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In China, there is longstanding resentment of the Japanese schools of karate for stealing, imitating, and claiming credit for the forms of [[kung fu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sunypress.edu/content/download/451735/5494658/version/1/file/9780791469910_imported2_excerpt.pdf|title=Kung fu and Japanese imperialism|access-date=2022-06-19|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614232803/https://sunypress.edu/content/download/451735/5494658/version/1/file/9780791469910_imported2_excerpt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Before the 1970s, most [[sifu]] disapproved of teaching kung fu to non-Chinese students.<ref>Wing Chun Bil Jee, by William Cheung, 1983</ref> In the mid-20th century, Japanese [[karate]] was itself appropriated by American soldiers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250959928|title=the Feet of the Master: Three Stages in the Appropriation of Okinawan Karate Into Anglo-American Culture|access-date=2022-06-19|archive-date=2022-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619122422/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250959928_the_Feet_of_the_Master_Three_Stages_in_the_Appropriation_of_Okinawan_Karate_Into_Anglo-American_Culture|url-status=live}}</ref> As [[mixed martial arts]] gained popularity in the 21st century, practitioners have appropriated and combined Chinese, Japanese and [[Muay Thai|Thai]] techniques with Western-style boxing, wrestling, and kickboxing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=jca|title=Japanisation of Karate|access-date=2022-06-19|archive-date=2021-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621103950/https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=jca|url-status=live}}</ref>
Some authors have expressed the opinion, that in many cases, the study of martial arts by members of other countries and nationalities is not a form of negative 'appropriation', but rather that of appreciation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frantzis|first=Bruce|author-link=Bruce Frantzis|year=2007|title=The Power of Internal Martial Arts and Chi: Combat and Energy Secrets of Ba Gua, Tai Chi and Hsing-I|publisher=Blue Snake Books |isbn=978-1583941904}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bluestein|first=Jonathan|author-link=Jonathan Bluestein|year=2024|title=Martial Arts Politics Explained|publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |isbn=979-8335564984}}</ref>
During the 2023 Southeast Asian (SEA) Games in Cambodia, a controversy emerged when Cambodian martial arts competitions adopted Muay Thai rules, leading to allegations of cultural appropriation. Critics argued that this disrespected Thai cultural heritage and overshadowed Cambodian martial arts like Bokator. [https://muaythai.sport/ The International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA)] intervened, threatening fines and bans for countries participating in the Kun Khmer events under these rules. This prompted Thailand to boycott the SEA Games, further straining relations between the two countries.<ref>https://www.yahoo.com/news/muay-thai-kun-khmer-cambodia-thailand-2023-sea-games-134700933.html {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nationthailand.com/life/40024598 | title=Energy Ministry closely monitoring electricity costs | date=3 February 2023 }}</ref><ref>https://asianmma.com/sea-games-told-to-choose-either-muay-thai-or-kun-khmer/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
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* [[Fusion cuisine]]
* [[Indigenous intellectual property]]
* [[Litvinism]]
* [[Multiculturalism]]
* [[Orientalism]]
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