill/article_e5f59f64-3a22-5881-8015-4babce8253b2.html AZ Daily Sun: "Astronomers celebrate veto of billboard bill"]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
[[Nocturnal]] animals can be harmed by light pollution because they are biologically evolved to be dependent on an environment with a certain amount of hours of uninterrupted daytime and nighttime. The [[over-illumination]] of the night sky is affecting these organisms (especially birds). This biological study of darkness is called [[scotobiology]].<ref>http://isebindia.com/05_08/05-01-3.html International society of environmental botanists: "Scotobiology – The biology of darkness"</ref> Light pollution has also been found to affect human circadian rhythms.<ref>http://www.darksky.org/about-ida International Dark Sky Association: About the IDA</ref>
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== Scotobiology ==
[[Scotobiology]] is the study of the role darkness plays in living organisms and shows that interrupting darkness by light pollution creates drastic effects for most organisms; changing their food gathering and feeding habits, their mating and reproduction behavior, migration behaviour (birds and insects) and social behavior.<ref name="sampaa.org">http://www.sampaa.org/publications/conference-proceedings-1991-2000/sampaa-6-proceedings/light-pollution/Bidwell%202010.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Approximately 30% of vertebrates and 60% of invertebrates are nocturnal, meaning that they depend on darkness. Their everyday behaviors are biologically evolved to adapt in uninterrupted darkness.<ref>Scott R. Parker, S. L. (2011). Dark Skies, Bright Minds. Sources of Knowledge Forum, (pp. 12–17). Ontario.</ref>
Human health is also adversely affected by the effects of light pollution. Light during night time hours has been linked to human cancers and psychological disorders.<ref name="sampaa.org"/>
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* In regard to safety, one needs only the right amount of light, in the right place, at the right time. More light often means wasted light and energy.
* Use the lowest wattage of lamp that is feasible. The maximum wattage for most commercial applications should be 250 watts of high intensity discharge lighting, but less is usually sufficient.
* Incorporate curfews (i.e., turn lights off automatically after a certain hour when businesses close or traffic is minimal).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.darksky.org/outdoorlighting/guidance |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208003935/http://darksky.org/outdoorlighting/guidance |archivedate=2014-02-08 |df= }} International Dark Sky Association: "Simple guidelines for lighting regulations. retrieved 30 December 2013</ref>
== List of groups ==
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*[http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/587221/an/0/page/0#587221/ Outdoor Lighting Regulations and Ordinances on Google Earth]
*[http://www.lawserver.com/dark-sky-laws Interactive map comparing U.S. dark sky laws]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111028172132/http://buzzlog.yahoo.com/buzzlog/94259 The dark sky movement – yahoo]
*[http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/apr11/astronomy_jasper_national_park.asp Jasper National Park]
*[http://www.darkskyparks.org/dsag/DSP%20world%20list_feb2012.pdf Dark-sky parks of the world]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.flagstaffdarkskies.org/ Flagstaff Dark Skies Coalition]
*[https://www.globeatnight.org/ Globe at Night]
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