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who is Carlo De Vaan? The author is Michel de Vaan |
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The palatals, velars, and labiovelars show distinct developments, with Albanian showing the three-way distinction also found in [[Luwian language|Luwian]].<ref name=OrelVelars>{{harvnb|Orel|2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/concisehistorica00orel/page/n88 66], 70-71}}</ref><ref name="NeitherCentumNorSatem">{{cite book |author1=Bardhyl Demiraj |editor1-last=Fritz |editor1-first=Matthias |editor2-last=Joseph |editor2-first=Brian |editor3-last=Klein |editor3-first=Jared |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |date=2018 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |isbn=978-3-11-054036-9 |chapter=100. The evolution of Albanian |quote="and the outcomes of the three dorsal series suggest that Albanian, like Luwian, may have origi- nally retained this three-way opposition intact and therefore is neither centum nor satem, despite the clear satem-like outcome of its palatal dorsals in most instances"}}</ref> Labiovelars are for the most part differentiated from all other Indo-European velar series before front vowels, but they merge with the "pure" (back) velars elsewhere.<ref name=OrelVelars/> The palatal velar series, consisting of Proto-Indo-European *''ḱ'' and the merged *''ģ'' and ''ģʰ'', usually developed into ''th'' and ''dh'', but were depalatalised to merge with the back velars when in contact with [[sonorant]]s.<ref name=OrelVelars/> Because the original Proto-Indo-European tripartite distinction between dorsals is preserved in such reflexes, Albanian is therefore neither [[Centum-satem|centum nor satem]], despite having a "satem-like" realization of the palatal dorsals in most cases.<ref name="NeitherCentumNorSatem"/> Thus PIE *''ḱ'', *''k'', and *''kʷ'' become ''th'', ''q'', and ''s'', respectively (before back vowels *''ḱ'' becomes ''th'', while *''k'' and *''kʷ'' merge as ''k'').
A minority of scholars reconstruct a fourth [[Laryngeal theory|laryngeal]] *''h<sub>4</sub>'' allegedly surfacing as Alb. ''h'' word-initially, e.g. Alb. ''herdhe'' 'testicles' presumably from PIE *''h<sub>4</sub>órǵʰi-''<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture |author1=J. P. Mallory |author2=Douglas Q. Adams |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-884964-98-5}} {{ISBN|1-884964-98-2}}, {{ISBN|978-1-884964-98-5}}</ref> (rather than the usual reconstruction *''h<sub>3</sub>erǵʰi-''), but this is generally not followed elsewhere, as ''h-'' has arisen elsewhere idiosyncratically (for example ''hark'' < Latin ''arcus'').<ref>*{{Cite book|last=de Vaan|first=
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