ARCO: Difference between revisions

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| caption =
| trade_name = ARCO
| type = [[Privately held company{{Plainlist|Private]] (subsidiary of [[Marathon Petroleum|Marathon]])
* [[Public company|Public]] (1966–2000)
| genre =
* Subsidiary of BP (2000–present)
| fate =
}}
| predecessor =
| successortraded_as = {{NYSE was|ARC}} (1966–2000)
| fate = acquired by BP
| predecessor = {{Plainlist|
* Atlantic Refining Company
* Richfield Oil Company
}}
| successor = [[BP]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1966}}
| founder = [[Robert Orville Anderson]]
| defunct =
| location = [[La Palma, California]], United States{{plainlist|
* New York, New York (1966–1971)
| locations = 1,200
* Los Angeles, California (1971–2000)
| area_served = United States<br>Mexico
* Houston, Texas (2000–present)
| key_people = [[Robert Orville Anderson]], founder <br> [[Gregory J. Goff]], CEO of [[Andeavor]]
}}
| industry = Oil & gas extraction
| locations = 1,200 (in 2000)
| area_served = United States
| key_people =
| industry = {{Plainlist|
* Oil & gas extraction (1966–2000)
* Environmental clean-up (2000–present)
}}
| products =
| services =
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| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent = {{Plainlist|
| parent = [[BP]] (2000–2013)<br>[[Andeavor]] (2013–2018)<br>[[Marathon Petroleum]] (2018–present)
* independent company (1966–2000)
| homepage = [http://www.arco.com/ ARCO.com]
*[[BP]] (2000–present)
}}
| homepage = {{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/19990418053427/http://www.arco.com/|Last snapshot of website as independent company}}
}}
{{Infobox brand
| name = ARCO (brand)
| logo = ARCO.svg
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| producttype = Gasoline service stations
| currentowner = [[Marathon Petroleum]]
| producedby =
| country = United States
| introduced = {{start date and age|1969}}
| discontinued =
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Marathon Petroleum|Marathon]]
* [[Speedway]]
}}
| markets = United States<br>Mexico
| previousowners = {{Plainlist|
* Atlantic Richfield (1969–2000)
* (2000–2013)
* [[Andeavor]] (2013–2018)
* [[Marathon Petroleum]] (2018–present)
}}
| trademarkregistrations =
| ambassadors =
| tagline =
| website = {{URL|arco.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Arcostation, LA.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An ARCO filling station off [[Slauson Avenue]] in [[Los Angeles]], California (2005)]]
 
'''ARCO''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|k|oʊ}} {{respell|AR|koh}}) can either refer to a brand of gasoline stations owned by [[BP]] in Northern California, Oregon and Washington; a brand of gasoline stations in the rest of the United States and in Mexico; or the '''Atlantic Richfield Company''', an independent oil and gas company (1966–2000) and later a subsidiary of BP since 2000.
'''Atlantic Richfield Company''' ('''ARCO''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑːr|k|oʊ}} {{respell|AR|koh}}) is an American [[petroleum industry|oil company]] with operations in the United States, Indonesia, the [[North Sea]], the [[South China Sea]], and [[Mexico]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Atlantic-Richfield-Company |title=Atlantic Richfield Chemical and Oil (ARCO) (American oil company) |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> It has more than 1,300 gas stations in the western part of the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arco.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=16002899&contentId=7022959 |title=Official About ARCO Page |publisher=ARCO |access-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707161145/http://www.arco.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=16002899&contentId=7022959 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and recently ({{asof|2017|lc=y}}) five gas stations in northwestern Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andeavor.com/about/news-andeavor-marks-first-arco-station-in-mexico-with-grand-opening-celebration/ |title=Andeavor Marks First ARCO® Station in Mexico with Grand Opening Celebration |publisher=Andeavor |access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onexpo.com.mx/NOTICIAS/tiene-arco-5-gasolineras-en-mexico/ |title=Tiene Arco 5 gasolineras en México |publisher=Organización Nacional de Expendedores de Petróleo (Mexico) |access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref> ARCO was formed by the [[mergers and acquisitions|merger]] of [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]–based [[Atlantic Petroleum|Atlantic Refining]] and California-based [[Richfield Oil Corporation]] in 1966; the company's name is an acronym (not initialism) of the two companies. A merger in 1969 brought in [[Sinclair Oil Corporation]].<ref name="britannica"/> In the 1970s and 80s, ARCO was one of the largest companies in the world, consistently a top 20 company of the Fortune 500.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/1984/ |title=FORTUNE 500: 1984 Archive Full List 1-100 |website=Fortune |access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> After its subsequent fracture in the late 1980s and early 90s, ARCO became a subsidiary of UK-based [[BP|BP plc]] in 2000 through its BP West Coast Products LLC (BPWCP) affiliate.<ref>"[http://www.arco.com/mediapopuptwocolumn.do?categoryId=16002902&contentId=7023254 Legal information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323204612/http://www.arco.com/mediapopuptwocolumn.do?categoryId=16002902&contentId=7023254 |date=2013-03-23 }}". ARCO. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.</ref>
 
==Atlantic Richfield Company==
On August 13, 2012, it was announced<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-carson-refinery-20120813,0,3709153.story |work=Los Angeles Times |title=BP sells Carson refinery, Arco retail to Tesoro |date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825110316/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-carson-refinery-20120813%2C0%2C3709153.story |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> that [[Andeavor|Tesoro]] would purchase ARCO and its refinery for $2.5 billion. The deal came under fire because of increasing fuel prices. Many activists urged state and federal regulators to block the sale because of concerns that it would reduce competition and could lead to higher fuel prices at ARCO stations (ARCO stations make up more than half of all stations with the lowest fuel prices in California).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/09/business/la-fi-arco-tesoro-20121010 |title=Tesoro plan to buy Arco gets more scrutiny amid gas-price surge |date=October 9, 2012 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |author=Ronald D. White |access-date=December 8, 2012}}</ref> On June 3, 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.euro-petrole.com/tesoro-corporation-closes-the-purchase-of-bp-s-southern-california-refining-and-marketing-business-n-i-7731 |title=Tesoro Corporation Closes the Purchase of BP's Southern California Refining and Marketing Business |date=June 3, 2013 |publisher=Euro-Petrole.com}}</ref> BP sold ARCO and the Carson Refinery to Tesoro for $2.5 billion. BP sold its Southern California terminals (Vinvale, Colton, San Diego, Hathaway, and Hynes) to Tesoro Logistics LP, including the Carson Storage Facility.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} BP sold the ampm brand to Tesoro for Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. BP exclusively licensed the ARCO rights from Tesoro for Northern California, Oregon, and Washington.
From 1966 to 2000, the '''Atlantic Richfield Company''', [[doing business as]] as '''ARCO''', was an independent American [[petroleum industry|oil company]] with operations in the United States, Indonesia, the [[North Sea]], the [[South China Sea]], and [[Mexico]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Atlantic-Richfield-Company |title=Atlantic Richfield Chemical and Oil (ARCO) (American oil company) |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=9 October 2015}}</ref> After its acquisition of [[Anaconda Copper|Anaconda Copper Mining Company]] in 1977, ARCO had owned hard rock mines in several western states, which has created environmental clean-up liabilities to the company to this day even after the mines were closed in the early 1980s.
 
In 2000, BP acquired ARCO for $26.8 billion.<ref>{{cite |url=https://money.cnn.com/1999/04/01/worldbiz/bp/ |title=BP Amoco's $26.8B deal |date=April 1, 1999 |work=[[CNN Money]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://products.kitsapsun.com/archive/2000/04-14/0039_oil_merger__arco-bp_amaco_now_one.html |title=Oil Merger: Arco-BP Amoco now one |work=[[Kitsap Sun]] |first=H. Josef |last=Hebert |date=April 14, 2000}}</ref> ARCO's retail and marketing operations was kept separate while the rest of the company was integrated into BP.
ARCO is known for its low-priced gasoline compared to other national brands, mainly because of an early 1980s business decision to emphasize cost cutting (cash/debit-only policy) and alternative sources of income (ampm). ARCO is headquartered in [[La Palma, California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manta.com/coms2/dnbcompany_fqk2c4 |title=B P West Coast Products LLC Company Profile |publisher=Manta.com |access-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142616/http://www.manta.com/coms2/dnbcompany_fqk2c4 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.html |title=Atlantic Richfield Company Inc Company Profile |publisher=D&B Hoovers |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>
 
In 2012, BP sold its Carson refinery, 800 ARCO stations in California, Arizona and Nevada, and the ownership of the ARCO brand to [[Tesoro]] for $2.5 billion while paying Tesoro for an exclusive license for use of the ARCO brand on its stations in northern California, Oregon and Washington which will be continued to be supplied from BP's [[Cherry Point Refinery]] in Washington state.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2012/08/13/tesoro-buys-bp-refinery-arco-stations/ |title=Tesoro buys BP refinery, Arco stations |newspaper=[[Orange County Register]] |date=August 13, 2012 |first=Mary Ann |last=Milbourn}}</ref>
Tesoro was renamed Andeavor in 2017, and was acquired by [[Marathon Petroleum]] in 2018. Following the acquisition, Marathon hinted at keeping the ARCO brand name in Mexico as well as select US markets while rebranding the rest either as standard Marathon stations (for franchised locations) or [[Speedway LLC|Speedway]] locations (for company-owned locations); stations still owned by BP may either remain as ARCO or rebranded as [[Amoco]], as BP does not own the rights to the name due to licensing-based reasons in the Western United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kress |first1=Melissa |date=May 1, 2018 |title=How Marathon Petroleum & Andeavor Merger Will Create a Retail & Marketing Powerhouse |url=https://csnews.com/how-marathon-petroleum-andeavor-merger-will-create-retail-marketing-powerhouse|work=Convenience Store News }}</ref>
 
BP has retained the Atlantic Richfield Company as a subsidiary to handle environmental claims against BP for the clean-up of former Anaconda mine properties.<ref name="reuters-2020914">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-environment-lawsuit/9th-circuit-trims-arcos-contribution-toward-montana-superfund-site-idUSL1N2GC01F |title=9th Circuit trims ARCO's contribution toward Montana Superfund site |work=[[Reuters]] |date=September 14, 2020 |first=Sebastien |last=Malo}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/06/nevada-toxic-waste-lawsuit-residents-19m |title=Nevada residents win $19.5m settlement in toxic waste leak lawsuit |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=November 6, 2013}}</ref>
 
===History===
ARCO was formed by the [[mergers and acquisitions|merger]] of [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]]–based [[Atlantic Petroleum|Atlantic Refining]] and California-based [[Richfield Oil Corporation]] in 1966; the company's name is an acronym (not initialism) of the two companies. A merger in 1969 brought in [[Sinclair Oil Corporation]].<ref name="britannica"/> In the 1970s and 80s, ARCO was one of the largest companies in the world, consistently a top 20 company of the Fortune 500.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/1984/ |title=FORTUNE 500: 1984 Archive Full List 1-100 |website=Fortune |access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> After its subsequent fracture in the late 1980s and early 90s, ARCO became a subsidiary of UK-based [[BP|BP plc]] in 2000 through its BP West Coast Products LLC (BPWCP) affiliate.<ref>"[http://www.arco.com/mediapopuptwocolumn.do?categoryId=16002902&contentId=7023254 Legal information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323204612/http://www.arco.com/mediapopuptwocolumn.do?categoryId=16002902&contentId=7023254 |date=2013-03-23 }}". ARCO. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.</ref>
 
== History ==
*The Atlantic Petroleum Storage Company's heritage dates back to 1866. It became part of the [[Standard Oil]] trust in 1874, but achieved independence again when Standard Oil was broken up in 1911.
*In 1915, Atlantic opens its first [[gas station]] on Baum Boulevard in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]].
*In 1917, First Richfield Oil Company of California gas station at Slauson and Central Avenues in [[Los Angeles]], California. Richfield Oil Company of California logo is an Eagle trademark.
*The Atlantic Refining Company was headquartered in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]].
*In 1921, [[Sinclair Oil]] Company opens first modern service station in [[Chicago]] called "Greasing Palace No. 1". Sinclair gets into trouble with [[Teapot Dome scandal]].
*In 1966, Atlantic merges with the Richfield Oil Company of California. The first CEO was [[Robert Orville Anderson]]. The new company boasts a new trademark, a red diamond shape called the ARCO Spark designed by [[Bauhaus]] artist, designer, and architect [[Herbert Bayer]].
*Commercial oil exploration started in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, in the 1960s and the [[Prudhoe Bay Oil Field]], North America's largest oil field, was discovered on March 12, 1968, by Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO) and Exxon with the well Prudhoe Bay State #1. Key employees with ARCO Alaska were [[Marvin Mangus]] John M. Sweet, and William D. Leake, chief project engineer for the Alaska pipeline. The Richfield Oil Company of California had purchased the drilling rights to the land where the discovery well was located. [[BP|British Petroleum]] had drilling rights near the discovery well.
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[[File:PaulHastingsCityNationalTwinTowers.jpg|thumb|At one time, ARCO had its headquarters in the [[City National Plaza]] complex in [[Downtown Los Angeles]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/19980113043324/http://www.arco.com/ Welcome to ARCO Online]". ARCO. Retrieved on July 7, 2010. "ARCO, 515 South Flower Street, Los Angeles, California 90071-2256".</ref>]]
 
== =Presence in Southwest U.S. ===
ARCO has a presence in the Southwestern U.S. It once had a property fronting Texas Highway 225 east of [[Loop 610]] in [[Houston, Texas]], with an oil tank farm once painted with the ARCO logo. [[LyondellBasell|Lyondell]]-[[Citgo]] purchased the property and rebranded the oil tanks in the 1980s. ARCO's global corporate headquarters were in the ARCO Plaza in Los Angeles at the corner of 5th and Flower Streets, the site of Richfield's former headquarters. ARCO's Oil & Gas division headquarters were in downtown [[Dallas, Texas]]. The headquarters' building was a 46-story office building designed by architect [[I.M. Pei]], the [[ARCO Tower]]. ARCO closed the Dallas office and sold the building in the mid-1980s. {{asof|2005}}, ARCO operated about 1,100 stations in six Western states: Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, and Utah.<ref>[http://www.arcogas.com/gas/faqs.php] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828191441/http://www.arcogas.com/gas/faqs.php |date=August 28, 2005 }}</ref>
 
==Merger==
ARCO merged with [[Anaconda Copper|Anaconda Copper Mining Company]] of [[Montana]] in 1977. Anaconda's holdings included the [[Berkeley Pit]] and the [[Anaconda, Montana]] Smelter. ARCO founder [[Robert Orville Anderson]] stated "he hoped Anaconda's resources and expertise would help him launch a major [[Shale oil extraction|shale-oil venture]], but that the world [[1980s oil glut|oil glut]] and the declining [[price of petroleum]] made [[shale oil]] moot".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The U.S. Business Hall of Fame| magazine= Fortune | date= 1986-04-14 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/04/14/67377/index.htm| author=Arthur M. Louis research associate Rosalind Klein Berlin}}</ref> The purchase turned out to be a regrettable decision for ARCO. A lack of experience with hard-rock mining and a sudden drop in the price of [[copper]] to below seventy cents a pound, the lowest in years, caused ARCO to suspend all operations in [[Butte, Montana]]. By 1983, only six years after acquiring rights to the "[[Richest hill on earth|Richest Hill on Earth]]", the Berkeley Pit was completely idle. By 1986, some ARCO properties were sold to billionaire industrialist [[Dennis Washington]], whose company, Montana Resources, operates a much smaller open-pit mine east of the defunct Berkeley Pit.
 
== Acquisition =1980s===
In 1985, the Atlantic brand was spun off for ARCO's East Coast stations aswere [[Atlanticnot Petroleum]].doing Atlanticvery waswell acquiredso bythey were sold to [[Dutch people|Dutch]] trader [[:nl:John Deuss|John Deuss]], who rebrand the stations to its former name [[Atlantic Petroleum#Revival and demise|Atlantic]]. The rebranding effort was also not successful so Deuss later sold itthe stations in 1988 to [[Sunoco]]. The ARCO brand is now used on the West Coast. ARCO specializes in discount gas by removing many frills, among them forcing prepayment for fuel, not accepting [[credit card]]s at most locations, and charging 35 cents<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arco.com/straight-up-gas/payquick/ |title=PayQuick - ARCO |publisher=Arco.com |access-date=2013-10-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010061631/https://arco.com/straight-up-gas/payquick/ |archive-date=2013-10-10 }}</ref> for the use of [[debit card]]s. In most locations, it is co-branded with [[ampm]] convenience stores, also a division of BP West Coast (ARCO introduced the AmPm concept in 1979).
 
===1990s===
In the beginning of the 1990s, a subsidiary, ARCO Power Technologies, later Advanced Power Technologies (APTI), was the primary contractor for the [[High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program]] (HAARP Project). ARCO having hired [[Bernard Eastlund]] led to conspiracy theories about weather control and warfare.
In March 1997, ARCO also leased almost all the gas stations of the (now) [[Santa Fe Springs, California]] based independent Thrifty Oil<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311015107/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5072/is_n6_v12/ai_8517905 Thrifty Oil Co.: gasoline retailer goes pump-to-pump with industry giants - Top 400 Private Awards | Los Angeles Business Journal | Find Articles at BNET.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> group of 250 stations found throughout California<ref>[http://www.ucan.org/law_policy/gasoline/AGComments3-11-04.html] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051018155718/http://www.ucan.org/law_policy/gasoline/AGComments3-11-04.html |date=October 18, 2005 }}</ref> after a damaging price war which the independent Thrifty was unable to win.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-calgas18jun18,0,7589520.story?page=4&coll=la-home-business | work=The Los Angeles Times | title=Refiners Maintain a Firm but Legal Grip on Supplies | first1=Elizabeth | last1=Douglass | first2=Gary | last2=Cohn | date=18 June 2005}}</ref>
 
===2000s===
On April 18, 2000, ARCO was purchased by [[BP America]] and completely merged into BP operations. There were two exceptions due to FTC requirements: ARCO Alaska was sold by BP to [[Phillips Petroleum]], and ARCO Pipe Line Company was acquired by [[TEPPCO Partners|TEPPCO]], a subsidiary of [[Enterprise Products]]. ARCO as a subsidiary no longer exists.{{clarify|date=June 2020}}
 
===Research Laboratory===
Over the course of 2004 and 2005, ARCO signs were replaced with signs that still had the ARCO spark,{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} but BP's [[Helios]] (BP's new white, yellow, and green "sunburst" mark named after the Greek Sun god, replacing the old British Petroleum shield mark)<ref>[http://www.signresource.net/news/bp_helios.htm SignResource Delivers Its 30,000th BP Helios<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501064439/http://www.signresource.net/news/bp_helios.htm |date=May 1, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caseplace.org/cases/cases_show.htm?doc_id=291859 |title=Case Studies - BP and Corporate Greenwash |publisher=CasePlace.org |access-date=2013-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523050019/http://www.caseplace.org/cases/cases_show.htm?doc_id=291859 |archive-date=2007-05-23 }}</ref> is also located on the sign. A new tagline "ARCO—part of BP" also appeared on some signs and advertisements. ARCO was known for sponsoring the [[ARCO Arena]] (now [[Sleep Train Arena]]) in [[Sacramento, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/kings/news/arco_arena_naming_rights_ext.html |title=ARCO Arena Naming Rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701033357/http://www.nba.com/kings/news/arco_arena_naming_rights_ext.html |archive-date=July 1, 2015 }}</ref> with a license fee of $750,000/year through 2007.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://people.uleth.ca/~rockerbie/SportsText.pdf |title=The Economics of Professional Sports |author=Duane W. Rockerbie |access-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093538/http://people.uleth.ca/~rockerbie/SportsText.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
From the 1960s until the turn of the century, ARCO operated a highly significant research and development center in Plano, Texas, on land purchased in 1964 by the Atlantic Refinery Company.<ref>https://www.plano.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1201/Plano-Time-Line?bidId=</ref> Its golden age was arguably in the early to mid 1980s, when it was led by [[Robert L. Hirsch]]. A standout example of ARCO's research at that time was the pioneering study on 4D seismic surveying by Robert Greaves and Terry Fulp. This consisted of repeated 3D seismic surveys which successfully mapped the effects of enhanced oil recovery processes as a function of time.<ref>Greaves, Robert, and Terrance J. Fulp (1987). Three-dimensional seismic monitoring of an enhanced oil recovery process. Geophysics Vol. 52, No. 9, 1175-1187.</ref> This work was recognized for its seminal importance over 20 years later by the [[Society of Exploration Geophysicists]].<ref>https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Virgil_Kauffman_Gold_Medal</ref> Besides Greaves and Fulp, the laboratory produced a number of other distinguished alumni during this golden age, including scientists [[John Castagna]], Michael Batzle, Geoffrey Dorn, and [[Marius Vassiliou]]. In later years the laboratory experienced significant contraction. It finally closed shortly after the 2000 acquisition of ARCO by BP.
 
===Anaconda Copper===
==2010s==
ARCO merged with [[Anaconda Copper|Anaconda Copper Mining Company]] of [[Montana]] in 1977. Anaconda's holdings included the [[Berkeley Pit]] and the [[Anaconda, Montana]] Smelter. ARCO founder [[Robert Orville Anderson]] stated "he hoped Anaconda's resources and expertise would help him launch a major [[Shale oil extraction|shale-oil venture]], but that the world [[1980s oil glut|oil glut]] and the declining [[price of petroleum]] made [[shale oil]] moot".<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The U.S. Business Hall of Fame| magazine= Fortune | date= 1986-04-14 | url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1986/04/14/67377/index.htm| author=Arthur M. Louis research associate Rosalind Klein Berlin}}</ref> The purchase turned out to be a regrettable decision for ARCO. A lack of experience with hard-rock mining and a sudden drop in the price of [[copper]] to below seventy cents a pound, the lowest in years, caused ARCO to suspend all operations in [[Butte, Montana]]. By 1983, only six years after acquiring rights to the "[[Richest hill on earth|Richest Hill on Earth]]", the Berkeley Pit was completely idle. By 1986, some ARCO properties were sold to billionaire industrialist [[Dennis Washington]], whose company, Montana Resources, operates a much smaller open-pit mine east of the defunct Berkeley Pit.
In August 2017, Andeavor introduced the ARCO brand for the first time in Mexico by the opening of ARCO branded stations in Tijuana.<ref name="globenewswire-2017aug29">{{cite press release |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/08/29/1101940/0/en/Andeavor-Opens-First-ARCO-Station-in-Mexico.html |title=Andeavor Opens First ARCO® Station in Mexico |work=[[GlobeNewswire]] |date=August 29, 2017 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref><ref name="sabj-2017aug24">{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2017/08/24/tijuana-first-to-sell-andeavors-arco-brand-of.html |title=Tijuana first to sell Andeavor's ARCO brand of gasoline in Mexico |work=[[San Antonio Business Journal]] |date=August 24, 2017 |first=Sergio |last=Chapa}}</ref>
 
====Superfund site====
In spring of 2018, Andeavor began rebranding some SuperAmerica branded stations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Minnesota to ARCO.<ref name="csn-2018mar12">{{cite news |url=https://csnews.com/andeavor-bring-arco-brand-new-region-spring |title=Andeavor to Bring ARCO Brand to New Region This Spring |website=Convenience Store News |date=March 12, 2018 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref>
ARCO is the responsible party (by its ownership of Anaconda Copper at the time operations were terminated) for the largest U.S. [[Superfund]] [[Berkeley Pit|site]]—a site that takes in the towns of Butte and Anaconda, and {{convert|120|mi|km}} of the [[Clark Fork River]] including [[Milltown Dam]]. The region's water and soil were polluted by a century of mining and smelting. Chemicals of concern include many heavy metals and arsenic. On 7 February 2008, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] announced that prolonged litigation with ARCO ended when ARCO agreed to pay $187 million to finance natural resource restoration activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0/CE166ABD9B8E9A76852573E8005C762B |title=Atlantic Richfield Company agrees to pay $187M for Montana Superfund Cleanup &#124; Newsroom &#124; US EPA |publisher=Yosemite.epa.gov |date=2008-02-07 |access-date=2013-02-18}}</ref> Anaconda Copper still nominally exists, but only as a massive environmental liability for ARCO.
 
==Research=Legal Laboratoryissues===
Atlantic Richfield Co and its parent BP America agreed to settle a class-action lawsuit brought by about 700 current and former residents of Yerington, Nevada, who lived near the Anaconda mine built in 1941. The company paid in Nevada up to $19.5M for settlement. EPA tested in 2009 wells and found that 79% of the wells north of mine had dangerous levels of uranium and/or arsenic.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/06/nevada-toxic-waste-lawsuit-residents-19m Nevada residents win $19.5m settlement in toxic waste leak lawsuit] The Guardian 7 November 2013</ref>
From the 1960s until the turn of the century, ARCO operated a highly significant research and development center in Plano, Texas, on land purchased in 1964 by the Atlantic Refinery Company.<ref>https://www.plano.gov/DocumentCenter/View/1201/Plano-Time-Line?bidId=</ref> Its golden age was arguably in the early to mid 1980s, when it was led by [[Robert L. Hirsch]]. A standout example of ARCO's research at that time was the pioneering study on 4D seismic surveying by Robert Greaves and Terry Fulp. This consisted of repeated 3D seismic surveys which successfully mapped the effects of enhanced oil recovery processes as a function of time.<ref>Greaves, Robert, and Terrance J. Fulp (1987). Three-dimensional seismic monitoring of an enhanced oil recovery process. Geophysics Vol. 52, No. 9, 1175-1187.</ref> This work was recognized for its seminal importance over 20 years later by the [[Society of Exploration Geophysicists]].<ref>https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Virgil_Kauffman_Gold_Medal</ref> Besides Greaves and Fulp, the laboratory produced a number of other distinguished alumni during this golden age, including scientists [[John Castagna]], Michael Batzle, Geoffrey Dorn, and [[Marius Vassiliou]]. In later years the laboratory experienced significant contraction. It finally closed shortly after the 2000 acquisition of ARCO by BP.
 
In September 2010, the staff of [[KCST-FM]] in [[Florence, Oregon]] noticed that the station's [[Emergency Alert System]] (EAS) equipment would repeatedly unmute as if receiving an incoming EAS message several times a week. During each event, which was relayed from [[KKNU]] in [[Springfield, Oregon|Springfield]], the same commercial advertisement for ARCO/[[BP]] gasoline could be heard, along with the words "This test has been brought to you by ARCO". Further investigation by the primary station transmitting the commercial revealed that the spot had been produced using an audio clip of an actual EAS header which had been modified to lower the header's volume and presumably prevent it from triggering false positive alert reactions in EAS equipment. The spot was distributed nationally, and after it had once been identified as the source of the false EAS equipment trips, various stations around the country reported having had similar experiences. After a widespread notification by the [[Society of Broadcast Engineers]] was issued, ARCO's ad agency withdrew the commercial from airplay.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/arco-oil-radio-ads-false-eas-header-0909/ | title=Arco Oil Radio Ads Include False EAS Header | work=Radio | date=September 9, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824070213/http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/arco-oil-radio-ads-false-eas-header-0909/ | archive-date=August 24, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sbe.org/sections/pub_sc3%201.php | title=ARCO Commercial Trips EAS Units (Society of Broadcast Engineers) | work=Radio | date=September 10, 2010 }}</ref>
==Superfund site==
ARCO is the responsible party (by its ownership of Anaconda Copper at the time operations were terminated) for the largest U.S. [[Superfund]] [[Berkeley Pit|site]]—a site that takes in the towns of Butte and Anaconda, and {{convert|120|mi|km}} of the [[Clark Fork River]] including [[Milltown Dam]]. The region's water and soil were polluted by a century of mining and smelting. Chemicals of concern include many heavy metals and arsenic. On 7 February 2008, the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] announced that prolonged litigation with ARCO ended when ARCO agreed to pay $187 million to finance natural resource restoration activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/0/CE166ABD9B8E9A76852573E8005C762B |title=Atlantic Richfield Company agrees to pay $187M for Montana Superfund Cleanup &#124; Newsroom &#124; US EPA |publisher=Yosemite.epa.gov |date=2008-02-07 |access-date=2013-02-18}}</ref> Anaconda Copper still nominally exists, but only as a massive environmental liability for ARCO.
 
==ARCO service station brand==
==In the media==
Currently, ARCO is being used by [[Marathon Petroleum]] as brand of gasoline service stations in the United States and Mexico. In Northern California, Oregon, and Washington states, the ARCO names is licensed for exclusive use to BP.
[[George Romero]]'s 1978 film ''[[Dawn of the Dead (1978 film)|Dawn of the Dead]]'' features a [[zombie]] wearing a red baseball jersey that read "Bach's Arco Pitcairn".
 
Any independent stations can adopt the ARCO brand in any territory that is covered by a Marathon Petroleum distribution network.
The song "Storm", in [[Godspeed You Black Emperor]]'s 2000 album ''[[Lift Your Skinny Fists Like Antennas to Heaven]]'' uses a field recording done at the [[LAX|Los Angeles Airport]] ARCO gas station.
 
It has more than 1,300 gas stations in the western part of the United States,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arco.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=16002899&contentId=7022959 |title=Official About ARCO Page |publisher=ARCO |access-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707161145/http://www.arco.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=16002899&contentId=7022959 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and recently ({{asof|2017|lc=y}}) five gas stations in northwestern Mexico.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andeavor.com/about/news-andeavor-marks-first-arco-station-in-mexico-with-grand-opening-celebration/ |title=Andeavor Marks First ARCO® Station in Mexico with Grand Opening Celebration |publisher=Andeavor |access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.onexpo.com.mx/NOTICIAS/tiene-arco-5-gasolineras-en-mexico/ |title=Tiene Arco 5 gasolineras en México |publisher=Organización Nacional de Expendedores de Petróleo (Mexico) |access-date=12 November 2017}}</ref>
Sacramento band [[Cake (band)|CAKE]] recorded the song "[[Arco Arena]]", which was about the stadium in Sacramento to which Arco had purchased naming rights.
 
===History===
One of ARCO's former [[diesel-hydraulic]] switcher engines, numbered 6920, was briefly shown in [[There Goes a...|There Goes A Train]], and one of their tanker ships, the ARCO Sag River, was featured in [[There Goes a...|There Goes A Boat]].
After the Atlantic Richfield Company acquired Sinclair Oil in 1969, Atlantic Richfield decided to merger their three separate service brand into one and call it ARCO and spend $60 million in the rebranding effort.<ref name="lat-1971apr11">{{cite news |title=What's in a Name? $60 Million for Arco: Atlantic Richfield Re-Signing Represents Biggest Corporate Face-Lift Atlantic Richfield 's $60 Million Face-Lift One of History's Biggest |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 11, 1971 |page=k1 |last=Rosenblatt |first=Robert A. |id={{ProQuest|156676561}} |quote=Arco was chosen early in the company's marketing name. It had been used for years in internal correspondence at the old Atlantic Refining Co.}}</ref>
 
Over the course of 2004 and 2005, ARCO signs were replaced with signs that still had the ARCO spark,{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}} but BP's [[Helios]] (BP's new white, yellow, and green "sunburst" mark named after the Greek Sun god, replacing the old British Petroleum shield mark)<ref>[http://www.signresource.net/news/bp_helios.htm SignResource Delivers Its 30,000th BP Helios<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060501064439/http://www.signresource.net/news/bp_helios.htm |date=May 1, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caseplace.org/cases/cases_show.htm?doc_id=291859 |title=Case Studies - BP and Corporate Greenwash |publisher=CasePlace.org |access-date=2013-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523050019/http://www.caseplace.org/cases/cases_show.htm?doc_id=291859 |archive-date=2007-05-23 }}</ref> is also located on the sign. A new tagline "ARCO—part of BP" also appeared on some signs and advertisements. ARCO was known for sponsoring the [[ARCO Arena]] (now [[Sleep Train Arena]]) in [[Sacramento, California]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/kings/news/arco_arena_naming_rights_ext.html |title=ARCO Arena Naming Rights |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701033357/http://www.nba.com/kings/news/arco_arena_naming_rights_ext.html |archive-date=July 1, 2015 }}</ref> with a license fee of $750,000/year through 2007.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://people.uleth.ca/~rockerbie/SportsText.pdf |title=The Economics of Professional Sports |author=Duane W. Rockerbie |access-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716093538/http://people.uleth.ca/~rockerbie/SportsText.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
== Legal issues ==
Atlantic Richfield Co and its parent BP America agreed to settle a class-action lawsuit brought by about 700 current and former residents of Yerington, Nevada, who lived near the Anaconda mine built in 1941. The company paid in Nevada up to $19.5M for settlement. EPA tested in 2009 wells and found that 79% of the wells north of mine had dangerous levels of uranium and/or arsenic.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/06/nevada-toxic-waste-lawsuit-residents-19m Nevada residents win $19.5m settlement in toxic waste leak lawsuit] The Guardian 7 November 2013</ref>
 
On August 13, 2012, it was announced<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-carson-refinery-20120813,0,3709153.story |work=Los Angeles Times |title=BP sells Carson refinery, Arco retail to Tesoro |date=13 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825110316/http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-carson-refinery-20120813%2C0%2C3709153.story |archive-date=25 August 2012 }}</ref> that [[Andeavor|Tesoro]] would purchase ARCO and its refinery for $2.5 billion. The deal came under fire because of increasing fuel prices. Many activists urged state and federal regulators to block the sale because of concerns that it would reduce competition and could lead to higher fuel prices at ARCO stations (ARCO stations make up more than half of all stations with the lowest fuel prices in California).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/oct/09/business/la-fi-arco-tesoro-20121010 |title=Tesoro plan to buy Arco gets more scrutiny amid gas-price surge |date=October 9, 2012 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |author=Ronald D. White |access-date=December 8, 2012}}</ref> On June 3, 2013,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.euro-petrole.com/tesoro-corporation-closes-the-purchase-of-bp-s-southern-california-refining-and-marketing-business-n-i-7731 |title=Tesoro Corporation Closes the Purchase of BP's Southern California Refining and Marketing Business |date=June 3, 2013 |publisher=Euro-Petrole.com}}</ref> BP sold ARCO and the Carson Refinery to Tesoro for $2.5 billion. BP sold its Southern California terminals (Vinvale, Colton, San Diego, Hathaway, and Hynes) to Tesoro Logistics LP, including the Carson Storage Facility.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} BP sold the ampm brand to Tesoro for Southern California, Arizona, and Nevada. BP exclusively licensed the ARCO rights from Tesoro for Northern California, Oregon, and Washington.
In September 2010, the staff of [[KCST-FM]] in [[Florence, Oregon]] noticed that the station's [[Emergency Alert System]] (EAS) equipment would repeatedly unmute as if receiving an incoming EAS message several times a week. During each event, which was relayed from [[KKNU]] in [[Springfield, Oregon|Springfield]], the same commercial advertisement for ARCO/[[BP]] gasoline could be heard, along with the words "This test has been brought to you by ARCO". Further investigation by the primary station transmitting the commercial revealed that the spot had been produced using an audio clip of an actual EAS header which had been modified to lower the header's volume and presumably prevent it from triggering false positive alert reactions in EAS equipment. The spot was distributed nationally, and after it had once been identified as the source of the false EAS equipment trips, various stations around the country reported having had similar experiences. After a widespread notification by the [[Society of Broadcast Engineers]] was issued, ARCO's ad agency withdrew the commercial from airplay.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/arco-oil-radio-ads-false-eas-header-0909/ | title=Arco Oil Radio Ads Include False EAS Header | work=Radio | date=September 9, 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824070213/http://radiomagonline.com/currents/news/arco-oil-radio-ads-false-eas-header-0909/ | archive-date=August 24, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sbe.org/sections/pub_sc3%201.php | title=ARCO Commercial Trips EAS Units (Society of Broadcast Engineers) | work=Radio | date=September 10, 2010 }}</ref>
 
ARCO is known for its low-priced gasoline compared to other national brands, mainly because of an early 1980s business decision to emphasize cost cutting (cash/debit-only policy) and alternative sources of income (ampm). ARCO is headquartered in [[La Palma, California]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manta.com/coms2/dnbcompany_fqk2c4 |title=B P West Coast Products LLC Company Profile |publisher=Manta.com |access-date=2011-07-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928142616/http://www.manta.com/coms2/dnbcompany_fqk2c4 |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/company-profile.html |title=Atlantic Richfield Company Inc Company Profile |publisher=D&B Hoovers |access-date=2019-05-25}}</ref>
 
Tesoro was renamed Andeavor in 2017, and was acquired by [[Marathon Petroleum]] in 2018. Following the acquisition, Marathon hinted at keeping the ARCO brand name in Mexico as well as select US markets while rebranding the rest either as standard Marathon stations (for franchised locations) or [[Speedway LLC|Speedway]] locations (for company-owned locations); stations still owned by BP may either remain as ARCO or rebranded as [[Amoco]], as BP does not own the rights to the name due to licensing-based reasons in the Western United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kress |first1=Melissa |date=May 1, 2018 |title=How Marathon Petroleum & Andeavor Merger Will Create a Retail & Marketing Powerhouse |url=https://csnews.com/how-marathon-petroleum-andeavor-merger-will-create-retail-marketing-powerhouse|work=Convenience Store News }}</ref>
 
In August 2017, Andeavor introduced the ARCO brand for the first time in Mexico by the opening of ARCO branded stations in Tijuana.<ref name="globenewswire-2017aug29">{{cite press release |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2017/08/29/1101940/0/en/Andeavor-Opens-First-ARCO-Station-in-Mexico.html |title=Andeavor Opens First ARCO® Station in Mexico |work=[[GlobeNewswire]] |date=August 29, 2017 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref><ref name="sabj-2017aug24">{{cite news |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanantonio/news/2017/08/24/tijuana-first-to-sell-andeavors-arco-brand-of.html |title=Tijuana first to sell Andeavor's ARCO brand of gasoline in Mexico |work=[[San Antonio Business Journal]] |date=August 24, 2017 |first=Sergio |last=Chapa}}</ref>
 
In spring of 2018, Andeavor began rebranding some SuperAmerica branded stations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin and Minnesota to ARCO.<ref name="csn-2018mar12">{{cite news |url=https://csnews.com/andeavor-bring-arco-brand-new-region-spring |title=Andeavor to Bring ARCO Brand to New Region This Spring |website=Convenience Store News |date=March 12, 2018 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref>
 
==See also==
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{{reflist|30em}}
 
== External links ==
{{Commons category|ARCO (Atlantic Richfield Company)}}