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{{
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=
{{Infobox person
| name = Belva Lockwood
| image = File:Belva Ann Lockwood - Brady-Handy (cropped).jpg
| birth_name = Belva Ann Bennett
| birth_date = {{birth date|1830|10|24}}
| birth_place = [[Royalton, New York]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1917|5|19|1830|10|24}}
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Uriah McNall|1848|1853}}
* {{marriage|Ezekiel Lockwood|1868|1877}}
}}
| party = [[National Equal Rights Party|National Equal Rights]]
| education = [[Genesee Wesleyan Seminary]]<br>[[Genesee College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[Syracuse University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br>[[National University School of Law|National University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])
}}
'''Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood''' (October 24, 1830 – May 19, 1917) was an American lawyer, politician, educator, and author who was active in the [[women's rights]] and [[women's suffrage]] movements. She was one of the first women lawyers in the United States, and in 1879 she became the first woman to be [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admitted to practice law]] before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]]. Lockwood ran for president in [[1884 United States presidential election|1884]] and [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]] on the ticket of the [[National Equal Rights Party]] and was the first woman to appear on official ballots.<ref name=obit/> While [[Victoria Woodhull]] is commonly cited as the first woman to run for president, she was not old enough to run, unlike Lockwood.▼
▲'''Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood''' (October 24, 1830 – May 19, 1917) was an American lawyer, politician, educator, and author who was active in the [[women's rights]] and [[women's suffrage]] movements. She was one of the first women lawyers in the United States, and in 1879 she became the first woman to be [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admitted to practice law]] before the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]]. Lockwood ran for president in [[1884 United States presidential election|1884]] and [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]] on the ticket of the [[National Equal Rights Party]] and was the first woman to appear on official ballots.<ref name=obit/> While [[Victoria Woodhull]] is commonly cited as the first woman to run for president, she was not old enough to
Lockwood overcame many social and personal obstacles related to gender restrictions. Earlier in her life, Lockwood was a teacher and school principal, working to equalize pay for women in education.<ref name="Margaret Bell 1922, p. 14">{{Cite news|last=Bell|first=Margaret|date=August 8, 1922|title=Women of Spirit|pages=14|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/image/431046421/|access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref> She supported the movement for world peace, and was a proponent of the [[Temperance movement]].▼
▲Lockwood overcame many social and personal obstacles related to gender restrictions. Earlier in her life, Lockwood was a teacher and school principal, working to equalize pay for women in education.<ref name="Margaret Bell 1922, p. 14">{{Cite news|last=Bell|first=Margaret|date=August 8, 1922|title=Women of Spirit|pages=14|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|url=https://bostonglobe.newspapers.com/image/431046421/|access-date=February 23, 2022}}</ref> She supported the movement for world peace, and was a proponent of the [[
==Early and
Belva Ann Bennett was born in [[Royalton, New York]], daughter of Lewis Johnson Bennett, a farmer, and his wife Hannah Green.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite ANB|last=Norgren|first=Jill|title=Lockwood, Belva Ann Bennett McNall (1830-1917), teacher, lawyer, and social activist|doi=10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500416}}</ref> Her aunt's house where she spent some of her childhood still stands at 5070 Griswold Street.
McNall died of [[tuberculosis]] in 1853, three years after their daughter Lura was born.
== Education ==
Lockwood
It was during her studies at [[Genesee College]] that Lockwood first became attracted to the law, although the school had no law department. Since a local law professor was offering private classes, she became one of his students. It made her want to learn more.<ref name="Belva A. Lockwood 1888, pp. 215-30"/>
==Early career==
Lockwood graduated with honors in 1857 and soon became the headmistress of [[Lockport Union School]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> It was a responsible position, but Lockwood found that whether she was teaching or working as an administrator, she was paid half of what her male counterparts were making.<ref name="Kitty Parsons 1964, p. 19"/>
For the next few years, Lockwood continued to teach and also work as the principal at several local schools for young women.
Lockwood gradually determined to study law rather than continue teaching, and to leave upstate New York.
In February 1866, Belva and her daughter Lura moved to Washington, D.C., as Belva believed it was the center of power in the United States and would provide good opportunities to advance in the legal profession.<ref name="Belva A. Lockwood 1888, pp. 215-30"/> She opened a coeducational private school while exploring the study of law.
In 1868, Belva remarried, this time to a man much older than she. Reverend [[Ezekiel Lockwood]], an [[American Civil War]] veteran, was a [[Baptist]] minister and practicing dentist. They had a daughter Jessie (who died before her second birthday). Not only did Rev. Lockwood have progressive ideas about women's roles in society, he helped raise Belva's daughter Lura, from her first marriage, and supported his wife's desire for legal study as well as encouraged her to pursue subjects that interested her.<ref name="Kitty Parsons 1964, p. 19"/> She earned a [[Master of Arts]] from [[Syracuse University]] in 1871.<ref name="Syracuse">{{cite web |url=https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides_sua/html/sua_lockwood_b.htm |title=Belva Ann Lockwood Collection |publisher=[[Syracuse University]] |accessdate=January 28, 2022}}</ref>Ezekiel Lockwood died in late April 1877. In July 1879 Lockwood's daughter Lura McNall married DeForest Orme, a pharmacist.▼
==
▲In 1868, Belva remarried, this time to a man much older than she. Reverend [[Ezekiel Lockwood]], an [[American Civil War]] veteran, was a [[Baptist]] minister and practicing dentist. They had a daughter Jessie (who died before her second birthday)
▲It was during her studies at [[Genesee College]] that Lockwood first became attracted to the law, although the school had no law department. Since a local law professor was offering private classes, she became one of his students. It made her want to learn more.<ref name="Belva A. Lockwood 1888, pp. 215-30"/>Lockwood gradually determined to study law rather than continue teaching, and to leave upstate New York.
== Legal education ==
According to Lockwood's later account to the ''Chicago Tribune,'' about 1870 she applied to the [[Columbian Law School]] in the District of Columbia. The trustees refused to admit her, fearing she would distract the male students.<ref>"Lawyers in Petticoats", ''Chicago Tribune'', April 5, 1890, p. 9</ref> She and several other women were finally admitted to the new [[National University School of Law]] (now the [[George Washington University Law School]]). Although she completed her coursework in May 1873, the law school refused to grant her a diploma because of her gender.
== Law Practice ==▼
Without a diploma, Lockwood could not gain admittance to the [[District of Columbia Bar]]. After a year, she wrote a letter to the President of the United States, [[Ulysses S. Grant]], appealing to him as president ''[[ex officio]]'' of the National University Law School. She asked him for justice, stating she had passed all her courses and deserved to be awarded a diploma.<ref name="womenshalloffame.org">[http://womenshalloffame.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=99 Belva Lockwood, ''National Women's Hall of Fame – Women of the Hall'']{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, National Women's Hall of Fame, accessed June 19, 2008</ref> In September 1873, within a week of having sent the letter, Lockwood received her [[Bachelor of Laws]]. She was 43 years old.
[[File:Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood.jpg|thumb|Belva Ann Bennett Lockwood, c. 1880]]
▲In February 1866, Belva and her daughter Lura moved to Washington, D.C., as Belva believed it was the center of power in the United States and would provide good opportunities to advance in the legal profession.<ref name="Belva A. Lockwood 1888, pp. 215-30"/> She opened a coeducational private school while exploring the study of law. In the mid-1860s, [[coeducation]] was unusual; most schools were separated by gender.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
The [[District of Columbia Bar]]
Lockwood thus struggled against both social practice and the limited legal standing accorded women. Under English [[Common Law]], Lockwood was considered a [[Coverture|"feme covert"]] (English version of medieval Anglo-Norman legal term), that is, a married woman. Her status under the law differed from that of an unmarried woman, as a wife was considered strictly subordinate to her husband. Even in 1873, many states refused to allow a married woman to individually own or inherit property, nor did she have the right to make contracts or keep money earned unless her husband gave his permission.
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[[File:LowreyBarAdmission.png|thumb|Illustration from ''[[Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper]]'' showing Samuel Lowreys Supreme Court bar admission]]
Because her practice was limited in the 1870s due to social discrimination, Lockwood drafted an anti-discrimination bill to have the same access to the bar as male colleagues. From 1874 to 1879, she lobbied Congress to pass it.<ref name="Belva A. Lockwood 1888, pp. 215-30"/> In 1879, Congress finally passed the law, which President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] signed into law. It allowed all qualified women attorneys to practice in any federal court. Lockwood was then sworn in as the first woman member of the U.S. Supreme Court bar on March 3, 1879.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In Re Lady Lawyers: The Rise of Women Attorneys and the Supreme Court: Belva Lockwood |author= |work=[[United States Supreme Court]] |date= |access-date=July 30, 2024 |url= https://www.supremecourt.gov/visiting/exhibitions/LadyLawyers/Section2.aspx}}</ref>
Late in 1880, Lockwood became the first female lawyer to argue a case before the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing ''Kaiser v. Stickney'' and later ''United States v. Cherokee Nation''.<ref>Frederick p. 32</ref><ref name=prologue1>{{cite news|first=Jill|last=Norgren|title= Belva Lockwood, Blazing the Trail for Women in Law|url=https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/spring/belva-lockwood-1.html|work=Prologue Magazine |publisher=U.S. Archives|year=2005 |access-date=July 31, 2012}}</ref> Lockwood later sponsored [[Samuel R. Lowery]] to the Supreme Court bar, making him the fifth black attorney to be admitted, and ultimately the first to argue a case before the court.
Lockwood had a 43-year career as a lawyer.
==Campaign for President==
▲[[File:BelvaLockwood-engraving.jpg|thumb|Engraving of Lockwood, ca. 1883]]
Belva Lockwood was the first woman (or second, depending on one's opinion, after [[Victoria Woodhull]]) to run for President of the United States. Lockwood ran as the candidate of the [[National Equal Rights Party]]. She ran in the [[1884 United States presidential election|presidential elections of 1884]] and [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]]. Her running mate was [[Marietta Stow]] in 1884. In 1888 she originally ran with [[Alfred H. Love]], except when he was nominated he wasn't informed of it. When he found out, as the president of the [[Universal Peace Union]] and a lifelong world peace activist, he was horrified to run as vice president to the commander in chief, and dropped out of the race. Lockwood was in a scramble with no vice president, so, in the end, she chose [[Charles Stuart Weld]], son of progressives [[Theodore Dwight Weld]] and [[Angelina Grimké]].
Representing a third party without a broad base of support, Lockwood did not have a serious chance of winning the presidency. A letter she sent to [[Linda Slaughter]] provided some insights into her campaign. She wrote: "I intend if possible to get up an Electoral ticket for each State; and thus get up a grand agitation on the woman question, but am not so anxious about the number of votes polled
On January 12, 1885, Lockwood petitioned the [[United States Congress]] to have her votes counted.
==Later years==
Lockwood was a well-respected writer, who frequently wrote essays about [[women's suffrage]] and the need for legal equality for women. Among the publications in which she appeared in the 1880s and 1890s were ''Cosmopolitan'' (then a journal of current issues), the ''American Magazine of Civics'', ''Harper's Weekly'', and ''Lippincott's''. In addition to being active in the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] and the Equal Rights Party, Lockwood participated in the [[National Women's Press Association]].
Lockwood believed strongly in working for world peace. She co-edited a journal called ''The Peacemaker'', and she belonged to the Universal Peace Union; she was one of its representatives at an exposition held in Paris in 1889. She was also a delegate to an [[International Peace Congress]] in London in 1890.<ref>"Belva Lockwood is 86", ''The Washington Post'', October 25, 1916, p. 5</ref> She continued to speak on behalf of peace and disarmament to the year of her death.
▲Lockwood was a well-respected writer, who frequently wrote essays about [[women's suffrage]] and the need for legal equality for women. Among the publications in which she appeared in the 1880s and 1890s were ''Cosmopolitan'' (then a journal of current issues), the ''American Magazine of Civics'', ''Harper's Weekly'', and ''Lippincott's''. In addition to being active in the [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] and the Equal Rights Party, Lockwood participated in the [[National Women's Press Association]]. The organization for women journalists also advocated for equal rights for women.
Belva Lockwood
▲Lockwood believed strongly in working for world peace. She co-edited a journal called ''The Peacemaker'', and she belonged to the Universal Peace Union; she was one of its representatives at an exposition held in Paris in 1889. She was also a delegate to an [[International Peace Congress]] in London in 1890.<ref>"Belva Lockwood is 86", ''The Washington Post'', October 25, 1916, p. 5</ref> She continued to speak on behalf of peace and disarmament to the year of her death. She was likely disappointed as the United States prepared to enter the war in Europe.<ref name="Margaret Bell 1922, p. 14" />
▲Belva Lockwood had a 43-year career as a lawyer. She died on May 19, 1917, and was buried in [[Congressional Cemetery]] in Washington, D.C.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Belva Lockwood, Lawyer, Dies at 86. Only Woman Who Ran for Presidency and First to Practice in Supreme Court. A Pioneer in Suffrage. She Fought Case of Cherokee Indians Against the Government and Won $5,000,000 Settlement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/05/20/archives/belva-lockwood-lawyer-dies-at-85-only-woman-who-ran-for-presidency.html |quote=Mrs. Belva A.B. Lockwood, the first woman admitted to practice before the Supreme Court, a pioneer in the woman suffrage movement, and the only woman who was ever a candidate for President of the United States, died here today in her eighty-sixth year. |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 20, 1917 |access-date=September 12, 2012 }}</ref>
==Legacy==
[[File:BelvaLockwoodShipFigurehead.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Belva Lockwood
[[File:Belva Ann Lockwood, Congressional Cemetery.jpg|
Syracuse University awarded Lockwood an honorary [[Doctor of Laws]] in 1908.<ref name="Syracuse"/>
The communities of [[Belva, West Virginia]]; [[Lockwood, Monterey County, California]]; [[Lockwood, West Virginia]]; and the hamlet of [[Barton, New York|Lockwood, New York]], were named in her honor. As Lockwood gained renown, mothers named their daughters after her.
At least three figureheads were carved in her likeness: for the ships ''Martha'', ''Julia Lawrence'', and an unnamed ship that has a full-length masthead. One of the figureheads is displayed in the museum at [[Mystic Seaport]] in [[Mystic, Connecticut]]. "With raised chin she gazes straight ahead as if her attention were fixed on the distant horizon
|title=Early American Wood Carving
|author=Erwin O. Christensen
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During [[World War II]], a [[merchant marine]] ship, the Liberty Ship USS ''Belva Lockwood'', was named after her.
The [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] in Washington, D.C., has a portrait of Lockwood by [[Nellie Mathes Horne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.66.61?destination=node/5631%3Fedan_q%3Dnellie%2520horne%26edan_local%3D1%26edan_fq%255B0%255D%3Dset_name%253A%2522Catalog%2520of%2520American%2520Portraits%2522%2520OR%2520set_name%253A%2522National%2520Portrait%2520Gallery%2520Collection%2522%26incCAP%3Dtrue%26op%3DSearch|title=Belva Ann Lockwood|website=npg.si.edu|access-date=
In 1983, Lockwood was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]] in [[Seneca Falls (village), New York|Seneca Falls, New York]].
<blockquote>
In 1986, she was honored by the [[United States Postal Service]] with a 17¢ [[Great Americans series]] postage stamp.
In 2016, she was honored by the [[The Green Bag (1997)|Green Bag]] with a [[bobblehead]] doll.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greenbag.org/bobbleheads/pdfs/Lockwood_annotated_bobblehead_2016.pdf|title=Belva Ann Lockwood: The Annotated Bobblehead|access-date=
==See also==
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==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Cook, Frances A. (1997). [http://wlh-static.law.stanford.edu/papers/LockwoodB-Cook97.pdf "Belva Ann Lockwood: for Peace, Justice, and President"]
* Kerr, Laura. ''The Girl Who Ran for President''. Thomas Nelson, 1947.
* Norgren, Jill (Spring 2005). [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/spring/belva-lockwood-1.html "Belva Lockwood, Blazing the Trail for Women in Law"]. ''Prologue Magazine''.
* Norgren, Jill (Spring 2005). [https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2005/spring/belva-lockwood-1.html "Belva Lockwood, Blazing the Trail for Women in Law, Part 2"]. ''Prologue Magazine''.
* Norgren, Jill (2007). ''Belva Lockwood: The Woman Who Would Be President''. New York: New York University Press
{{refend}}
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{{Wikiquotes}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Belva Ann Lockwood}}
* [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc21041.htm Finding Aid to Belva A. Lockwood Collection, 1830–1917] at the [[New York State Library]]
* The [http://archives.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/repositories/8/resources/7376 Belva Ann Lockwood Papers] held at the [https://www.swarthmore.edu/peace-collection Swarthmore College Peace Collection]
* Lockwood, Belva. [http://greenbag.org/v19n4/v19n4_from_the_bag_lockwood.pdf "My Efforts to Become a Lawyer"]. ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine''. February 1888 (reprinted in [[The Green Bag (1997)|The Green Bag]] (Summer 2016), pages 413-432).
* Belva Lockwood alumnae records and other material [http://archives.syr.edu/archives/collections/alumni/lockwood_bio.html]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, [[Syracuse University]] Archives
* [https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsrecol00bonhgoog/page/n257 <!-- pg=248 --> Mrs. Belva A. Lockwood: Counsellor-At-Law and Advocate.] Jeriah Bonham, editor. ''Fifty Years' Recollections with Observations and Reflections on Historical Events giving sketches of Eminent Citizens—Their Lives and Public Service.'' Peoria, Illinois, J.W. Franks & Sons, 1883. Pages 248–261.
* [http://oabonny.com/indexpage49.htm#r4 Current photos of the remains of her home outside of Royalton, NY]
* Much of Belva Ann Lockwood's papers have been digitized and are available at the [http://inherownright.org/records/dg-098 In Her Own Right project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606001813/http://inherownright.org/records/dg-098 |date=June 6, 2021 }}
* Biographical profile of Belva Ann Lockwood on the [http://inherownright.org/spotlight/biographical-profiles/feature/belva-ann-lockwood-vote-belva In Her Own Right Database]
{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
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[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American lawyers]]▼
[[Category:Activists from New York (state)]]▼
[[Category:American anti-war activists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American suffragists]]
[[Category:
[[Category:American women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Burials at the Congressional Cemetery]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 1884 United States presidential election]]▼
[[Category:Candidates in the 1888 United States presidential election]]▼
[[Category:Educators from New York (state)]]▼
[[Category:Educators from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Female candidates for President of the United States]]
[[Category:National Equal Rights Party politicians]]▼
[[Category:National University School of Law alumni]]
▲[[Category:National Equal Rights Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Royalton, New York]]
[[Category:
[[Category:Syracuse University alumni]]
▲[[Category:Candidates in the 1884 United States presidential election]]
▲[[Category:Candidates in the 1888 United States presidential election]]
▲[[Category:Activists from New York (state)]]
▲[[Category:Educators from New York (state)]]
▲[[Category:American women educators]]
▲[[Category:19th-century American lawyers]]
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