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The '''Ashina''' ({{zh|c=阿史那|p=Āshǐnà|w=A-shih-na}}; [[Middle Chinese]]: ([[Guangyun]]) {{IPA-ltc|ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩|}}) were a Turkic tribe and the ruling dynasty of the [[Göktürks]]. This clan rose to prominence in the mid-6th century when the leader, [[Bumin Qaghan]] (died 552), revolted against the [[Rouran Khaganate]]. The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother [[Istämi]], ruled over the eastern and western parts of the [[Göktürks|Göktürk]] confederation, respectively, forming the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] (552–603).
== Origin ==
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</ref> S. P. Guschin,<ref name="Conde, Lidergraf 2014">[https://www.academia.edu/23316012/Wen_S.-Q._Muratov_B.A._Suyunov_R.R._The_haplogroups_of_the_representatives_from_ancient_Turkic_clans_-_Ashina_and_Ashide_BEHPS_ISSN_2410-1788_Volume_3_2_1_2_March_2016_P.154-157 Wen S.-Q., Muratov B.A., Suyunov R.R. The haplogroups of the representatives from ancient Turkic clans – Ashina and Ashide // BEHPS]. {{ISSN|2410-1788}}, Volume 3, No. 2 [1,2]. March 2016. p. 154–157. R.R. Suyunov, [http://suyun.info/index.php?p=07082014_2 Муратов Б.А., Суюнов Р.Р. Саки-динлины, аорсы, Ашина и потомки кланов Дешти-Кипчака по данным ДНК-генеалогии // Вестник Академии ДНК-генеалогии (Бостон, США) → Том 7, №8, Август 2014, стр. 1198–1226.], Muratov, Муратов Б.А. ДНК-генеалогия тюркоязычных народов Урала, Волги и Кавказа. Том 4, серия «Этногеномика и ДНК-генеалогия», ЭИ Проект «Суюн». Vila do Conde, Lidergraf, 2014, илл. {{ISBN|978-5-9904583-2-1}}.</ref> and [[András Róna-Tas]]<ref name="Róna-Tas1999">{{cite book |last1=Rona-Tas |first1=Andras |title=Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History |pages = 280–281|date=1999 |publisher=Central European University Press |isbn=9639116483}}</ref> have posited that the term Ashina ultimately descends from an Indo-European source, possibly Tocharian or from one of the many Eastern Iranian tribal groups, such as the [[Saka]] and [[Wusun]].<ref name="Sinor3283">{{harvnb|Sinor|Klyashtorny|1996|pp=328–329}}</ref> Jonathan Ratcliffe supports this theory citing numerous academics that the Ashina ethnic core could have been Indo-Iranian culturally, speaking Sogdian or variant of Tocharian.<ref>{{cite book |chapter= |first=Jonathan |last=Ratcliffe |title=Eric Voegelin's Asian Political Thought |editor-first=Lee |editor-last=Trepanier |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2020 |page=114 }}</ref>
[[Carter V. Findley]] assumes that the name "Ashina" comes from one of the [[Saka languages]] of central Asia and means "blue" (which translates to [[Proto-Turkic]] *''kȫk'', whence [[Old Turkic]]
H. W. Haussig and S. G. Kljyashtorny suggest an association between the name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ''ahşaẽna'' (in [[Old Persian]]). This is so even in [[East Turkestan]]; then the desired form would be in the [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]] '''xs' yn' k'' (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) ''āşşeiņa'' (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in [[Tocharian A]] āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). There is textual support for either of these versions in the [[Göktürk]] [[Orkhon inscriptions]], in which the Göktürks are described as the "Blue Turks"; being descended from the marriage between Blue Sky and the Brown Earth.<ref>{{harvnb|Golden|Mair|2006|p=142|ps=:"This Iranian linguistic connection was first out firward by Haussig and Bailey (Haussig, 1979, 55-57; Bailey, 1985, 104). ... More recently, Sergei Klyashtorny has revisted this theme , and building on the earlier work, suggests that A-shih-na is the transcription of the Khotanese Saka âşşeina/aşşena "blue" ... or perhaps Tocharian âśna "blue" (1994, 445-447). This nicely dovetails with the usage of "Kök Türk," Blue Türks, found in the Kül Tegin / Bilge Qaghan inscription (Tekin 1988, 8/9, 36-37). Both etymologies lead us back to the Eastern Iranian - Tocharian world of Eastern Turkestan."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coatsworth |first1=John |last2=Cole |first2=Juan |last3=Hanagan |first3=Michael P. |last4=Perdue |first4=Peter C. |last5=Tilly |first5=Charles |last6=Tilly |first6=Louise |title=Global Connections |date=16 March 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19189-0 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBh2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA218}}</ref>
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According to Kuastornyj, the perfect translation of "Ashina" as an Indo-European word meaning "blue" indicates that the Türks of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]] period were aware of the non-Türkic origin of the name "Ashina", and of the dual ethnic origin of the early Türks. In the view of [[Louis Bazin]], this knowledge was being suppressed in the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] period by the Türkic nationalist policies of [[Bilge Qaghan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roemer |first1=Hans Robert |title=History of the Turkic Peoples in the Pre-Islamic Period / Histoire des Peuples Turcs à l'Époque Pré-Islamique |date=2021 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-240229-0 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4K9IEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151 |language=fr}} "Dans le recit relatif aux premiers kagans, les grandes inscriptions de l'Orkhon dèsignent le peuple qui avait créé l'empire et habité le pays par le terme kök türk, ce que l'on traduit habituellement les "Turcs bleu chair (bleus)". Sans aborder les nombreuses interprétations du mot kök dans cette combinaison , notons sa convergence sémantique parfaite avec la signification, reconstituée ici, du nom A-che-na: "bleu". Un calque èvident du nom suppose la connaissance conservée de sons sens primitif et de son origine étrangère (tout à fait compatible avec les composantes poly-ethniques de la culture du premier Kaganant turc), lesquels perdirent toutefois leur popularité dans le milieu culturel et politique "nationaliste" (selon l'expression de L. BAZIN, qui caractérise à l'époque de Bilgä-kagan le milieu dirigeant d'Ötükän, centre de pourvoir dans la région de l'Orkhon)."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Roemer|2021|p=151|ps=: "Ainsi, le fait que dans les monuments de l'Orkhon soit mentionée la combinaison kök türk que l'on peut interpréter comme "Kök et les Türks", "A- che-na- et les Turcs", permet de constater la présance dans le texte du nom du clan royal turc, ainsi que la possibilité que les Turcs aient été conscients en tout cas en ce qui concerne le période presque légendaire des premiers kagans, de la dualité de leur confédèration tribale. "}}</ref>
The name "Ashina" was recorded in ancient Muslim chronicles in these forms: ''Aś(i)nas'' ([[al-Tabari]]), ''Ānsa'' ([[Hudud al-'Alam]]), ''Śaba'' ([[Ibn Khordadbeh]]), ''Śana'', ''Śaya'' ([[Al-Masudi]]).<ref>Гумилёв Л. Н. Древние тюрки. М.-Л., Наука, 1967.</ref><ref>P. B. Golden, "Irano-Turcica: The Khazar sacral kingship revisited," in ''Acta Orientalia Hungarica'' 60:2 (2007) p. 165, 172, n. 33</ref>
==== Alternative etymologies ====
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=== Legends ===
[[File:Turkic horsemen with unidentifiable ambassadors on top.jpg|thumb|Turkic horsemen with long hair on the [[Miho funerary couch]]. Circa 570 AD. [[Northern Dynasties]], [[China]].<ref name="HI">{{cite book |last1=Inagaki |first1=Hajime |title=Galleries and Works of the MIHO MUSEUM |publisher=Miho Museum |
Chinese chroniclers recorded four origin tales, which Golden termed "Wolf Tale I", "Wolf Tale II", "Shemo (Žama) and the Deer Tale" and "Historical Account", of the Turks in [[Twenty-Four Histories|dynasty histories and historical compilations]] "based on or copied from the same source(s) and repeated in later collections of historical tales".<ref name="Golden2018" />
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[[File:Turkic_Head_of_Koltegin_Statue_(35324303410).jpg|thumb|[[Bust of Kul Tigin]] (684–731), an Ashina Prince.]]
According to the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'' and ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', the Ashina clan was related to the "Yenisei Kyrgyz",<ref>''Zhoushu'', "vol. 50 - [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B750#%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5 section Tujue]"</ref><ref>''Beishi'', "vol. 99 -[https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099#%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5 section Tujue]"
[[Muqan Qaghan]], the third Qaghan of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]], was described by Chinese authors as having an unusual appearance. He had eyes like "colored glazes",{{sfnp|Wang|2018|p=190}}<ref>[[History of the Northern Dynasties|Beishi]] [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7099 vol. 99] "狀貌奇異，面廣尺餘，其色赤甚，眼若琉璃。"</ref> he had a red complexion, and his face was wide.<ref>[[Book of Zhou|Zhoushu]], [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B750 vol. 50] ""狀貌多奇異，面廣尺餘，其色甚赤，眼若瑠璃。"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Emmerick |first1=Ronald Eric |title=Akten des VII. Internationalen Kongresses für Iranische Kunst und Archäologie : München, 7.-10 |date=1979 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH |location=Berlin |isbn=9783496001034 |page=449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bwOAQAAMAAJ}} "Some of the “Hu", including the Köktürk Qaghan Mu-kan and the Qirghïz Turks, were reported by the Chinese to have Europeoid features, such as aquiline noses, red hair and light-coloured eyes."</ref> However, a complete genetic analysis of Muqan Qaghan's daughter [[Empress Ashina]] (551–582) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively [[Ancient Northeast Asian]] ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,3%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture.<ref name="onlinelibrary.wiley.com">{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Xiaomin |last2=Meng |first2=Hailiang |last3=Zhang |first3=Jianlin |last4=Yu |first4=Yao |last5=Allen |first5=Edward |last6=Xia |first6=Ziyang |last7=Zhu |first7=Kongyang |last8=Du |first8=Panxin |last9=Ren |first9=Xiaoying |last10=Xiong |first10=Jianxue |last11=Lu |first11=Xiaoyu |last12=Ding |first12=Yi |last13=Han |first13=Sheng |last14=Liu |first14=Weipeng |last15=Jin |first15=Li |date=2023-01-09 |title=Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jse.12938 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=61 |issue=6 |language=en |pages=1056–1064 |doi=10.1111/jse.12938 |s2cid=255690237 |issn=1674-4918}}</ref>
According to Chinese historian [[Xue Zongzheng]], the original Ashina tribe members had physical features that were quite different from those of East Asian people. However, over time, members of the Ashina tribe intermarried with Chinese nobility, which shifted their physical appearance to a more East Asian one. According to Xue, having a physical appearance like a [[Sogdian people|Sogdian]] was by the time of [[Qilibi Khan]] (Ashina Simo),{{efn|Simo was described as having a physical appearance similar to that of a Sogdian (original Chinese: 胡人 ''húrén'' "non-Chinese peoples of the North or West, barbarian, > Iranian > Sogdian"<ref>Atwood, Christopher P. (2015). [https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=ealc "The Kai, the Khongai, and the Names of the Xiōngnú"]. ''International Journal of Eurasian Studies''. '''2''' p. 62 of 35–63.</ref>) and so was suspected by the Ashina khagans Shibi and Chuluo of being born out of an adulterous relationship, and therefore was not entrusted with great authorities, like commanding the army as a [[Shad (prince)|shad]].<ref>Jiu Tangshu, [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7194%E4%B8%8A vol. 194a], txt: 「思摩者, 頡利族人也. 始畢、處羅以其貌似胡人, 不類突厥, 疑非阿史那族類, 故歷處羅, 頡利世, 常為夾畢特勒, 終不得典兵為設。」</ref>{{sfn|Lee|Kuang|2017|p=201-202}}}}
Both [[Shibi Khan|Shibi]] (609-619 AD) Khagan and [[Heshana Khagan|Chuluo]] (604-612 AD) Khagan were doubtful of Qilibi Khan being Ashina because he resembled a Sogdian more than a Tujue(Turk) and prevented him from being a [[Shad (prince)|shad]].<ref>Jiu Tangshu, [舊唐書/卷194上 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 vol. 194a], txt: '思摩者, 頡利族人也. 始畢、處羅以其貌似胡人, 不類突厥, 疑非阿史那族類, 故歷處羅, 頡利世, 常為夾畢特勒, 終不得典兵為設'</ref><ref>translated by and quoted in Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", ''Inner Asia'' 19. p. 201-202. note 13</ref>
▲Both [[Shibi Khan|Shibi]] Khagan and [[Heshana Khagan|Chuluo]] Khagan were doubtful of Qilibi Khan being Ashina and prevented him from being a [[Shad (prince)|shad]].<ref>Jiu Tangshu, [舊唐書/卷194上 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 vol. 194a], txt: '思摩者, 頡利族人也. 始畢、處羅以其貌似胡人, 不類突厥, 疑非阿史那族類, 故歷處羅, 頡利世, 常為夾畢特勒, 終不得典兵為設'</ref><ref>translated by and quoted in Lee & Kuang (2017) "A Comparative Analysis of Chinese Historical Sources and Y-DNA Studies with Regard to the Early and Medieval Turkic Peoples", ''Inner Asia'' 19. p. 201-202. note 13</ref>
Turkish historian [[:tr:Emel Esin|Emel Esin]] noted that "the members of the Kök-Türk dynasty, and particularly [[Kul Tigin|Köl Tigin]], had frankly Mongoloid features", probably as a result of repeated marriages.<ref name="Esin1980"/> She also wrote that members of the Ashina tribe sought to marry Chinese nobles, "perhaps in the hope of finding an occasion to claim rulership over China, or because the high birth of the mother warranted seniority". Esin notes that the later depiction of an Ashina prince, the [[Bust of Kul Tigin]], has an East Asian appearance.<ref name="Esin1980">{{cite book |last1=Esin |first1=Emel |title=A History of Pre-Islamic and Early-Islamic Turkish Culture|date=1980 |publisher=Ünal Matbaasi |location=Istanbul |page=116}} "The Chinese sources of the Kök-Türk period describe the turcophone Kirgiz with green eyes and red hair. They must have been in majority Europeoids although intermarriages with the Chinese had begun long ago. The Kök-Türk kagan Mu-kan was also depicted with blue eyes and an elongated ruddy face. Probably as a result of the repeated marriages, the members of the Kök-Türk dynasty (pl. XLVII/a), and particularly Köl Tigin, had frankly Mongoloid features. Perhaps in the hope of finding an occasion to claim rulership over China, or because the high birth of the mother warranted seniority, the Inner Asian monarchs sought alliances165 with dynasties reigning in China."</ref>
== Genetics ==
According to Canadian scholar Joo-Yup Lee, it is possible that the Ashina tribe belonged to the paternal haplogroup [[haplogroup R1a|R1a1]]. The reasoning for this assumption is that the Ashina tribe was said to be closely related to the [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] people, and also to the Iranian [[Saka]]. The modern-day descendants of the Yenisei Kirghiz, the [[Kyrgyz people]], have one of the highest frequencies of haplogroup R1a-Z93.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Joo-Yup |title=Some remarks on the Turkicisation of the Mongols in post-Mongol Central Asia and the Qipchaq Steppe |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |date=2018 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=121–124 |doi=10.1556/062.2018.71.2.1 |s2cid=133847698 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=666361 |language=English |issn=0001-6446}} "The Y-chromosomes of the Kök Türk elites, who cremated their dead (Wei Zheng 2008, Chapter 84, p. 1864), have not been investigated yet. We can only pre- sume their patrilineal lineages by testing the DNA of their direct descendants, who are, however, difficult to identify. The Zhoushu [the book of the Zhou Dynasty] (Linghu Defen 2003, Chapter 50, p. 908) informs us that the Ashina, the royal clan of the Kök Türks, were related to the Qirghiz. If so, the Ashina may have belonged to the R1a1 lineage like the modern-day Tienshan Qirghiz, who are characterised by the high frequency of R1a1 (over 60%).16 Haplogroup R1a1, more specifically, its sub- clade R1a1a1b2 defined by mutation Z93, was carried by the Indo-European pastoralists, who reached the Kazakh steppes, the Tarim Basin, the Altai Mountains region, the Yenisei River region, and western Mongolia from the Black Sea steppes during the Bronze Age (Semino et al. 2000, p. 1156)."</ref> This lineage believed to be associated with Indo-Iranians who migrated to the Altai region in the Bronze Age, and is carried by various [[Turkic peoples|Türkic]] groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Lee|Kuang|2017|ps= "... R1a1a1b2 (R1a-Z93), which spread across Eurasia by the Bronze Age Indo-European (Iranic) pastoralists and is carried by various modern-day Turkic groups.65"}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lee|2018|ps= "Haplogroup R1a1, more specifically, its subclade R1a1a1b2 defined by mutation Z93, was carried by the Indo-European pastoralists, who reached the Kazakh steppes, the Tarim Basin, the Altai Mountains region, the Yenisei River region, and western Mongolia from the Black Sea steppes during the Bronze Age (Semino et al. 2000, p. 1156)"}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wen |first1=Shao-qing |last2=Du |first2=Pan-xin |last3=Sun |first3=Chang |last4=Cui |first4=Wei |last5=Xu |first5=Yi-ran |last6=Meng |first6=Hai-liang |last7=Shi |first7=Mei-sen |last8=Zhu |first8=Bo-feng |last9=Li |first9=Hui |title=Dual origins of the Northwest Chinese Kyrgyz: the admixture of Bronze age Siberian and Medieval Niru'un Mongolian Y chromosomes |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |date=March 2022 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=175–180 |doi=10.1038/s10038-021-00979-x |pmid=34531527 |s2cid=254103532 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354654630}} "Therefore, the Kyrgyz are an admixed population between the East and the West. Different patterns have been observed in the patrilineal gene pool of the Kyrgyz. Extremely low Y-diversity and the presence of a high-frequency (63% [10], 54.5% [11], or 68.9% [12]) Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1-M17 ('''a diagnostic Indo-Iranian marker [10]''') are striking features of Kyrgyz populations in central Asia."</ref> American historian [[Peter Benjamin Golden|Peter Golden]] has reported that Y-DNA genetic testing of the proposed descendants of the Ashina tribe does seem to confirm a link to the [[Indo-Iranians]], emphasizing that "the Turks as a whole ‘were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Golden |first1=Peter |title=The Ethnogonic Tales of the Türks |journal=SAGE |date=2018 |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=314 |doi=10.1177/0971945818775373 |s2cid=166026934 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0971945818775373?journalCode=mhja}} "Some DNA tests point to the Iranian connections of the Ashina and Ashide,133 highlighting further that the Turks as a whole ‘were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations’.134"</ref>
The first genetic analysis on an early royal Ashina member ([[Empress Ashina]], the daughter of [[Muqan Khagan|Mugan Khagan]], second son of [[Bumin Khagan]], the founder of the [[Göktürk Khaganate]]) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively Northeast Asian ancestry (97.7%) next to a minor West-Eurasian component (2.3%). The West-Eurasian component corresponded to a single admixture event (possibly [[Afanasievo culture|Afanasievo]]-related) dating to around 1566 ± 396 years before Ashina's lifetime (ie dating to {{c.|1000 BC}}). The authors determined that [[Empress Ashina]] belonged to the North-East Asian mtDNA haplogroup [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F1d]]. The Ashina individual was found to be genetically closer to East Asians than Turkic groups and was genetically closest to
The ancient Türkic royal family of the [[Göktürk Khaganate]] was found to share genetic affinities to post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic pastoralists, while having heterogeneous relationships towards various later Turkic-speaking groups, suggesting genetic heterogeneity and multiple sources of origin for the later populations of the Turkic empire. This shows that the Ashina lineage had a dominating contribution on Mongolic and Tungusic speakers but limited contribution on Turkic-speaking populations. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for the royal Ashina family.<ref
==Legacy==
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