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[[File:Creative Commons and Commerce.ogg|thumb|thumbtime=18|A video explaining how Creative Commons licenses can be used in conjunction with commercial licensing arrangements]]
A '''Creative Commons''' ('''CC''') '''license''' is one of several [[public copyright license]]s that enable the free distribution of an otherwise [[copyright]]ed "work".{{efn|A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song and its lyrics, or a photograph of almost anything are all examples of "works".}} A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that the author has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shergill |first=Sanjeet |date=2017-05-06 |title=The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses |url=https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/blogs/teachers-guide-creative-commons-licenses |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626111219/https://www.openeducationeuropa.eu/en/blogs/teachers-guide-creative-commons-licenses |archive-date=June 26, 2018 |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Open Education Europa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2015 |title=What are Creative Commons licenses? |url=https://www.wur.nl/en/article/What-are-Creative-Commons-licenses.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133811/https://www.wur.nl/en/article/What-are-Creative-Commons-licenses.htm |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=Wageningen University & Research}}</ref><ref name="University of Michigan Library">{{Cite web |title=Creative Commons licenses |url=http://guides.lib.umich.edu/creativecommons/licenses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121140426/http://guides.lib.umich.edu/creativecommons/licenses |archive-date=November 21, 2018 |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=University of Michigan Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Creative Commons licenses |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_464806_en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133739/https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_464806_en.pdf |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=University of Glasgow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Creative Commons licenses |url=https://en.unesco.org/open-access/creative-commons-licenses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315134320/https://en.unesco.org/open-access/creative-commons-licenses |archive-date=March 15, 2018 |access-date=2018-03-15 |website=UNESCO}}</ref>
There are several types of Creative Commons licenses. Each license differs by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002, by [[Creative Commons]], a U.S. [[non-profit]] corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=License Versions |url=https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/License_Versions |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630063933/https://wiki.creativecommons.org/wiki/License_Versions |archive-date=June 30, 2017 |access-date=July 4, 2017 |website=Creative Commons Wiki |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Released in November 2013, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. While the Creative Commons license was originally grounded in the American legal system, there are now several [[Creative Commons jurisdiction ports]] which accommodate international laws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Creative Commons {{!}} University of Minnesota Libraries |url=https://www.lib.umn.edu/services/copyright/creative-commons |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=www.lib.umn.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-07 |title=What Is a Creative Commons License? |url=https://copyrightalliance.org/faqs/what-is-creative-commons-license/ |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Copyright Alliance |language=en-US |archive-date=September 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930152512/https://copyrightalliance.org/faqs/what-is-creative-commons-license/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
In October 2014, the [[Open Knowledge Foundation]] approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0 licenses as conformant with the "[[Open Definition]]" for content and data.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Definition 2.1 |url=http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127074917/http://opendefinition.org/od/2.1/en/ |archive-date=January 27, 2017 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Open Definition}}</ref><ref name="Open Definition">{{Cite web |title=Conformant Licenses |url=http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301222106/http://opendefinition.org/licenses/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2023 |website=Open Definition}}</ref><ref name="Vollmer-2013">{{Cite web |last=Vollmer |first=Timothy |date=2013-12-27 |title=Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition |url=https://creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102501/https://blog.creativecommons.org/2013/12/27/creative-commons-4-0-by-and-by-sa-licenses-approved-conformant-with-the-open-definition/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Creative Commons |language=en-US}}</ref>
== History ==
[[File:Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig.jpg|thumb|[[Aaron Swartz]] and Lawrence Lessig at the 2002 event for the first release of the licenses]]
[[Lawrence Lessig]] and [[Eric Eldred]] designed the Creative Commons License (CCL) in 2001 because they saw a need for a license between the existing modes of copyright and [[public domain]] status. Version 1.0 of the licenses was officially released on 16 December 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-12-16 |title=Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses |url=http://www.creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3476 |website=Creative Commons |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021222175127/http://www.creativecommons.org/press-releases/entry/3476 |archive-date=December 22, 2002}}</ref>
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=== Four rights ===
The CC licenses all grant "baseline rights", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes and without modification.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2008 |title=Baseline Rights |url=http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208081209/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/Baseline_Rights |archive-date=February 8, 2010 |access-date=February 22, 2010 |publisher=[[Creative Commons]] |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In addition, different versions of license prescribe different rights, as shown in this table:<ref name="Creative Commons-2020">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=28 August 2020 |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://creativecommons.org/faq/#what-are-creative-commons-licenses |access-date=26 November 2020 |website=Creative Commons |publisher=Creative Commons Corporation |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127205528/http://wiki.creativecommons.org/FAQ#what-are-creative-commons-licenses |url-status=live }}</ref>
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== <span class="anchor" id="Version 4.0"></span> Version 4.0 ==
{{Main|Creative Commons jurisdiction ports}}
The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=Diane |date=November 25, 2013 |title=CC's Next Generation Licenses — Welcome Version 4.0! |url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126124736/http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/40768 |archive-date=November 26, 2013 |access-date=November 26, 2013 |website=Creative Commons |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2013 |title=What's new in 4.0? |url=https://creativecommons.org/Version4 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131129150056/http://creativecommons.org/Version4 |archive-date=November 29, 2013 |access-date=November 26, 2013 |website=Creative Commons |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2011 |title=CC 4.0, an end to porting Creative Commons licences? |url=http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902134000/http://www.technollama.co.uk/cc-4-0-an-end-to-porting-creative-commons-licenses |archive-date=September 2, 2013 |access-date=August 11, 2013 |publisher=TechnoLlama |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref
== Rights and obligations ==
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The validity of the CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute. The CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee to use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms. The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others. The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to "derivative works" applied to the entire atlas. Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs. Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group "exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed."<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2015 |title=Memorandum Opinion |url=https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043-0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921202242/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043/pdf/USCOURTS-dcd-1_14-cv-01043-0.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2016 |access-date=August 29, 2016 |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Columbia |df=mdy-all}}</ref> The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a [[derivative work]] of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a [[collective work]]. Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guadamuz |first=Andres |date=October 24, 2015 |title=US Court interprets copyleft clause in Creative Commons licenses |url=http://www.technollama.co.uk/us-court-interprets-copyleft-clause-in-creative-commons-licenses |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123232/http://www.technollama.co.uk/us-court-interprets-copyleft-clause-in-creative-commons-licenses |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=10 December 2015 |website=TechnoLlama |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name "CC-BY-SA-2.0" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid identifier for the license.<!--NB: The court found that it was a valid URN. But don't report this here because, in fact, it is not a URN (it doesn't follow the URN schema; see [[Uniform Resource Name]]). The court's reasoning was incorrect on a basic technical level, even if the legal outcome is reasonable--><ref
=== Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet (VGSE) ===
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