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{{Short description|Anatolian kingdom (163 BC
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox country
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|image_map_caption = Map showing Commagene (light pink on the left) in 50 AD; nearby are [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Armenia]], [[Sophene]], [[Osrhoene]], and the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[Parthian Empire|Parthian]] Empires
|capital = [[Samosata]]
|common_languages = [[Greek language|Greek]] (official){{sfnp|Shayegan|2016|p=13}}<br/>[[Persian language|Persian]] (ruling dynasty){{sfnp|Ball|2002|p=436}}<br/>Local [[Aramaic]]
|religion = [[Ancient Greek religion|Greco]]-[[Zoroastrianism|Iranian]] religious syncretism<ref>{{harvnb|Shayegan|2016|p=13}}; {{harvp|Ball|2002|p=436}}; {{harvp|Strootman|2020|p=214}}</ref>
|currency =
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}}
[[File:Asia Minor in the early 1st century AD - general map - provinces, client states and main settlements - bleached - English legend.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Anatolia]] in the early 1st century AD with Commagene as a Roman client state]]
'''Commagene''' ({{lang-grc-gre|Κομμαγηνή}}) was an ancient Greco-Iranian kingdom ruled by a [[Hellenized]] branch of the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Orontid dynasty]] that had ruled over [[Satrapy of Armenia|Armenia]].<ref>{{harvnb|Canepa|2010|p=13}}; {{harvnb|Garsoian|2005}}; {{harvnb|Erskine|Llewellyn-Jones|Wallace|2017|p=75}}; {{harvnb|Canepa|2015|p=80}}; {{harvnb|Sartre|2005|p=23}}; {{harvnb|Widengren|1986|pp=135–136}}; {{harvnb|Merz|Tieleman|2012|p=68}}; {{harvnb|Ball|2002|p=436}}; {{harvnb|Shayegan|2016|pp=8, 13}}; {{harvnb|Strootman|2020|p=205}}; {{harvnb|Facella|2021}}; {{harvnb|Michels|2021|p=485}}; {{harvnb|Toumanoff|1963|p=278}}; {{harvnb|Gaggero|2016|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Allsen|2011|p=37}}; {{harvnb|Olbrycht|2021|p=38}}; {{harvnb|Drower|Grey|Sherwin-White|Wiesehöfer|2021}}; {{harvnb|Ferguson|2021|p=170}}; {{harvnb|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=309}}; {{harnvb|Vlassopoulos|2013|p=312}}; {{harnvb|Crone|2012|p=351}}; {{harvnb|Graf|2019|p=III}}; {{harvnb|Jacobs|Rollinger|2021|p=1660}}; {{harvnb|Russell|1986|pp=438–444}}; {{harnvb|Spawforth|2016}}; {{harnvb|Sherwin-White|Kuhrt|1993|p=193}}; {{harvnb|Campbell|2015|p=27}}</ref> The kingdom was located in and around the ancient city of [[Samosata]], which served as its capital. The [[Iron Age]] name of Samosata, [[Kummuh]], probably gives its name to Commagene.{{sfnp|Blömer|Winter|2011|page=142}}
Commagene has been characterized as a "[[buffer state]]" between Armenia, Parthia, Syria, and Rome;{{sfnp|Lang|1983|p=510}} culturally, it was correspondingly mixed.{{sfnp|Lang|1983|p=535}}<ref name=merlat3/> The kings of the Kingdom of Commagene claimed descent from [[Orontes I|Orontes]] with [[Darius I of Persia]] as their ancestor, by his marriage to Rhodogune, daughter of [[Artaxerxes II]] who had a family descent from king Darius I.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Persian Empire |edition=Repr. |last=Cook|first=J.M.|publisher=New York: Barns & Noble Books|year=1993|isbn=978-1-56619-115-9|pages=170, 173, 193, 212, 213, 216, 217, 221–223, 257, 263}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times - 2 Vols.|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard G.|publisher=St. Martin's Press, New York|year=1997}}</ref> The territory of Commagene corresponded roughly to the modern Turkish provinces of [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]] and northern [[Gaziantep Province|Antep]].{{sfnp|Blömer|Winter|2011|page=13}}
Little is known of the region of Commagene
The Kingdom of Commagene maintained its independence until 17 AD, when it was made a [[Roman province]] by Emperor [[Tiberius]]. It re-emerged as an independent kingdom when [[Antiochus IV of Commagene]] was reinstated to the throne by order of [[Caligula]], then deprived of it by that same emperor, then restored to it a couple of years later by his successor, [[Claudius]]. The re-emergent state lasted until 72 AD, when the Emperor [[Vespasian]] finally and definitively made it part of the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfkd6fy_zb8C&q=Hazel,+J.,+Who%27s+Who+in+the+Roman+World+2002 |author=Hazel, J. |title=Who's Who in the Roman World |year=2002 |isbn=9780415291620 |publisher=Psychology Press |page=13 |access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>
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==Cultural identity==
{{History of Armenia}}
[[File:Goddess of Kommagene (Tyche) (4961562037).jpg|left|thumb|upright=.6|Monumental head of the goddess Commagene (Tyche-Bakht) from [[Mount Nemrut]]]]
[[File:Nemrut Dag area A Commagene carving.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Antiochus I of Commagene]], shaking hands with [[Herakles]].]]
The cultural identity of the Kingdom of Commagene has been variously characterized. Pierre Merlat suggests that the Commagenian city of [[Dülük|Doliche]], like others in its vicinity, was "half Iranianized and half Hellenized".<ref name="merlat3">{{cite book|author=Pierre Merlat |page=3 |chapter=Le site de Doliché |quote=''une de ces nombreuses localités mi-iranisées, mi-hellénisées d'Asie Mineure et de Syrie du Nord'' |title=Jupiter Dolichenus : Essai d'interprétation et de synthèse |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |date=1960}}.</ref> [[David Marshall Lang|David M. Lang]] describes Commagene as "a former [[Satrapy of Armenia|Armenian]] satellite kingdom",{{sfnp|Lang|1983|p=535}} while Blömer and Winter call it a "Hellenistic kingdom".{{sfnp|Blömer|Winter|2011|page=19}} Millar suggests that a local dialect of [[Aramaic]] might have been spoken there,{{sfnp|Millar|1993|page=454}} [[Fergus Millar]] considers that, "in some parts of the Euphrates region, such as Commagene, nothing approaching an answer to questions about local culture is possible."{{sfnp|Millar|1993|page=452}}
While the language used on public monuments was typically [[Greek language|Greek]], Commagene's rulers made no secret of their Persian affinities. The kings of Commagene claimed descent from the [[Orontid
The Commagenean rulers had Iranian and Greek names (Antiochus, Samos, Mithridates).{{sfnp|Curtis|Stewart|2007|p=15}}{{sfnp|Cameron|2018|pp=16-17}} The various Iranian onomasticons located in Commagene demonstrate the extensive Iranization in the region.{{sfnp|Jacobs|Rollinger|2021|p=739}} Over the course of the first centuries BC and AD, the names given on a tomb at Sofraz Köy show a mix of "typical Hellenistic dynastic names with an early introduction of Latin personal names."{{sfnp|Millar|1993|page=453}} Lang notes the vitality of Graeco-Roman culture in Commagene.{{sfnp|Lang|1983|p=510}}
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| page=454
}}
</ref>{{efn|"Commagene was a district separate from [[Seleucis]],<ref>[[Strabo]], XVI.2.2</ref> bordering on [[Cilicia]] and [[Cappadocia]]. Its natural borders were the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] on the north and the [[Euphrates]] to the east. It occurs in [[Assyria]]n and [[Hittites|Hittite]] records as ''Kummuhu''. It was perhaps part of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|kingdom of Armenia]] in the early Hellenistic period, and was possibly annexed to the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid kingdom]] soon after Armenia's conquest and partition into the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene under Antiochus III." — Butcher (2004)<ref name=Butcher-2004/>▼
▲"Commagene was a district separate from [[Seleucis]],<ref>[[Strabo]], XVI.2.2</ref> bordering on [[Cilicia]] and [[Cappadocia]]. Its natural borders were the [[Taurus Mountains|Taurus]] on the north and the [[Euphrates]] to the east. It occurs in [[Assyria]]n and [[Hittites|Hittite]] records as ''Kummuhu''. It was perhaps part of the [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|kingdom of Armenia]] in the early Hellenistic period, and was possibly annexed to the [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid kingdom]] soon after Armenia's conquest and partition into the kingdoms of Armenia and Sophene under Antiochus III." — Butcher (2004)<ref name=Butcher-2004/>
}}
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* {{cite book|last=Sartre|first=Maurice|title=The Middle East Under Rome|date=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674016835 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9y7nTpFcN3AC}}
* {{cite book |last=Shayegan|first=M. Rahim|editor-last1=Curtis|editor-first1=Vesta Sarkhosh|editor-last2=Pendleton|editor-first2=Elizabeth J.|editor-last3=Alram|editor-first3=Michael|editor-last4=Daryaee|editor-first4=Touraj|title=The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion |date=2016 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=9781785702082 |chapter=The Arsacids and Commagene}}
* {{cite book | last1 =Sherwin-White| first1 = Susan M.| first2=Amélie|last2 =Kuhrt|date=1993|title=From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire| publisher = University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ65PED6ykMC |isbn= 9780520081833}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Spawforth|first1=Antony|title=Nemrut Dağ|date=2016|journal=Oxford Classical Dictionary|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.4376|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5|url=https://oxfordre.com/classics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-4376|url-access=registration}}
* {{cite journal |journal=Dabir |volume=7 |last=Strootman|first=Rolf | title=Hellenism and Persianism in Iran |date=2020|pages=201–227|doi=10.1163/29497833-00701016 |hdl=1874/408015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/43017267|url-access=registration|hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite book | title = Studies in Christian Caucasian history | year = 1963 | publisher = Georgetown University Press | last = Toumanoff | first = Cyril | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jlE1AAAAIAAJ}}
* {{cite book|last1=Vlassopoulos|first1=Kostas|title=Greeks and Barbarians|date=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521148023}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Antiochus of Commagene | last = Widengren | first = G. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/antiochus-of-commagene | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2 | pages = 135–136 | year = 1986 }}
{{refend}}
== Further reading ==
* Breitenbach, Alfred; Ristow, Sebastian (2006). "Kommagene (Euphratesia)." In: ''Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum'', volume 21. Stuttgart: Hiersemann, coll. 233–273.
* Blömer, Michael; Winter, Engelbert (2011). ''Commagene: The Land of the Gods between the Taurus and the Euphrates.'' Homer Kitabevi. {{ISBN|978-9944-483-35-3}}.
* {{cite book |last=Canepa|first=Matthew |title=Common Dwelling Place of all the Gods: Commagene in its Local, Regional, and Global Context |chapter=Commagene Before and Beyond Antiochos I |date=2021 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=71–103 |isbn=978-3515129251 |url=https://www.academia.edu/52655937 |url-access=registration}}
* Messerschmidt, Wolfgang (2008). "Kommagene in vorhellenistischer Zeit." In: Winter, Engelbert (ed.), ''ΠΑΤΡΙΣ ΠΑΝΤΡΟΦΟΣ ΚΟΜΜΑΓΗΝΗ. Neue Funde und Forschungen zwischen Taurus und Euphrat.'' Bonn: Rudolf Habelt, {{ISBN|978-3-7749-3517-4}}, pp. 1–35.
* Wagner, Jörg (2012). ''Gottkönige am Euphrat. Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Kommagene.'' 2nd edition. Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, {{ISBN|978-3-8053-4218-6}}.
==External links==
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