2002: Difference between revisions

The [[world population]] on January 1, 2002, was estimated to be 6.272&nbsp;billion people, and it increased to 6.353&nbsp;billion people by January 1, 2003.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022">{{Cite report |url=https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |title=World Population Prospects 2022 |date=2022 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs |access-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711213112/https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/MostUsed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimated 134.0&nbsp;million births and 52.5&nbsp;million deaths took place in 2002.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022" /> The average global [[life expectancy]] was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2001.<ref name="UN Pop Prospects-2022" /> The rate of [[child mortality]] was 7.05%, a decrease of 0.27[[Percentage point|pp]] from 2001.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roser |first1=Max |author1-link=Max Roser|last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |author2-link=Hannah Ritchie |last3=Dadonaite |first3=Bernadeta |date=May 10, 2013 |title=Child and Infant Mortality |url=https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216051011/https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality |url-status=live }}</ref> 26.85% of people were living in [[extreme poverty]], a decrease of 1.40pp from 2000.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hasell |first1=Joe |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Arrigada |first4=Pablo |date=October 17, 2022 |title=Poverty |url=https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |journal=Our World in Data |access-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330072344/https://ourworldindata.org/poverty |url-status=live }}</ref>

Conflicts that saw some form of resolution in 2002 include the [[Eelam War III]] in Sri Lanka, which was halted with a ceasefire agreement on February 24,<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=98}} and the [[Angolan Civil War]], which was resolved in April with a ceasefire between the Angolan government and [[UNITA]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=89}} Internationally brokered peace talks advanced in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War]],<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=102}} some factions of the [[Somali Civil War]],<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=106}} and the [[Second Congo War]], with the latter producing an agreement on December 17 to create [[Transitional Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|a Congolese transitional government]].<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=100–101}} Afghanistan underwent its first year without direct military conflict in over two decades, though sporadic attacks were carried out by the [[Taliban insurgency]] and [[Alal-Qaeda]].<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|page=256}} An agreement was reached with the government of Burundi and the [[CNDD-FDD]] on December 3, but the other major faction in Burundi, the [[Palipehutu-FNL]], did not participate in peace talks.<ref name=":2" />

The architecture world focused on the rebuilding of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], and various exhibitions were held to showcase design concepts. The [[Tribute in Light]] was implemented on [[World Trade Center site|the site]] during the interim.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=155}} Egypt began accepting designs for the [[Grand Egyptian Museum]].<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=234}}

New structures constructed or opened in 2002 include the [[Austrian Cultural Forum New York|Austrian Cultural Forum]] in New York, the [[Imperial War Museum North]] in [[Manchester]], the [[Gallery of Horyuji Treasures]] in Tokyo,<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=156}} [[The Gherkin]] in London, the [[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels]] in Los Angeles, and the [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] in [[Alexandria]].<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=506}} The [[Bronx Developmental Center]] in New York, [[Fallingwater]] in Pennsylvania, and the [[Lever House]] in New York were all renovated, and the [[Maslon House]] was demolished in California.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=157}}

{{Main|2002 in film|2002 in music|2002 in radio|2002 in video games}}

The highest-grossing films globally in 2002 were ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]]'', [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)|''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'']], and [[Spider-Man (2002 film)|''Spider-Man'']]. The highest-grossing non-English film was [[Hero (2002 film)|''Hero'']] (Mandarin), the 28th highest-grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2002 Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2002/ |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Box Office Mojo |archive-date=May 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518020259/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2002/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Film was marked by several unexpected successes and failures in 2002, including the underwhelming performances of the ''[[Star Wars]]'' film ''[[Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones|aAttack of the Clones]]''Star, the Wars''[[James filmBond]],'' film ''[[Die Another Day|a ]]''James, Bond''and filmthe [[Disney]], andfilm ''[[Treasure Planet|a Disney film]]'', andas well as the [[Word-of-mouth marketing|word-of-mouth]] success of ''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyar |first=Jay |date=2002-12-28 |title=2002 Year in Review |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2002-12-29-0212280019-story.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=Orlando Sentinel |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025658/https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-2002-12-29-0212280019-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Critically acclaimed films from 2002 include [[Adaptation (film)|''Adaptation'']],''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=2002-12-31 |title=The Best 10 Movies of 2002 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-2002 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=rogerebert.com |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025708/https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/the-best-10-movies-of-2002 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=2002-12-29 |title=Film: The Year in Review -- The Critics/The 10 Best; Ravished, Again, by Almodóvar |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/movies/film-the-year-in-review-the-critics-the-10-best-ravished-again-by-almodovar-535443.html |access-date=2023-03-29 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025657/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/29/movies/film-the-year-in-review-the-critics-the-10-best-ravished-again-by-almodovar-535443.html |url-status=live }}</ref>''<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last1=Phipps |first1=Keith |last2=Rabin |first2=Nathan |last3=Tobias |first3=Scott |date=2003-01-15 |title=The Year In Film: 2002 |url=https://www.avclub.com/the-year-in-film-2002-1798208253 |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en |archive-date=March 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329025657/https://www.avclub.com/the-year-in-film-2002-1798208253 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Far from Heaven]]'',''<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />''<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2016-08-19 |title=The 21st Century's 100 greatest films |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |access-date=2023-03-29 |website=BBC |language=en |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817230650/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Talk to Her]]''.<ref name=":5" />''<ref name=":6" />''<ref name=":7" />

The [[early 2000s recession]] began to stabilize in the final months of the year.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=1}} Growth was focused in the first half of the year before tapering in the second half<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=35}} as stock markets entered into a [[Stock market downturn of 2002|downturn]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Geller |first=Adam |date=2002-12-20 |title=2002's Hottest Business Stories |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2002s-hottest-business-stories/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=CBS News |language=en-US |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330021121/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/2002s-hottest-business-stories/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By October, global equities saw a 24% decrease in 2002.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=185}} Particularly affected was [[AOL-Time Warner]], with its stocks losing 65% of their value by the fall.<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|page=100}} The information technology industry in particular saw major decline in 2002<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=170}} before it began its recovery from the [[dot-com crash]] that had previously affected it.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=458}} The telecommunications industry was affected even more severely.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=176}}

The price drops associated with the September 11 attacks persisted for several months into 2002.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=7}} Apprehensions about potential military conflict in Iraq also limited growth.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=185}} Latin American economies with large deficits were [[South American economic crisis of 2002|severely affected]] by lower prices, limiting export growth and preventing capital from entering the region, requiring further increases to the deficit.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=3}} The region overall saw a negative GDP in 2002.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=4}} Imports grew significantly in East Asia, with China competing with the United States as one of the largest export markets for other countries in the region.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=12}} Imports in Latin America and Africa decreased compared to the previous year.<ref name=":9" />{{Rp|page=13}}

Several companies, predominantly in the United States, underwent major scandals in 2002,. includingThese included the [[WorldCom scandal]] that led to what was then the largest bankruptcy in American history, and accounting scandals emerging from the previous year's [[Enron scandal]].<ref name=":10" />{{Rp|page=|pages=92–93}} [[Xerox]] and the French company [[Vivendi]] were found to be reporting artificially inflated profits.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=186}} Others incidents included the [[ImClone stock trading case]] and fraud cases at [[Adelphia Communications Corporation|Adelphia]] and [[Tyco International|Tyco]]. These scandals brought the arrests of several high-profile executives.,<ref name=":15" /> negatively affected public trust in corporate accounting,<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=185}} and increased the volatility of global stock markets.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|pages=92–93|page=186}}

The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recognized "reducing risks" and "promoting healthy life" as its health concern of focus in the 2002 [[World Health Report]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241562072 |title=World Health Report: 2002 |date=2002-09-11 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |isbn=92-4-156207-2 |issn=1020-3311 |access-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-date=March 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330034242/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9241562072 |url-status=live }}</ref> Global food supplies reduced in 2002 amid droughts and drops in harvest yields.<ref name=":52">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/britannicabookof0000ency_u4j0/ |title=Britannica Book of the Year 2003 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2003 |isbn=978-0852299562}}</ref>{{Rp|page=146}} Famines occurred in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=6}} Eritrea, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland were also heavily affected by insufficient food.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=146}} The fishing industry was not affected, increasing slightly from previous years.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=149}}

== Politics and law ==

The [[Rome Statute]] entered into force in July, establishing the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=469}} The [[International Court of Justice]] ruled in three cases: it ruled that [[diplomatic immunity]] applied to all crimes, including [[crimes against humanity]], and it settled two territorial disputes, ruling in favor of Cameroon over Nigeria and in favor of Malaysia over Indonesia.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|pages=471–472}} A lesser court was established by the United Nations in Sierra Leone to prosecute figures associated with the nation's civil war.<ref name=":162">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/annualregister200000unse_a8t0/ |title=The Annual Register 2002 |publisher=Keesing's Worldwide |year=2003 |isbn=1-886994-46-3 |editor-last=Lewis |editor-first=D. S.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=470}} The prosecution of former Yugoslavian [[Slobodan Milošević]] was delayed, and the genocide portion of the charges against him was dropped.<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|page=86}}

The [[open-source-software movement]] saw growth throughout the year, in part because of Microsoft's success in avoiding tighter regulations in court.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=458}} ActionChina byblocked the[[Google ChineseSearch]] government to blockand [[GoogleAltaVista]] in ChinaAugust,<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=233}} provokedprovoking a [[hacktivist]] movement in the United States that worked to circumvent such restrictions in authoritarian nations.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=175}} Some parts of Google were restored on September 12.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=233}} New developments in [[peer-to-peer]] sharing allowed decentralized [[file sharing]] between computers, causing a proliferation of [[online piracy]]. [[Blogging]] also became a common practice in 2002.<ref name=":16" />{{Rp|page=460}} [[Klez]] was a [[computer worm]] that spread extensively in 2002 before public awareness limited its effectiveness.<ref name=":52" />{{Rp|page=175}} [[Hybrid vehicle]]s first saw widespread popularity in 2002.<ref name=":15" />{{Rp|pages=94–95}}

* [[May 25]] &ndash; *[[China Airlines Flight 611]] breaks up mid-air and crashes in the [[Taiwan Strait]], killing all 225 passengers and crew on board.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bradsher|first1=Keith|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/world/taiwanese-airliner-with-225-aboard-crashes-in-sea.html|title=Taiwanese Airliner With 225 Aboard Crashes in Sea|date=25 May 2002|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 November 2014|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 12, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012170131/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/26/world/taiwanese-airliner-with-225-aboard-crashes-in-sea.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

* [[October 23]]–[[October 2526|2526]] – [[Chechnya|Chechen]] rebels take control of the ''[[Nord-Ost]]'' theatre in [[Moscow]] and [[Moscow theater hostage crisis|hold the audience hostage]]. At least 170 people are killed following a Russian attempt to subdue the militants.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/24/russia.chechnya|title=Chechen gunmen storm Moscow theatre|last=Steele|first=Nick Paton Walsh Jonathan|date=2002-10-23|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|access-date=2017-01-27|archive-date=December 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201224650/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/oct/24/russia.chechnya|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Births and deaths ==

{{Main|:Category:2002 births|Deaths in 2002}}

== Nobel Prizes ==

{{Commons category|2002}}