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| image = Lancaster County Amish 03.jpg
| caption = An Amish family riding in a traditional [[Amish buggy]] in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]]
| poptime = {{increase}}
| popplace = [[United States]] (large populations in [[Indiana]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]]; notable populations in [[Kentucky]], [[Missouri]], [[Michigan]], [[New York (state)|New York]], and [[Wisconsin]]; small populations in various other states)<br />[[Canada]] (mainly in [[Ontario]])
| founder = [[Jakob Ammann]]
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| langs = [[English language|English]]<br />[[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]]<br />[[Swiss Amish|Swiss German]]
}}
The '''Amish''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|m|ᵻ|ʃ}}; {{lang-pdc|Amisch}}; {{lang-de|link=no|Amische}}), formally the '''Old Order Amish''', are a group of traditionalist [[Anabaptism|Anabaptist]] [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Christian denomination|church fellowships]] with [[Swiss people|Swiss]] and [[Alsace|Alsatian]] origins.<ref name="HarryHerr2018">{{cite book |last1=Harry |first1=Karen |last2=Herr |first2=Sarah A. |title=Life beyond the Boundaries: Constructing Identity in Edge Regions of the North American Southwest |date=2 April 2018 |publisher=University Press of Colorado |isbn=978-1-60732-696-0 |language=English |quote=The Amish were one of many Anabaptist groups that grew from the Radical Reformation in sixteenth-century Europe (Hostetler 1993).}}</ref> As they maintain [[Nonconformity to the world#Anabaptism|a degree of separation]] from surrounding populations, and hold their faith in common, the Amish have been described by certain scholars as an [[ethnoreligious group]], combining features of an ethnicity and a Christian denomination.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Anderson |first1=Cory |last2=Kenda |first2=Loren |date=22 December 2015 |title=What Kinds of Places Attract and Sustain Amish Populations? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ruso.12083 |journal=Rural Sociology |language=en |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=483–511 |doi=10.1111/ruso.12083 |issn=0036-0112}}</ref> The Amish are closely related to [[Old Order Mennonite]]s and [[Conservative Mennonites]]—denominations that are also a part of Anabaptist Christianity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anabaptists |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/religion/anabaptists/ |publisher=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College |access-date=11 May 2022 |quote=The Amish are one of many Anabaptist groups that trace their roots to the Anabaptist movement in sixteenth-century Europe at the time of the Protestant Reformation. Other groups include Mennonites, Hutterites, the Brethren in Christ, and Brethren groups that began in Schwarzenau, Germany, in 1708.}}</ref> The Amish are known for [[simple living]], [[plain dress]], [[Christian pacifism#Anabaptist churches|Christian pacifism]], and slowness to adopt many [[convenience]]s of modern technology, with a view neither to interrupt family time, nor replace face-to-face conversations whenever possible, and a view to maintain self-sufficiency. The Amish value rural life, manual labor, humility and ''[[Ordnung#Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]]'' (submission to God's will).▼
▲The '''Amish''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|m|ᵻ|ʃ}}
The Amish church began with a [[schism]] in [[Switzerland]] within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Mennonite Anabaptists in 1693 led by [[Jakob Ammann]].{{Sfn | Kraybill | 2001 | pp = 7–8}} Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish.{{Sfn | Kraybill | 2001 | p = 8}} In the second half of the 19th century, the Amish divided into Old Order Amish and [[Amish Mennonite]]s; the latter do not abstain from using motor cars, whereas the Old Order Amish retained much of their traditional culture. When people refer to the Amish today, they normally refer to the Old Order Amish, though there are other [[subgroups of Amish]].<ref name="Misiroglu2015">{{cite book |last1=Misiroglu |first1=Gina |title=American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History |date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47728-0 |language=en |quote=There are various sects of Amish. Old Order Amish maintain the practices best known in mainstream society. These practices include rigorous restrictions on the use of modern conveniences such as electricity automobiles, and telephones. Other groups, such as the Beachy Amish and New Order Amish, use electricity and automobiles, among other modern conveniences, but they still consider themselves Amish.}}</ref> The Amish fall into three main subgroups—the Old Order Amish, the [[New Order Amish]], and the [[Beachy Amish]]—all of whom wear [[plain dress]] and live their life according to the Bible as codified in their church's ''[[Ordnung]]''.<ref name="MeyersNolt2005">{{cite book |last1=Meyers |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Nolt |first2=Steven M. |title=An Amish Patchwork: Indiana's Old Orders in the Modern World |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34538-7 |page=22 |language=en |quote=Groups that today identify themselves as Amish include not only the Old Orders but also the so-called New Order Amish and the Beachy Amish ... The ''New Order Amish'' share much with their Old Order Amish religious kin, including horse-and-buggy culture and identifiably traditional dress patterns, but the New Orders employ a more explicit language of personal salvation and are also somewhat less wary of technology—for example, permitting telephones in homes. The ''Beachy Amish'' ... are plain in their appearance but clearly less traditional than Old Orders in lifestyle. Beachy Amish members drive cars, use English in worship, and place emphasis on evangelism and missions.}}</ref><ref name="Johnson-Weiner2017">{{cite book |last1=Johnson-Weiner |first1=Karen M. |title=New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State |date=2 May 2017 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-0813-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kraybill2003">{{cite book |last1=Kraybill |first1=Donald B. |title=The Riddle of Amish Culture |date=1 May 2003 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7631-8 |language=en |quote=...the Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, and Beachy Amish represent three different affiliations.}}</ref> The Old Order Amish and New Order Amish conduct their worship in German, speak [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]], and use [[Buggy (carriage)#Amish_buggy|buggies]] for transportation, in contrast to the Beachy Amish who use modern technology (inclusive of motor cars) and conduct worship in the local language of the area in which they reside.<ref name="Johnson-Weiner2017"/> Both the New Order Amish and the Beachy Amish emphasize the [[Born again#Anabaptism|New Birth]], [[evangelism|evangelize]] to seek converts, and have [[Sunday School]]s.<ref name="Gerlach2013">{{cite book |last1=Gerlach |first1=Horst |title=My Kingdom Is Not of This World: 300 Years of the Amish, 1683-1983 |date=1 June 2013 |publisher=Masthof Press & Bookstore |isbn=978-1-60126-387-2 |page=376 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MeyersNolt2005"/>▼
▲The Amish church began with a [[schism]] in [[Switzerland]] within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Mennonite Anabaptists in 1693 led by [[Jakob Ammann]].{{Sfn | Kraybill | 2001 | pp = 7–8}} Those who followed Ammann became known as Amish.{{Sfn | Kraybill | 2001 | p = 8}} In the second half of the 19th century, the Amish divided into Old Order Amish and [[Amish Mennonite]]s; the latter do not abstain from using motor cars, whereas the Old Order Amish retained much of their traditional culture. When people refer to the Amish today, they normally refer to the Old Order Amish, though there are other [[subgroups of Amish]].<ref name="Misiroglu2015">{{cite book |last1=Misiroglu |first1=Gina |title=American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History |date=26 March 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-47728-0 |language=en |quote=There are various sects of Amish. Old Order Amish maintain the practices best known in mainstream society. These practices include rigorous restrictions on the use of modern conveniences such as electricity automobiles, and telephones. Other groups, such as the [[Beachy Amish]] and New Order Amish, use electricity and automobiles, among other modern conveniences, but they still consider themselves Amish.}}</ref> The Amish fall into three main subgroups—the Old Order Amish, the [[New Order Amish]], and the [[Beachy Amish]]—all of whom wear [[plain dress]] and live their life according to the Bible as codified in their church's ''[[Ordnung]]''.<ref name="MeyersNolt2005">{{cite book |last1=Meyers |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Nolt |first2=Steven M. |title=An Amish Patchwork: Indiana's Old Orders in the Modern World |date=2005 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34538-7 |page=22 |language=en |quote=Groups that today identify themselves as Amish include not only the Old Orders but also the so-called New Order Amish and the Beachy Amish ... The ''New Order Amish'' share much with their Old Order Amish religious kin, including horse-and-buggy culture and identifiably traditional dress patterns, but the New Orders employ a more explicit language of personal salvation and are also somewhat less wary of technology—for example, permitting telephones in homes. The ''Beachy Amish'' ... are plain in their appearance but clearly less traditional than Old Orders in lifestyle. Beachy Amish members drive cars, use English in worship, and place emphasis on evangelism and missions.}}</ref><ref name="Johnson-Weiner2017">{{cite book |last1=Johnson-Weiner |first1=Karen M. |title=New York Amish: Life in the Plain Communities of the Empire State |date=2 May 2017 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-0813-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Kraybill2003">{{cite book |last1=Kraybill |first1=Donald B. |title=The Riddle of Amish Culture |date=1 May 2003 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7631-8 |language=en |quote=...the Old Order Amish, New Order Amish, and Beachy Amish represent three different affiliations.}}</ref> The Old Order Amish and New Order Amish conduct their worship in German, speak [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]], and use [[Buggy (carriage)#
In the early 18th century, many Amish and Mennonites immigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons. Most Old Order Amish, New Order Amish and the [[Old Beachy Amish]] speak [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]], but Indiana's [[Swiss Amish]] also speak [[Alemannic German|Alemannic dialects]].<ref name="gameo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/B4762.html |title=Berne, Indiana, Old Order Amish Settlement |last1=Zook |first1=Noah |first2=Samuel L |last2=Yoder |year=1998 |publisher=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online |access-date=April 3, 2009 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513150521/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/B4762.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2023}}, over 377,000 Old Order Amish lived in the United States, and about 6,000 lived in Canada: a population that is rapidly growing.<ref>Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt, (2013) ''The Amish''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 157–158.</ref> Amish church groups seek to maintain a degree of separation from the non-Amish world. Non-Amish people are generally referred to as "English" by the Amish, and outside influences are often described as "worldly".▼
▲In the early 18th century, many Amish and Mennonites immigrated to Pennsylvania for a variety of reasons. Most Old Order Amish, New Order Amish and the [[Old Beachy Amish]] speak [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania Dutch]], but Indiana's [[Swiss Amish]] also speak [[Alemannic German|Alemannic dialects]].<ref name="gameo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/B4762.html |title=Berne, Indiana, Old Order Amish Settlement |last1=Zook |first1=Noah |first2=Samuel L |last2=Yoder |year=1998 |publisher=Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online |access-date=April 3, 2009 |archive-date=May 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513150521/http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/B4762.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|
Amish church membership begins with adult [[Believer's baptism|baptism]], usually between the ages of 16 and 23. Church districts have between 20 and 40 families, and Old Order Amish and New Order Amish [[Church service|worship services]] are held every other [[Lord's Day|Sunday]] in a member's home or barn, while the Beachy Amish worship every Sunday in churches.<ref name="Kroeker2024">{{cite web |last1=Kroeker |first1=Marvin E. |title=Amish |url=https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=AM016 |website=Oklahoma Historical Society |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture |access-date=25 April 2024 |language=en-us |quote=The Clarita and Chouteau Amish are identified by the typical Old Order markers of buggies, beards, and bonnets. They speak Pennsylvania German, are schooled through the eighth grade, wear plain attire, worship in homes, and do not use electricity. ... By comparison, the Beachy Amish are less conservative than the Old Order. They install electricity, drive cars, own computers and cell phones, use church buildings, allow secondary schooling, and have less stringent dress codes. They engage in evangelistic outreach. More than any other European ethnic group in Oklahoma, the Amish have retained a distinct cultural identity by consciously drawing symbolic boundaries between themselves and the society around them.}}</ref> The rules of the church, the ''[[Ordnung]]'', which differs to some extent between different districts, are reviewed twice a year by all members of the church. The ''Ordnung'' must be observed by every member and covers many aspects of Old Order Amish day-to-day living, including prohibitions or limitations on the use of power-line electricity, telephones, and automobiles, as well as regulations on clothing. Generally, a heavy emphasis is placed on church and family relationships. The Old Order Amish typically operate their own [[one-room school]]s and discontinue formal education after grade eight (age 13 – 14). Most Amish do not buy commercial insurance or participate in [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]]. As [[Anabaptist#Today|present-day Anabaptists]], Amish church members practice [[nonresistance]] and will not perform any type of military service.<ref name="Long"/>
==History==
===Beginnings of Anabaptist Christianity===
[[File:Amish cover.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Cover of "Little Known Facts About The Amish and the Mennonites. A Study of the Social Customs and Habits of Pennsylvania's 'Plain People'. By Ammon Monroe Aurand, Jr. Aurand Press. 1938. |Cover of ''The Amish and the Mennonites'', 1938]]
[[File:amish cemetery.gif|thumb|alt=Cemetery filled many small plain headstones with simple inscriptions and two large bare trees. |An old Amish cemetery in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]], 1941]]
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Amish began migrating to Pennsylvania, then-regarded favorably due to the lack of [[religious persecution]] and attractive land offers, in the early 18th century as part of a larger migration from the [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] and neighboring areas. Between 1717 and 1750, approximately 500 Amish migrated to North America, mainly to the region that became [[Berks County, Pennsylvania]], but later moved, motivated by land issues and by security concerns tied to the [[French and Indian War]]. Many eventually settled in [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]]. A second wave of around 1,500 arrived around the mid-19th century and settled mostly in Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and southern Ontario. Most of these late immigrants eventually did not join the Old Order Amish but more liberal groups.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crowley |first1=William K. |title=Old Order Amish Settlement: Diffusion and Growth |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |year=1978 |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=250–251 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1978.tb01194.x |jstor=2562217 |issn=0004-5608}}</ref>
===1850–1878: Division into Old Orders and Amish Mennonites===
{{Main|Old Order Movement}}
Most Amish communities that were established in North America did not ultimately retain their Amish identity. The major division that resulted in the loss of identity of many Amish congregations occurred in the third quarter of the 19th century. The forming of factions worked its way out at different times at different places. The process was rather a "sorting out" than a split. Amish people are free to join another Amish congregation at another place that fits them best.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
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With Germany's aggression toward the US in World War I came the [[German language in the United States#Persecution during World War I|suppression of the German language in the US]] that eventually led to language shift of most Pennsylvania German speakers, leaving the Amish and other [[Old Order Movement|Old Orders]] as almost the only speakers by the end of the 20th century. This created a [[language barrier]] around the Amish that did not exist before in that form.<ref>Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, Steven M. Nolt. ''The Amish''. Baltimore: [[Johns Hopkins University Press]], 2013, p. 122.</ref>
In the late 1920s, the more change
During the [[Second World War]], the old question of [[military service]] for the Amish came up again. Because Amish young men in general refused military service, they ended up in the [[Civilian Public Service]] (CPS), where they worked mainly in forestry and hospitals. The fact that many young men worked in hospitals, where they had a lot of contact with more progressive Mennonites and the outside world, had the result that many of these men never joined the Amish church.{{Sfn | Nolt | 1992 | pp = 287–290}}
In the 1950s, the [[Beachy Amish]] laid heavy emphasis on the [[Born again#Anabaptism|New Birth]], personal holiness and [[Sunday School]] education.<ref name="2013Gerlach">{{cite book |last1=Gerlach |first1=Horst |title=My Kingdom Is Not of This World: 300 Years of the Amish, 1683–1983 |year=2013 |publisher=Masthof Press & Bookstore |isbn=978-1-60126-387-2 |page=376 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Camden2006">{{cite book |last1=Camden |first1=Laura L. |title=Mennonites in Texas: The Quiet in the Land |date=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-538-2 |page=68 |language=English}}</ref> The ones who wanted to preserve the old way of the Beachy became the [[Old Beachy Amish]].{{Sfn | Nolt | 1992 | pp = 278–281}}
In 1966, the [[New Order Amish]] were formed after certain congregations left the Old Order Amish due to issues regarding salvation and "the use of modern agricultural methods."<ref name="Laury2010">{{cite book |last1=Laury |first1=Elise Schebler Roberts, Helen Kelley, Sandra Dallas, Jennifer Chiaverini, Jean Ray |title=The Quilt |date=2010 |publisher=Voyageur Press |isbn=978-1-61060-536-6 |page=104 |language=en}}</ref> The Old Order Amish believe that they have a "hope for salvation", believing that "joining with other church members to live according to the Ordnung and the Bible will give them the strength to lives worthy of salvation".<ref name="Johnson-Weiner2020">{{cite book |last1=Johnson-Weiner |first1=Karen M. |title=The Lives of Amish Women |date=15 September 2020 |publisher=JHU Press |isbn=978-1-4214-3870-2 |page=24 |language=en}}</ref> The New Order Amish, on the other hand, affirm that a believer can have [[
Until about 1950, almost all Amish children attended small, rural, non-Amish schools, but then school consolidation and mandatory schooling beyond eighth grade caused Amish opposition. Amish communities opened their own Amish schools. In 1972, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] exempted Amish pupils from [[compulsory education]] past [[junior high school|eighth grade]]. By the end of the 20th century, almost all Amish children attended Amish schools.<ref>Donald B. Kraybill, Karen M. Johnson-Weiner, and Steven M. Nolt, (2013) ''The Amish''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 250–255.</ref>
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[[File:De Ausbund 329.jpg|right|thumb|upright|alt=A page of ornate old German text. See description.|A scan of the historical document {{lang|pdc|Diß Lied haben die sieben Brüder im Gefängnüß zu Gmünd gemacht}}]]
Two key concepts for understanding Amish practices are their rejection of {{lang|pdc|Hochmut}} (pride, arrogance, haughtiness) and the high value they place on {{lang|pdc|Demut}} (humility) and {{lang|pdc|[[Ordnung#Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]]}} (calmness, composure, placidity), often translated as "submission" or "letting be". {{lang|pdc|Gelassenheit}} is perhaps better understood as a reluctance to be forward, to be self-promoting, or to assert oneself. The Amish's willingness to submit to the "Will of [[Jesus in Christianity|Jesus]]", expressed through group norms, is at odds with the individualism so central to the wider American culture. The Amish anti-individualist orientation is the motive for rejecting labor-saving technologies that might make one less dependent on the community. Modern innovations such as electricity might spark a competition for status goods, or photographs might cultivate personal vanity. Electric power lines would be going against the Bible, which says that you shall not be "conformed to the world" ({{
Amish church membership begins with [[Believer's baptism|baptism]], usually between the ages of 16 and 23. It is a requirement for [[marriage]] within the Amish church. Once a person is baptized within the church, he or she may marry only within the faith. Church districts have between 20 and 40 families and worship services are held every other Sunday in a member's home or [[barn]]. The district is led by a [[bishop]] and several [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]]s and [[deacons]] who are chosen by a combination of [[election]] and [[cleromancy]] (lot).{{Sfn|Kraybill|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OYNYKYsulbQC&pg=PA3 3]}}
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The rules of the church, the so-called ''[[Ordnung]]'', which differs to some extent between different districts, is reviewed twice a year by all members of the church. Only if all members give their consent to it, [[Eucharist|Lord's supper]] is held. The ''Ordnung'' must be observed by every member and covers many aspects of day-to-day living, including prohibitions or limitations on the use of power-line [[electricity]], [[telephones]], and [[automobiles]], as well as [[regulations]] on [[clothing]]. As [[Anabaptist#Today|present-day Anabaptists]], Amish church members practice [[nonresistance]] and will not perform any type of military service. The Amish value rural life, manual labor, humility, and ''[[Ordnung#Gelassenheit|Gelassenheit]]'', all under the auspices of living what they interpret to be God's word.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
Members who do not conform to these community expectations and who cannot be convinced to [[Repentance|repent]] face [[excommunication]] and [[shunning]]. The modes of shunning vary between different communities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Church Discipline - Amish Studies|url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/religion/church-discipline|publisher=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College}}</ref> On average, about 85 percent of Amish youth choose to be baptized and join the church.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions - Amish Studies |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/frequently-asked-questions}}</ref> During an adolescent period of ''[[rumspringa]]'' (
==Way of life==
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===Transportation===
Amish communities are known for traveling by [[Amish buggy|horse and buggy]] because they feel [[horse-drawn vehicles]] promote a slow pace of life. But most Amish communities do also allow riding in [[motor vehicles]], such as buses and cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Amish Buggy |date=2 Sep 2011 |accessdate=23 Apr 2023 |website=Amish America |url=https://amishamerica.com/amish-buggy/}}</ref> They also are allowed to travel by [[train]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Are There So Many Amish People in Union Station? |url=https://www.chicagomag.com/chicago-magazine/december-2023/why-are-there-so-many-amish-people-in-union-station/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Chicago Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania Amish Lifestyle |url=https://www.discoverlancaster.com/amish/lifestyle/#Transportation |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Discover Lancaster |language=en-US}}</ref> In recent years many Amish people have taken to using [[electric bicycles]] as they are faster than either walking or harnessing up a horse and buggy.<ref name=ebikes />
===Clothing===
{{Main|Plain dress}}
[[File:Amish Farmhouse.jpg|thumb|Clothing is plain in style and sewn by hand.]]
The Amish are known for their plain attire. Men wear solid colored shirts, broad-brimmed hats, and suits that signify similarity amongst one another. Amish men grow beards to symbolize manhood and marital status, as well as to promote humility. They are forbidden from growing mustaches because mustaches are seen by the Amish as being affiliated with the military, to which they are strongly opposed
All clothing is sewn by hand, but the way to fasten the garment widely depends on whether the Amish person is a part of the New Order or Old Order Amish.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klein |first=H. M. J. |title=History and customs of the Amish people |publisher=Maple Press Company |year=1946 |location=York, Pennsylvania |asin=B004UOJ17K}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2019}} The Old Order Amish seldom, if ever, use buttons because they are seen as too flashy; instead, they use the [[hook and eye]] approach to fashion clothing or metal snaps. The New Order Amish are slightly more progressive and allow the usage of buttons to help attire clothing.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
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Amish cuisine is noted for its simplicity and traditional qualities. Food plays an important part in Amish social life and is served at [[potluck]]s, weddings, fundraisers, farewells, and other events.<ref>Sherry Gore Zondervan. ''Simply Delicious Amish Cooking''.Zondervan, 2013.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eicher |first1=Lovina |url=https://archive.org/details/amishcooksannive0000eich |title=The Amish Cook's Anniversary Book: 20 Years of Food, Family, and Faith |last2=Williams |first2=Kevin |date=2010 |publisher=Andrews McMeel |isbn=978-0740797651}}</ref><ref>Lovina Eicher. ''[https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0740773720 The Amish Cook at Home: Simple Pleasures of Food, Family, and Faith]''. 2008.</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vincent |first=Bill |title=Traditional Amish Recipes |year=2012 |location=Bloomington, Indiana}}</ref> Many Amish foods are sold at markets including pies, preserves, bread mixes, pickled produce, desserts, and canned goods. Many Amish communities have also established restaurants for visitors. Amish meat consumption is similar to the American average though they tend to eat more preserved meat.<ref>Gebra Cuyun Carter. Food Intake, Dietary Practices...Among the Amish ''[https://etd.ohiolink.edu/pg_10?::NO:10:P10_ETD_SUBID:66950]'' 2008.</ref>
Amish cuisine is often mistaken for the similar [[cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch]] with some ethnographic and regional variances,<ref>{{cite book|title=Food Culture: Anthropology, Linguistics and Food Studies |editor-first1=Janet|editor-last1=Chrzan |editor-first2=John |editor-last2=Brett |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2017| page=224}}</ref> as well as differences in what cookbook writers and food historians emphasize about the traditional [[foodway]]s and intertwined religious culture and celebrations of Amish communities. While
==Subgroups==
{{main|Subgroups of Amish}}
The Amish fall into three main subgroups—the Old Order Amish, the [[New Order Amish]], and the [[Beachy Amish]]—all of whom wear [[plain dress]] and live their life according to the Bible as codified in their church's ''[[Ordnung]]''.<ref name="MeyersNolt2005"/><ref name="Misiroglu2015"/> The Old Order Amish and New Order Amish conduct their worship in German, speak [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania German]], and use [[Buggy (carriage)#
Over the years, the Amish churches have divided many times mostly over questions concerning the Ordnung, but also over doctrinal disputes, mainly about shunning. The largest group, the "Old Order" Amish, a conservative faction that separated from other Amish in the 1860s, are those who have most emphasized traditional practices and beliefs. The [[New Order Amish]] are a group of Amish whom some scholars see best described as a subgroup of Old Order Amish, despite the name.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
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| 2020 | 350665
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| footnote = Source: 1992,<ref name="2013 population">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_Trends_1992_2013.asp |title=Amish Population Trends 1992–2013 |publisher=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College |access-date=June 12, 2013 |archive-date=June 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614055427/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_Trends_1992_2013.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> 2000,<ref name="etown">{{Cite web |url=http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/PDF/Statistics/Population_Change_Summary_1992_2008.pdf |title=Amish Population Change Summary 1992–2008 |publisher=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College |access-date=July 8, 2009 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119075527/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/PDF/Statistics/Population_Change_Summary_1992_2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2016/06/Population_Change_2010-2015.pdf |title=Amish Population Change, 2010–2015 (Alphabetical Order) |website=Groups.etown.edu |access-date=December 28, 2017 |archive-date=August 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815024629/https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/files/2016/06/Population_Change_2010-2015.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> 2020,<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies-2020">{{Cite web |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ |title=Amish Population Profile, 2020 |date=August 18, 2019 |website=Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies |access-date=August 18, 2020 |archive-date=January 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111151807/https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
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In 2010, a few religious bodies, including the Amish, changed the way their adherents were reported to better match the standards of the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies. When looking at all Amish adherents and not solely Old Order Amish, about 241,000 Amish adherents were in 28 U.S. states in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2012/nov-dec/article2.asp |title=Indiana's Amish Population |last=Manns |first=Molly |website=InContext |publisher=Indiana Business Research Center |access-date=January 14, 2013 |archive-date=December 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228163601/http://www.incontext.indiana.edu/2012/nov-dec/article2.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Amish added 100,000 more adherents in just 9 years, reaching 401,000 in 2024 in comparison with the 300,000 figure from 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/population-trends-2010-2015/ |title=Population Trends 2010-2015. 5-Year Highlights |date= |access-date=August 21, 2024}}</ref> at the same time the total number of settlements grew from 501 to 675 (+35%), and the number of districts from 2,193 to 3,039 (+39%).<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies-2024"/>
===Distribution by country===
Line 197 ⟶ 200:
! data-sort-type="number" | 2010
! data-sort-type="number" | 2020
! data-sort-type="number" |
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Pennsylvania || 32,710 || 44,620 || 59,350 || 81,500 ||
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Ohio || 34,830 || 48,545 || 58,590 || 78,280 ||
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Indiana || 23,400 || 32,840 || 43,710 || 59,305 ||
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Wisconsin || 6,785 || 9,390 || 15,360 || 22,235 ||
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | New York || 4,050 || 4,505 || 12,015 || 21,230 ||
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Michigan || 5,150 || 8,495 || 11,350 || 16,525 ||
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Missouri || 3,745 || 5,480 || 9,475 || 14,520 ||
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Kentucky || 2,625 || 4,850 || 7,750 || 13,595 || 15,
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Iowa || 3,525 || 4,445 || 7,190 || 9,780 ||
|}
The United States is the home to the overwhelming majority (over 98 percent) of the Amish people. In
[[File:Amish_SettlementsMap_PA.png|thumb|350px|Amish settlements in Pennsylvania, the state with the largest Amish population, 2022]]
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The largest concentration of Amish west of the [[Mississippi River]] is in Missouri, with other settlements in eastern Iowa and [[southeast Minnesota]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_by_State_2009.asp |title=Amish Population by State |year=2009 |publisher=Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College |access-date=February 4, 2012 |archive-date=January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119100112/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Population_by_State_2009.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest Amish settlements in Iowa are located near [[Kalona, Iowa|Kalona]] and [[Bloomfield, Iowa|Bloomfield]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://amishamerica.com/iowa-amish/ |title=Iowa Amish |website=amishamerica.com |date=October 12, 2010 |access-date=September 18, 2015 |archive-date=October 13, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013234421/http://amishamerica.com/iowa-amish/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The largest settlement in Wisconsin is near [[Cashton, Wisconsin|Cashton]] with 13 congregations, i.e. about 2,000 people in 2009.<ref>[http://amishamerica.com/wisconsin-amish/#cashton "Wisconsin Amish: Cashton"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428123813/https://amishamerica.com/wisconsin-amish/#cashton |date=April 28, 2021 }} at amishamerica.com.</ref>
Because of the rapid population growth of the Amish communities, new settlements in the United States are being established each year, thus:
The adjacent table shows the eight states with the largest Amish population in the years 1992, 2000, 2010, 2020 and
====Canada====
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! data-sort-type="number" | 2010
! data-sort-type="number" | 2020
! data-sort-type="number" |
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | All of Canada || 2,295 || 4,725 || 5,995 || 6,
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Ontario || 2,295|| 4,725 || 5,605 || 5,
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | Prince Edward Isl. || 0 || 0 || 250 || 280
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | New Brunswick || 0 || 0 || 70 ||
|-
|}
Amish settlements are in four Canadian provinces: Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, and New Brunswick. The majority of Old Order settlements is located in the province of Ontario, namely [[Oxford County, Ontario|Oxford]] ([[Norwich Township, Ontario|Norwich Township]]) and [[Norfolk County, Ontario|Norfolk]] Counties. A small community is also established in [[Bruce County, Ontario|Bruce County]] ([[Huron-Kinloss|Huron-Kinloss Township]]) near [[Lucknow, Ontario|Lucknow]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}}
In 2016, several dozen Old Order Amish families founded two new settlements in [[Kings County, Prince Edward Island|Kings County]] in the province of Prince Edward Island. Increasing land prices in Ontario had reportedly limited the ability of members in those communities to purchase new farms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/amish-scout-new-community-in-p-e-i-1.2802434 |title=Amish scout new community in P.E.I. |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=January 31, 2017 |archive-date=September 12, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912145659/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/amish-scout-new-community-in-p-e-i-1.2802434 |url-status=live }}</ref> At about the same time a new settlement was founded near [[Perth-Andover]] in New Brunswick, only about {{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Amish settlements in Maine. In 2017, an Amish settlement was founded in Manitoba near [[Stuartburn, Manitoba|Stuartburn]].<ref>[http://amishamerica.com/amish-moving-to-fourth-canadian-province/ ''Amish Moving To Fourth Canadian Province''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006194623/http://amishamerica.com/amish-moving-to-fourth-canadian-province/ |date=October 6, 2018 }} at amishamerica.com.</ref> In 2024 this colony ceased to exist, as the Amish have sold their properties and moved to Minnesota.<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies-2024" />
====Latin America====
There is only one colony left in Latin America, in Bolivia. The Argentina colony ceased to exist as of 2024.<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies-2024" />
▲There are currently two Amish settlements in South American nations: Argentina and Bolivia. The majority of Old Order settlements are located in Bolivia. The first attempt by Old Order Amish to settle in Latin America was in Paradise Valley, near [[Galeana, Nuevo León]], Mexico, but the settlement lasted from only 1923 to 1929.{{Sfn | Nolt | 1992 | p = }} An Amish settlement was tried in Honduras from about 1968 to 1978, but this settlement failed too.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Anderson|first1=Cory|last2=Anderson|first2=Jennifer|year=2016|title=The Amish Settlement in Honduras, 1968–1978|url=https://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/amishstudies/vol4/iss1/2|journal=Journal of Amish and Plain Anabaptist Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=1–50|doi=10.18061/1811/78020|doi-access=free|hdl=1811/78020|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In 2015, new settlements of New Order Amish were founded east of [[San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca|Catamarca]], Argentina, and Colonia Naranjita, Bolivia, about {{convert|75|miles}} southwest of [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra|Santa Cruz]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://amishamerica.com/2016-amish-population/ |title=2016 Amish Population: Two New Settlements In South America |website=Amishamerica.com |date=June 27, 2016 |access-date=December 28, 2017}}</ref> Most of the members of these new communities come from [[Old Colony Mennonite]] background and have been living in the area for several decades.<ref name="Amish Population Profile, 2018">[https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/ ''Amish Population Profile, 2018''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205121144/http://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/amish-population-profile-2018/ |date=February 5, 2019 }} at Amish Studies – The Young Center.</ref>
====Europe====
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[[File:Amish farm morristown new york.jpg|thumb|alt=An Amish woman and three children, on a path to a house and six wooden farm buildings, past some farm equipment|Amish farm near Morristown, New York]]
[[File:Sharing the Load - Amish Healthcare Financing.pdf|alt=|thumb|right|A 2016 study on Amish community funding for health care]]
Amish populations have higher incidences of particular conditions, including [[dwarfism]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKusick |first=Victor A |year=2000 |title=Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and the Amish |journal=[[Nature Genetics]] |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=203–204 |doi=10.1038/73389 |pmid=10700162|s2cid=1418080 }}</ref> [[Angelman syndrome]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harlalka |first=GV |year=2013 |title=Mutation of HERC2 causes developmental delay with Angelman-like features |url=http://jmg.bmj.com/content/early/2012/12/13/jmedgenet-2012-101367 |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=65–73 |doi=10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101367 |pmid=23243086 |s2cid=206997462 |access-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-date=November 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103170627/http://jmg.bmj.com/content/early/2012/12/13/jmedgenet-2012-101367 |url-status=live }}</ref> and various [[metabolic disorders]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morton |first1=D. Holmes |last2=Morton |first2=Caroline S. |last3=Strauss |first3=Kevin A. |last4=Robinson |first4=Donna L. |last5=Puffenberger |first5=Erik G |last6=Hendrickson |first6=Christine |last7=Kelley |first7=Richard I. |date=June 27, 2003 |title=Pediatric medicine and the genetic disorders of the Amish and Mennonite people of Pennsylvania |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104542765/abstract |url-status=dead |journal=[[American Journal of Medical Genetics]] |volume=121C |issue=1 |pages=5–17 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.c.20002 |pmid=12888982 |s2cid=25532297 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105052615/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/104542765/abstract |archive-date=January 5, 2013 |access-date=July 2, 2008 |quote=Regional hospitals and midwives routinely send whole-blood filter-paper neonatal screens for tandem mass spectrometry and other modern analytical methods to detect 14 of the metabolic disorders found in these populations...}}</ref> as well as an unusual distribution of blood types.{{Sfn | Hostetler | 1993 | p = 330}}{{Explain|reason=Unusual in what way?|date=September 2023}} The Amish represent a collection of different [[deme (biology)|demes]] or genetically closed communities.{{Sfn | Hostetler | 1993 | p = 328}} Although the Amish do not have higher [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of genetic disorders than the general population,<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nolt |first=Steven M. |title=The Amish: A Concise Introduction |date=2016 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-1421419565 |location=Baltimore |
While the Amish are at an increased risk for some genetic disorders, researchers have found their tendency for clean living can lead to better health. Overall cancer rates in the Amish are reduced and tobacco-related cancers in Amish adults are 37 percent and non-tobacco-related cancers are 72 percent of the rate for Ohio adults. Skin cancer rates are lower for Amish, even though many Amish make their living working outdoors where they are exposed to sunlight. They are typically covered and dressed by wearing wide-brimmed hats and long sleeves which protect their skin.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.internalmedicine.osu.edu/genetics/article.cfm?id=5307 |title=Amish Have Lower Rates of Cancer, Ohio State Study Shows |date=January 1, 2010 |publisher=[[Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center|Ohio State University Medical Center]] |location=Columbus, OH |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616103822/http://www.internalmedicine.osu.edu/genetics/article.cfm?id=5307 |archive-date=June 16, 2010 |access-date=January 6, 2010}}</ref>
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The Old Order Amish do not typically carry private commercial health insurance.<ref name="Post">{{Cite news |last=Rubinkam |first=Michael |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/05/AR2006100501360.html |title=Amish Reluctantly Accept Donations |date=October 5, 2006 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=March 25, 2008 |archive-date=September 27, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927020542/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/05/AR2006100501360.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Beliefs.asp |title=Amish Studies – Beliefs |publisher=Young Center for Anabaptist & Pietist Studies, Elizabethtown College |access-date=February 2, 2013 |archive-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212110331/http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/Beliefs.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> A handful of American hospitals, starting in the mid-1990s, created special outreach programs to assist the Amish. In some Amish communities, the church will collect money from its members to help pay for medical bills of other members.<ref name="Birthing" /> Although the Amish are often perceived by outsiders as rejecting all modern technologies, this is not the case and modern medicine is employed by Amish communities, including hospital births and other advanced treatments. As they go without health insurance and pay up front for services, Amish individuals will often travel to Mexico for non-urgent care and surgery to reduce costs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Millman|first=Joel|date=February 21, 2006|title=How the Amish Drive Down Medical Costs|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114048909124578710|access-date=April 28, 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=February 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216092750/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114048909124578710|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Robinson|first=Ryan|title=Amish facing passport dilemma|url=https://lancasteronline.com/news/amish-facing-passport-dilemma/article_38cad95d-9d46-57ab-84c5-5566de1cfc28.html|access-date=April 28, 2021|website=LancasterOnline|date=February 7, 2007 |language=en|archive-date=July 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730181402/http://lancasteronline.com/news/amish-facing-passport-dilemma/article_38cad95d-9d46-57ab-84c5-5566de1cfc28.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Most Amish clearly seem to use some form of [[birth control]], a fact that generally is not discussed among the Amish, but indicated by the fact that the number of children systematically increases in correlation with the conservatism of a congregation, the more conservative, the more children. The large number of children is due to the fact that many children are appreciated by the community, and not because
==Life in the modern world==
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Amish and [[Mennonites|Mennonite]] communities across many states have turned to [[dog breeding]] as a lucrative source of income. According to the USDA list of licensees, over 98% of Ohio's [[puppy mill]]s are run by the Amish, as are 97% of Indiana's, and 63% of Pennsylvania's.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APHIS Public Search Tool |url=https://aphis-efile.force.com/PublicSearchTool/s/inspection-reports |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=aphis-efile.force.com}}</ref> In [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster County]], Pennsylvania, there are roughly 300 licensed breeders, and an estimated further 600 unlicensed breeding facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puppies 'Viewed as Livestock' in Amish Community, Says Rescue Advocate |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/story?id=7187712&page=1 |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>
Reports of poor standards of care and treatment of dogs as a [[cash crop]] by members of the Amish community has led to calls for puppy mills and auctions to be closed, with one breeder being issued with a restraining order from the practice for numerous violations of the federal Animal Welfare Act. At the time the restraining order was issued, the breeder had at least
==Similar groups==
Anabaptist groups that sprang from the same late 19th
[[Russian Mennonites|Conservative "Russian" Mennonites]] and [[Hutterite]]s who also dress plain and speak German dialects emigrated from other European regions at different times with different German dialects, separate cultures, and related but different religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etown.edu/YoungCenter.aspx?topic=About+Anabaptists+and+Pietists |title=Elizabethtown College |publisher=Etown – Young Center |access-date=November 25, 2011 |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117005305/http://www.etown.edu/centers/young-center/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Particularly, the Hutterites live communally<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277694/Hutterites |title=Hutterites |access-date=November 9, 2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date= |archive-date=December 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211055426/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/277694/Hutterite |url-status=live }}</ref> and are generally accepting of modern technology.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/hutterites.html |title=Hutterites |last=Laverdure |first=Paul |year=2006 |publisher=Canadian Plains Research Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013223110/http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/hutterites.html |archive-date=October 13, 2008 |access-date=November 9, 2008 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan}}</ref>
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==See also==
{{Portal|Christianity}}
* [[Amish
* [[Amish furniture]]
* [[Amish music]]
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==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
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* [http://www.beachyam.org/FAQs.htm Select Affiliations in the Seven Plain Anabaptist Religious Traditions - Beachy AM]
* [https://amishamerica.com/ "Amish America"], a website dedicated to news and information about the Amish
* [
* [https://www.goshen.edu/mhl/ Mennonite Historical Library at Goshen College]
* [https://lancasterpa.com/amish/amish-frequently-asked-questions/ "FAQs About the Amish"], by resident experts at the Mennonite Information Center.
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[[Category:Christian organizations established in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups]]
[[Category:Christian ethnoreligious groups]]
[[Category:European diaspora in North America]]
[[Category:German diaspora]]
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