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==Ecology==
===Life history strategy===
[[File:Life cycle strategies of phytoplankton.png|thumb|upright=1.7| {{center|Life cycle strategies of phytoplankton}} (a) [[dinoflagellate]]s tend to utilize a [[haplontic]] (asexual) life cycle, (b) [[diatom]]s tend to utilize a [[diplontic]] (sexual) life cycle, and (c) coccolithophores tend to utilize a haplo-diplontic life cycle. Note that not all coccolithophores calcify in their haploid phase.<ref name="de Vries2021">{{cite journal | last1=de Vries | first1=Joost | last2=Monteiro | first2=Fanny | last3=Wheeler | first3=Glen | last4=Poulton | first4=Alex | last5=Godrijan | first5=Jelena | last6=Cerino | first6=Federica | last7=Malinverno | first7=Elisa | last8=Langer | first8=Gerald | last9=Brownlee | first9=Colin | title=Haplo-diplontic life cycle expands coccolithophore niche | journal=Biogeosciences | publisher=Copernicus GmbH | volume=18 | issue=3 | date=2021-02-16 | issn=1726-4189 | doi=10.5194/bg-18-1161-2021 | pages=1161–1184| bibcode=2021BGeo...18.1161D | s2cid=233976784 | doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].</ref>]]
The complex life cycle of coccolithophores is known as a [[Biological life cycle#Haplodiplontic life cycle|haplodiplontic life cycle]], and is characterized by an alternation of both asexual and sexual phases. The asexual phase is known as the [[haploid]] phase, while the sexual phase is known as the [[diploid]] phase. During the haploid phase, coccolithophores produce haploid cells through [[mitosis]]. These haploid cells can then divide further through mitosis or undergo sexual reproduction with other haploid cells. The resulting diploid cell goes through [[meiosis]] to produce haploid cells again, starting the cycle over. With coccolithophores, asexual reproduction by mitosis is possible in both phases of the life cycle, which is a contrast with most other organisms that have alternating life cycles.<ref name="Young2003"/> Both [[abiotic]] and [[biotic factors]] may affect the frequency with which each phase occurs.<ref name=Vardi2012>{{citation |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=109 |issue=47 |year=2012 |pages=19327–19332 |title=Host–virus dynamics and subcellular controls of cell fate in a natural coccolithophore population |first=A. |last=Vardi |doi=10.1073/pnas.1208895109 |pmid=23134731 |display-authors=etal |bibcode = 2012PNAS..10919327V |pmc=3511156 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
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