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{{Good article}}
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{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Belgian Shepherd
| image = 04 - Belgian shepherd dog varieties - Groenendael,Tervuren, Malinois, Laekenois.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Belgian Shepherd varieties:
| image2 =
| image_alt2 =
| image_caption2 =
| altname = {{ubl|Chien de Berger Belge
| nickname =
| stock =
| country =
| weight =
| maleweight = {{right|≈ {{cvt|25|-|30|kg|lb|round=5}}}}
| femaleweight = {{right|≈ {{cvt|20|-|25|kg|lb|round=5}}}}
| height =
| maleheight = {{right|{{cvt|60|-|66|cm|in}}}}
| femaleheight = {{right|{{cvt|56|-|62|cm|in}}}}
| coat = Varies by variety
| colour = Varies by variety
| litter_size =
| life_span =
| kc_name =
| kc_std =
Line 30 ⟶ 29:
| kc2_std =
| fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/015g01-en.pdf
| note =
}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Groenendael
| image = I´Ker de R.Brown.jpg
| coat = Long-haired
| colour = Solid black
| kc_name = [[Société Royale Saint-Hubert]]
| kc_std = https://www.srsh.be/les-races/details-de-la-race/bid/4ff5ca7d-4ee9-e611-80fb-e0071b6e3551
}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Laekenois
| image = Lakenios Koira 2013.JPG
| coat = Rough-haired
| colour = Fawn with traces of black overlay in coat and mask
| kc_name = Société Royale Saint-Hubert
| kc_std = https://www.srsh.be/les-races/details-de-la-race/bid/53f5ca7d-4ee9-e611-80fb-e0071b6e3551
}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Malinois
| image = Malinois Shepherd3.JPG
| coat = Short-haired
| colour = Fawn with black overlay and a black mask
| kc_name = Société Royale Saint-Hubert
| kc_std = https://www.srsh.be/les-races/details-de-la-race/bid/57f5ca7d-4ee9-e611-80fb-e0071b6e3551
}}
{{Infobox dog breed
| name = Tervuren
| image = Tervuren.jpg
| coat = Long-haired
| colour = Fawn or grey with black overlay and a black mask
| kc_name = Société Royale Saint-Hubert
| kc_std = https://www.srsh.be/les-races/details-de-la-race/bid/5bf5ca7d-4ee9-e611-80fb-e0071b6e3551
}}
The '''Belgian Shepherd ''' (also known as the '''Belgian Sheepdog''', '''Belgian Malinois''', or the '''Chien de Berger Belge''') is a [[Dog breed|breed]] of medium-sized [[herding dog]] from [[Belgium]]. While predominantly considered a single breed, it is bred in four distinct varieties based on coat type and colour; the long-haired black Groenendael, the rough-haired fawn Laekenois, the short-haired fawn Malinois, and the long-haired fawn Tervuren; in the United States the [[American Kennel Club]] considers the four varieties to be separate breeds.▼
▲The '''Belgian Shepherd
The breed descends from a common type of shepherd dog found throughout Western Europe that includes such modern breeds as the [[Bouvier des Ardennes]], [[Dutch Shepherd]] and [[German Shepherd]]. A common sight in the service of Belgian [[shepherd]]s for centuries, it was not until the end of the 19th century that a breed club was formed and attempts were made to standardise the breed.▼
▲The breed descends from a common type of shepherd dog found throughout Western Europe that includes such modern breeds as the [[Bouvier des Ardennes]], [[Dutch Shepherd]] and [[German Shepherd]]
In addition to its historical role as a herding dog, Belgian Shepherds have been used as [[assistance dog]]s, [[companion dog]]s, [[detection dog]]s, [[guard dog]]s, [[guide dog]]s, [[police dog]]s, and [[search and rescue dog]]s. The breed has a long history of being used by military forces, serving in both World Wars; they continue to be used by a number of militaries in a variety of roles to this day.▼
▲
===Appearance===▼
The Belgian Shepherd is a medium-sized athletic breed with a body built for endurance, they typically stand between {{convert|56|and|66|cm|in}} with bitches being on average {{convert|4|cm|in}} shorter than dogs, they usually weigh between {{convert|20|and|30|kg|lb}}; the [[breed standard]] states the ideal height is {{convert|62|cm|in}} for dogs and {{convert|58|cm|in}} for bitches.{{r|Alderton|Fogle|FCI}} The breed has a long, slender head with triangular, erect ears that are rounded at the base, and a long, narrow but balanced muzzle,{{r|Fogle|Morris|Jones}} according to the breed standard a dog that stands 62 centimetres at the withers should have a head that is {{convert|25|cm|in}} long and a muzzle approximately half that length.{{r|FCI}} The breed's body is muscular but not overly heavy; the body's length from shoulder to haunches is approximately the same as their height at the withers, proportionally slightly longer in bitches; they have a straight topline and their belly is neither low-slung nor overly high like that of a [[sighthound]].{{r|Jones}} The breed's chest is deep but not overly broad; their neck is muscular, widening at the shoulders with a slight arch at the nape; their tail is strong and of medium length and curves upwards slightly at the level of their knee; their forelegs are straight and well-boned, their hind legs are muscular and very powerful, none of the legs are overly heavy.{{r|Jones}}▼
==History==▼
The four varieties vary principally in their coat types and colours, the breed standard describes three coat varieties; long-haired, short-haired and rough-haired.{{r|FCI|Jones}} Long-haired dogs have a long, smooth coat with short hair on their faces, ears and legs although there is long feathering on the rear of the legs, they have an abundant mane on their neck and chest, particularly long hair on the rear of their thighs and a bushy tail that forms a plume.{{r|FCI|Jones}} Short-haired dogs have particularly short hair on the faces, ears and lower portion of their legs, short over the rest of the body and slightly longer on the neck and tail.{{r|FCI|Jones}} Rough-haired dogs have a coat that is rough, dry and approximately {{convert|6|cm|in}} long over the body, they have shorter hair on the top of the muzzle and legs and, unlike the other coat types, they have long hair on the face and muzzle.{{r|FCI|Jones}}▼
The Belgian
The Groenendael variety is long-haired, it has a solid black double coat, the outer coat is straight and particularly long around the shoulders, neck and chest; they have short hair on the face, and well feathered legs and tail.{{r|Fogle|Jones}}▼
In 1905 it was decided that interbreeding between the different varieties should be forbidden, but the disruptions caused by the [[
The Laekenois variety is rough-haired, its coat is fawn in colour with discreet black overlay and is harsh, dry and normally slightly tangled in appearance; it has a bristled, feathered muzzle and limited feathering on the legs and tail.{{r|Fogle|Morris}} According to the breed standard, black overlay means the tips of the hair are black but not in patches or stripes such as [[brindle]].{{r|FCI}}▼
The Groenendael variety is believed to have been created in 1885 by Nicholas Rose, owner of the Château de Groenendael.{{r|Morris|Fiorone}} Rose owned a long-haired, black Belgian Shepherd bitch called "Petite", liking her look so much he spent over a year searching for a suitable mate, eventually finding a dog named "Piccard D'Uccle" who belonged to a shepherd called Mr Beernaert
The Malinois variety is short-haired, it is fawn in colour with black overlay, with a charcoal-coloured face and extremities.{{r|Fogle|Morris}}▼
The Malinois variety was said to be the first variety to breed true to type and initially they became so well-known in Belgium that at one time the other varieties were collectively called "other-than-Malinois", it was the Malinois that the other varieties were gauged against.{{r|Fogle|Wilcox}} The variety takes its name from the [[Mechelen]] region (called Malines in French), where it was the predominant coat type used by the local shepherds.{{r|Fogle|Morris|Wilcox}}▼
The Tervuren variety is long-haired like the Groenendael; its double coat is typically fawn in colour with black overlay and with black extremities, although grey with black is known; it has a ruff of long hair around the neck and feathering on the legs.{{r|Fogle|Jones}}▼
The Laekenois variety has always been the rarest; they take their name from the [[Château de Laeken]], a residence of the [[Belgian royal family]].{{r|Fogle|Fiorone}} The Laekenois was a favourite of [[Marie Henriette of Austria|Queen Marie Henriette]], who frequently watched them in the service of the shepherds who grazed the royal domains around the château; this patronage contributed to their popularity at the time.{{r|Fogle|Wilcox}} In addition to being used as herding dogs, rough-haired Belgian Shepherds were traditionally used as [[guard dog]]s in the regions surrounding [[Boom, Belgium|Boom]], guarding valuable linens put out to bleach in the sun.{{r|Wilcox}}▼
===Temperament===▼
Belgian Shepherds are known to be highly intelligent, alert and sensitive; they are typically highly trainable, vigilant and hard-working with a strong guarding instinct making them protective of property and family, and very well suited for service with security services.{{r|Morris|Jones|Wilcox}} The Groenendael and Tervueren varieties have a reputation for occasionally being snappy, making them less suitable as companion dogs for children; the Laekenois, whilst considered very good with children, can occasionally be troublesome with other dogs.{{r|Alderton|Fogle}} The Belgian Shepherd responds well to training and responds very well to firm and understanding training; they require training from an early age, particularly the Laekenois which can have a tendency to try to dominate a weaker-willed master.{{r|Alderton|Wilcox}} The breed is very active, particularly the Malinois which may reflect its continued breeding for security roles, and they all require exercise; the breed adapts well to living indoors, although the Malinois is least suited to these environments.{{r|Alderton|Wilcox|Vassallo}}▼
The Tervuren variety is believed to have been created when a brewer, M. Corbeel, bred his fawn long-haired Belgian Shepherd pair "Tom" and "Poes", one of their progeny was a long-haired fawn bitch named "Miss" who was purchased by a M. Deanhieux.{{r|Morris|Fiorone|Wilcox}} Miss was bred with Duc de Groenendael, the foundation sire of the Groenendael variety, and the fawn progeny became the Tervuren variety who take their name from the region of [[Tervuren]].{{r|Morris|Fiorone}} The Tervuren variety is considered particularly robust and healthy and in Europe a number of breeders use them to reinforce the bloodlines of other varieties, particularly the Groenendael.{{r|Fiorone2}}▼
▲==History==
▲Belgian Shepherds descend from a common type of [[herding dog]] as similar Western European breeds like the [[Bouvier des Ardennes]], [[Dutch Shepherd]] and [[German Shepherd]], and for centuries they were used by Belgian shepherds for this task.{{r|Morris|Fiorone|Hancock}} Unlike in other European countries where, throughout the 19th century, shepherd breeds were standardised and breeders made efforts to perpetuate their breeds, by the end of the century the Belgian Shepherd was becoming obsolete and was at danger of extinction.{{r|Alderton|Morris|Fiorone}} In 1891, the Club de Chien Berger Belge was formed with the purpose of saving the type and a team led by Professor Adolphe Reul of the [[Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège|Cureghem Veterinary School]] conducted a field survey of the type.{{r|Alderton|Morris|Hancock}} As the Belgian Shepherd had for centuries been bred for working ability with little consideration given to form, Professor Reul found the type to vary greatly in appearance.{{r|Morris|Wilcox}} As a part of their work, Professor Reul's team assembled 117 specimens and began the process of standardising them into distinct varieties.{{r|Alderton|Morris}} Classifying them as a single breed, initially Professor Reul's team divided the breed into six different varieties based on coat type and colour; between 1892 when the first [[breed standard]] was drafted and 1956, as few as two varieties and as many as eight were recognised by either the Club de Chien Berger Belge or the [[Société Royale Saint-Hubert]].{{r|Wilcox|Fiorone}}
The Groenendael remains the most numerous variety, followed by the Tervuren. The number of Malinois is growing, while the Laekenois remains comparatively rare.{{r|Alderton|Fogle|Morris}}
▲In 1905 it was decided that interbreeding between the different varieties should be forbidden, but the disruptions caused by the [[World War I|First World War]] resulted in a decline in breed numbers, so in 1920 it was decided matings between the varieties should be allowed in order to preserve the breed and avoid issues resulting from inbreeding.{{r|Fiorone}} The [[World War II|Second World War]] once again threatened the viability of the breed and in late 1945, it was decided once again that matings between dogs of the different varieties was to be encouraged, and through careful breeding the Belgian Shepherd recovered in numbers.{{r|Fogle|Fiorone}} In 1956 the current breed standard was adopted and it specified the four varieties known today; the Groenendael, Laekenois, Malinois and Tervuren.{{r|Fogle|Morris}}
===Kennel club classification===
▲The Groenendael variety is believed to have been created in 1885 by Nicholas Rose, owner of the Château de Groenendael.{{r|Morris|Fiorone}} Rose owned a long-haired, black Belgian Shepherd bitch called "Petite", liking her look so much he spent over a year searching for a suitable mate, eventually finding a dog named "Piccard D'Uccle" who belonged to a shepherd called Mr Beernaert, these two are considered the foundation stock of the variety.{{r|Morris|Fiorone}} Their finest progeny were called "Duc de Groenendael" and "Barroness" who were mated widely to Belgian Shepherds of different appearances with the black progeny retained.{{r|Wilcox|Fiorone}} Initially Rose had wanted to name the variety the "Rose", but it was deemed this could cause confusion given their black colour so they were instead named after his château, Groenendael.{{r|Fiorone2}} During the First World War, Groenendaels were used by the [[Belgian Army]] to locate wounded soldiers and carry messages, their bravery was recognised by U.S. soldiers during the war and examples were imported to the U.S. in the following years; to this day in the US the name Belgian Shepherd or Belgian Sheepdog is commonly used to refer to the Groenendael.{{r|Wilcox}}
Most of the world's national [[kennel club]]s including the Société Royale Saint-Hubert, as well as the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]], recognise the Belgian Shepherd as a single breed with four distinct varieties.{{r|FCI|Wilcox}}
▲The Malinois variety was said to be the first variety to breed true to type and initially they became so well-known in Belgium that at one time the other varieties were collectively called "other-than-Malinois", it was the Malinois that the other varieties were gauged against.{{r|Fogle|Wilcox}} The variety takes its name from the [[Mechelen]] region (called Malines in French), where it was the predominant coat type used by the local shepherds.{{r|Fogle|Morris|Wilcox}}
▲The Belgian Shepherd is a medium-sized athletic breed with a body built for endurance
▲The Laekenois variety has always been the rarest; they take their name from the [[Château de Laeken]], a residence of the [[Belgian royal family]].{{r|Fogle|Fiorone}} The Laekenois was a favourite of [[Marie Henriette of Austria|Queen Marie Henriette]], who frequently watched them in the service of the shepherds who grazed the royal domains around the château; this patronage contributed to their popularity at the time.{{r|Fogle|Wilcox}} In addition to being used as herding dogs, rough-haired Belgian Shepherds were traditionally used as [[guard dog]]s in the regions surrounding [[Boom, Belgium|Boom]], guarding valuable linens put out to bleach in the sun.{{r|Wilcox}}
=== Varieties ===
▲The Tervuren variety is believed to have been created when a brewer, M. Corbeel, bred his fawn long-haired Belgian Shepherd pair "Tom" and "Poes", one of their progeny was a long-haired fawn bitch named "Miss" who was purchased by a M. Deanhieux.{{r|Morris|Fiorone|Wilcox}} Miss was bred with Duc de Groenendael, the foundation sire of the Groenendael variety, and the fawn progeny became the Tervuren variety who take their name from the region of [[Tervuren]].{{r|Morris|Fiorone}} The Tervuren variety is considered particularly robust and healthy and in Europe a number of breeders use them to reinforce the bloodlines of other varieties, particularly the Groenendael.{{r|Fiorone2}}
▲The four varieties vary principally in their coat types and colours
===
▲The Groenendael variety is long-haired, it has a solid black double coat, the outer coat is straight and particularly long around the shoulders, neck and chest; they have short hair on the face, and well feathered legs and tail.{{r|Fogle|Jones}}
▲Most of the world's national [[kennel club]]s including the Société Royale Saint-Hubert, as well as the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]], recognise the Belgian Shepherd as a single breed with four distinct varieties.{{r|FCI|Wilcox}} Notably, the [[American Kennel Club]] recognises the four varieties as separate breeds; this has caused some consternation for American breeders who breed from imported European stock. European Groenendaels in particular can whelp Tervuren-coloured pups; in most of the world these can be registered as Tervurens, whereas in the United States these pups would be disqualified from registration.{{r|Wilcox}}
==== Laekenois ====
▲The Laekenois variety is rough-haired, its coat is fawn in colour with discreet black overlay and is harsh, dry and normally slightly tangled in appearance; it has a bristled, feathered muzzle and limited feathering on the legs and tail.{{r|Fogle|Morris}} According to the breed standard, black overlay means the tips of the hair are black but not in patches or stripes such as [[brindle]].{{r|FCI}}
==== Malinois ====
▲The Malinois variety is short-haired, it is fawn in colour with black overlay, with a charcoal-coloured face and extremities.{{r|Fogle|Morris}}
==== Tervuren ====
▲The Tervuren variety is long-haired like the Groenendael; its double coat is typically fawn in colour with black overlay and with black extremities, although grey with black is known
▲Belgian Shepherds are known to be highly intelligent, alert and sensitive; they are typically highly trainable, vigilant and hard-working with a strong guarding instinct making them protective of property and family, and very well suited for service with security services.{{r|Morris|Jones|Wilcox}} The Groenendael and Tervueren varieties have a reputation for occasionally being snappy, making them less suitable as companion dogs for children; the Laekenois, whilst considered very good with children, can occasionally be troublesome with other dogs.{{r|Alderton|Fogle}} The Belgian Shepherd responds well to training and responds very well to firm and understanding training; they require training from an early age, particularly the Laekenois which can have a tendency to try to dominate a weaker-willed master.{{r|Alderton|Wilcox}} The breed is very active, particularly the Malinois which may reflect its continued breeding for security roles, and they all require exercise; the breed adapts well to living indoors, although the Malinois is least suited to these environments.{{r|Alderton|Wilcox|Vassallo}}
The Belgian Shepherd, particularly in the Groenendael, Laekenois and Tervuren varieties, is predominantly kept as a pet or [[companion dog]]; all of the varieties may compete in obedience competitions and [[Schutzhund]].{{r|Fogle|Wilcox}} The dogs are versatile and are often trained for use as [[assistance dog]]s, [[detection dog]]s, [[guard dog]]s, [[guide dog]]s, [[police dog]]s, and [[search and rescue dog]]s.{{r|Fogle|Morris}}
In recent times, the Laekenois has been employed by the Belgian Army in a variety of roles (in addition to the longstanding use of the Malinois), and the Tervuren is frequently used by government organisations as a drug detection dog.{{r|Fogle|Morris|Wilcox}} The Malinois in particular has become increasingly popular with customs, military, border guard and police forces;{{r|Fogle|Morris|Wilcox}} organisations that utilise the Malinois include the [[United States Armed Forces]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/09/18/us-military-working-dogs-should-be-american-born-senator-says.html |title= US Military working dogs should be American-born, Senator says |last=Pawlyk |first=Oriana |date=18 September 2020 |website=Military.com |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> the [[United States Secret Service]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Michael S. |date=21 September 2014 |title=White House May Check Tourists Blocks Away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/white-house-security-mulls-tourist-screens.html?_r=0 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> the [[Israel Defense Forces]]' [[Oketz Unit]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Winer |first=Stuart |date=6 August 2017 |title=Indian PM's security goes to the (Israeli) dogs |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/indian-pms-security-goes-to-the-israeli-dogs/ |work=Times of Israel }}</ref> the [[Australian Defence Force]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.airforce.gov.au/technology/combat-support-capability/military-working-dogs?RAAF-cW6sWLIlexAaxFuK_knX8rhpHBcC0DCO= |title=Military working dogs |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Royal Australian Air Force |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=24 November 2020 }}</ref> and the anti-poaching canine unit at the [[Kruger National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/border-security/anti-poaching-dogs-a-game-changer-for-kruger/ |title=Anti-poaching dogs a game-changer for Kruger |last=Martin |first=Guy |date=28 March 2017 |website=defenceWeb |access-date=24 November 2020 }}</ref>
[[File:U.S. Air Force military working dog Jackson sits on a U.S. Army M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle before heading out on a mission in Kahn Bani Sahd, Iraq, Feb. 13, 2007.jpg|center|thumb|A U.S. Air Force Malinois atop an M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle in Iraq in 2007]]
==Health==
==Notable examples==
* [[Conan (military dog)|Conan]], [[United States Army]] Malinois that assisted in the capture and killing of [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Laporta |first=James |date=28 October 2019 |title=Classified name revealed of Special Ops hero dog wounded in Syria raid that killed ISIS leader Baghdadi |url=https://www.newsweek.com/classified-name-dog-wounded-syria-isis-baghdadi-raid-revealed-1468238 |work=Newsweek |access-date=24 November 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Diesel (dog)|Diesel]], [[French police]] Malinois that was posthumously awarded the PDSA [[Dickin Medal]] after
* [[K9 Killer]], [[Kruger National Park]] anti-poaching dog Malinois awarded the [[PDSA Gold Medal]] for assisting in the capture of 115 poachers.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Rhino poacher-hunting dog from South Africa gets hero medal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35264270 |work=BBS News |date=8 January 2016 |access-date=24 November 2020 }}</ref>
* [[United States presidential pets#King Tut|King Tut]], US President [[Herbert Hoover]]'s pet Malinois.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Byrne |first=Arabella |date=2 November 2020 |title=The rise of the FDOTUS – first dog of the United States |url=https://life.spectator.co.uk/articles/why-donald-trump-should-get-a-dog/ |magazine=Spectator Life |location=London |publisher=
* [[Kuga (dog)|Kuga]], [[Australian Army]] Malinois awarded the [[Dickin Medal]] after capturing an insurgent whilst shot during the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hayne |first=Jordan |date=27 October 2018 |title='Victoria Cross for animals': Military dog Kuga posthumously awarded Dickin Medal for bravery |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-10-26/dickin-medal-awarded-kuga-dog-canberra/10433054 |work=ABC news |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref>
* [[Mali (dog)|Mali]], [[British Army]] Malinois awarded the Dickin Medal after completing a mission whilst injured during the War in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Dog Mali awarded medal for Afghanistan bravery |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42031729 |work=BBC News |date=17 November 2017 |access-date=24 November 2020 }}</ref>
* Meadow, the first K9 to work full time at a high school or college in the state of New Jersey to prevent school shootings. K9 Meadow is named in honor of [[Andrew Pollack|Meadow Pollack]] who was murdered on 14 February 2018 during the [[Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School]] mass shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Franklin |first=Chris |date=9 March 2019 |title=Meet Meadow, the first K-9 dog on patrol at an N.J. high school |url=https://www.nj.com/cumberland/2019/03/meet-meadow-the-first-k-9-dog-on-patrol-at-an-nj-high-school.html |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=nj |language=en}}</ref>
* Yoda, a U.S. Border Control Malinois that helped capture [[Danilo Cavalcante]] after he escaped from prison and was on the run for nearly two weeks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bunch |first=Jesse |date=13 September 2023 |title=The dog that helped capture Danelo Cavalcante is named Yoda |work=[[Philadelphia Inquirer]] |url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/yoda-police-dog-belgian-malinois-danelo-cavalcante-20230913.html}}</ref>
▲==See also==
==References==
{{
<ref name=Alderton>{{Cite book |last=Alderton |first=David |author-link=David Alderton |date=2008 |title=The encyclopedia of dogs |location=Bath |publisher=Parragon Books Ltd |pages=272–273|isbn=978-1-4454-0853-8}}</ref>
Line 155:
<ref name=Morris>{{Cite book |last=Morris |first=Desmond |author-link=Desmond Morris |date=2001 |title=Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds |location=North Pomfret, VT|publisher=Trafalgar Square Publishing |pages=425–428 |isbn=978-1-57076-219-2}}</ref>
<ref name=Vassallo>{{Cite journal |last=Vassallo |first=Laura |date=2016 |title=Behavioral differences among Belgian Shepherd Dogs varieties |url=https://www.dogbehavior.it/index.php?journal=dogbehavior&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=31&path%5B%5D=22 |journal=Dog Behavior |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=15–19 |doi=10.4454/db.v2i2.31 |access-date=5 October 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009050729/https://www.dogbehavior.it/index.php?journal=dogbehavior&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=31&path%5B%5D=22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=Wilcox>{{Cite book |last1=Wilcox |first1=Bonnie |last2=Walkowicz |first2=Chris |date=1995 |title=Atlas of dog breeds of the world |location=Neptune City, N.J. |publisher=TFH Publications |pages=170–174 }}</ref>
<ref name="Lit Dec 2013">{{cite journal | last1=Lit | first1=Lisa | last2=Belanger | first2=Janelle M. | last3=Boehm | first3=Debby | last4=Lybarger | first4=Nathan | last5=Oberbauer | first5=Anita M. | title=Differences in Behavior and Activity Associated with a Poly(A) Expansion in the Dopamine Transporter in Belgian Malinois | journal=PLOS ONE | publisher=Public Library of Science (PLoS) | volume=8 | issue=12 | date=23 December 2013 | issn=1932-6203 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0082948 | page=e82948 | doi-access=free | pmid=24376613 | pmc=3871558 | bibcode=2013PLoSO...882948L }}</ref>
<ref name="Lit May 2013">{{cite journal | last1=Lit | first1=Lisa | last2=Belanger | first2=Janelle M | last3=Boehm | first3=Debby | last4=Lybarger | first4=Nathan | last5=Haverbeke | first5=Anouck | last6=Diederich | first6=Claire | last7=Oberbauer | first7=Anita M | title=Characterization of a dopamine transporter polymorphism and behavior in Belgian Malinois | journal=BMC Genetics | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=30 May 2013 | issn=1471-2156 | doi=10.1186/1471-2156-14-45 | page=45 | pmid=23718893 | pmc=3680094 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name="Lit Apr 2013">{{cite journal | last1=Lit | first1=Lisa | last2=Belanger | first2=J. M. | last3=Boehm | first3=D. | last4=Lybarger | first4=N. | last5=Oberbauer | first5=A. M. | title=Dopamine transporter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Belgian Malinois dogs | journal=Animal Genetics | publisher=Wiley | volume=44 | issue=5 | date=9 April 2013 | issn=0268-9146 | doi=10.1111/age.12040 | pages=604–605 | pmid=23565797 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/age.12040 }}</ref>
}}
Line 164 ⟶ 170:
{{Commons}}
* [https://www.fmbb.be/ World Federation Belgium Shepherds／Federation Mondiale du Berger Belges]
{{Belgian dogs}}
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