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1838–39 United States House of Representatives elections

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The 1838–39 United States House of Representatives elections were held on various dates in various states between July 2, 1838, and November 5, 1839. Each state set its own date for its elections to the House of Representatives before the first session of the 26th United States Congress convened on December 2, 1839. They occurred during President Martin Van Buren's term. Elections were held for all 242 seats, representing 26 states.

1838–39 United States House of Representatives elections
← 1836 & 1837 July 2, 1838 – November 5, 1839 1840 & 1841 →
All 242 seats in the United States House of Representatives
122 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party
 
Leader John Jones Robert M. T. Hunter
Party Democratic Whig
Leader's seat Virginia 3rd Virginia 9th
Last election 128 seats 100 seats
Seats won 126 116
Seat change Decrease 2 Increase 16
Popular vote 995,133 989,712
Percentage 50.01% 49.73%
Swing Decrease 0.94% Increase 3.23%
  Third party
 
Party Independent
Last election 1 seat
Seats won 0
Seat change Decrease 1
Popular vote 8,205
Percentage 0.41%
Swing Decrease 0.58%
Speaker before election

James K. Polk
Democratic

Elected Speaker

Robert M. T. Hunter
Whig

The Panic of 1837 and consequent economic downturn drove Whig Party gains. Van Buren's Democratic Party had lost popularity and Whig policies of economic nationalism appealed to a larger number of voters. Democrats were able, however, to contain the political fallout by blaming banks for the crisis. The Anti-Masonic Party, influential in New York, Pennsylvania, and other Northern states, lost seats, while the Southern Nullifier Party disappeared. Two Virginia representatives were elected on that state's Conservative Party ticket.

Early business of the new House reflected the close partisan division. When Congress first Convened on December 3, 1839, two contingents of New Jersey representatives-elect, one composed of Democrats and the other of Whigs, arrived and both requested to be seated as members. Charging the Whigs with election fraud and facing loss of control of the House, the Democratic Party majority (119 to 118 Whigs from outside New Jersey) refused to seat all but one Whig.[1] Massachusetts Representative John Quincy Adams presided as "chairman" of the House after the clerk lost control. Two weeks later, when voting for speaker of the House finally commenced, 11 ballots were needed before Robert M. T. Hunter, a compromise Whig candidate, was elected, receiving 119 votes (out of 232 cast).[2] This congress also enacted the first Independent Treasury bill.

Election summaries

↓
125 8 109
Democratic [a] Whig
State Type Date Total
seats 		Democratic Whig Others
Seats Change Seats Change Seats Change
Louisiana Districts July 2–4, 1838 3 0  1 3  1 0  
Illinois Districts August 6, 1838 3 2  1 1  1 0  
Missouri At-large August 6, 1838 2 2   0   0  
Vermont Districts September 1, 1838 5 2  1 3  1 0  
Maine Districts September 10, 1838 8 6   2   0  
Arkansas At-large October 1, 1838 1 1   0   0  
Georgia At-large October 1, 1838 9 0  8 9  8 0  
New Jersey At-large October 8, 1838 6 5  5 1  5 0  
South Carolina Districts October 8–9, 1838 9 8  6 1   0  6[b]
Ohio Districts October 9, 1838 19 11  3 8  3 0  
Pennsylvania Districts[c] October 9, 1838 28 17   5  1 6[d]  1
Michigan At-large November 6, 1838 1 1   0   0  
New York Districts[e] November 5–7, 1838 40 19  11 21  11 0  
Massachusetts Districts November 12, 1838 12 2   10   0  
Delaware At-large November 13, 1838 1 1  1 0  1 0  
New Hampshire At-large March 12, 1839 5 5   0   0  
Connecticut Districts April 1, 1839 6 0  6 6  6 0  
Virginia Districts May 23, 1839 21 12  3 7  1 2[f]  2
Kentucky Districts August 1, 1839 13 2  1 11   0  1[g]
Tennessee Districts August 1, 1839 13 6  3 7  3 0  
Alabama Districts August 5, 1839 5 3   2   0  
Indiana Districts August 5, 1839 7 5  4 2  4 0  
North Carolina Districts August 8, 1839 13 8  3 5  3 0  
Rhode Island At-large August 27, 1839 2 0   2   0  
Maryland Districts[h] October 3, 1839 8 5  1 3  1 0  
Mississippi At-large November 4–5, 1839 2 2  2 0  2 0  
Total 242 125
51.7% 		 3 109
45.0% 		 9 8
3.3% 		 6
Popular vote
Democratic
 
 50.01%
Whig
 
 49.73%
Others
 
 0.26%
House seats
Democratic
 
 52.07%
Whig
 
 47.93%

Special elections

See also: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

There were special elections in 1838 and 1839 to the 25th United States Congress and 26th United States Congress.

Special elections are listed by date then district.

25th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Pennsylvania 9 New member elected March 8, 1838.
Maine 3 New member elected April 28, 1838.
Maine 5 New member elected May 29, 1838.
Mississippi at-large
2 seats on a general ticket 		John F. H. Claiborne Democratic 1835 The House rescinded its former decision February 5, 1838 and declared the seats vacant.
New members elected May 29, 1838.
Two Whig gains.
Successors seated May 30, 1838.[3]
Samuel J. Gholson Democratic 1836 (special)
Ohio 16 New member elected October 9, 1838.
Ohio 19 New member elected November 5, 1838.
Massachusetts 2 Stephen C. Phillips Whig 1834 (special) Incumbent resigned September 28, 1838 to become Mayor of Salem.
New member elected November 12, 1838.
Whig hold.
Successor also elected the same day to the next term; see below.

26th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Missouri at-large Albert G. Harrison Democratic 1835 New member elected.
October 28, 1839 and seated December 5, 1839.
Democratic hold.
Massachusetts 1 Richard Fletcher Whig 1836 Incumbent member-elect declined to serve.
New member elected November 11, 1839.
Whig hold.
Pennsylvania 14 New member elected November 20, 1839.
Massachusetts 6 James C. Alvord Whig 1838 Incumbent died September 27, 1839.
New member elected December 23, 1839 on the second ballot.
Whig hold.
First ballot (November 11, 1839)
Second ballot (December 23, 1839)

Alabama

See also: List of United States representatives from Alabama

Arkansas

See also: List of United States representatives from Arkansas
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Arkansas at-large Archibald Yell Democratic 1836 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.

Connecticut

Main article: 1839 United States House of Representatives elections in Connecticut
See also: List of United States representatives from Connecticut

Connecticut elected its six members April 1, 1839, flipping all six seats from Democratic to Whig.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Connecticut 1 Isaac Toucey Democratic 1835 Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.
Connecticut 2 Samuel Ingham Democratic 1835 Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.
Connecticut 3 Elisha Haley Democratic 1835 Incumbent retired.
Whig gain.
Connecticut 4 Thomas T. Whittlesey Democratic 1836 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.
Connecticut 5 Lancelot Phelps Democratic 1835 Incumbent retired.
Whig gain.
Connecticut 6 Orrin Holt Democratic 1836 (special) Incumbent retired.
Whig gain.

Delaware

See also: List of United States representatives from Delaware

Florida Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Georgia

See also: List of United States representatives from Georgia

Illinois

See also: List of United States representatives from Illinois

Indiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Indiana

Iowa Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Kentucky

See also: List of United States representatives from Kentucky

Louisiana

See also: List of United States representatives from Louisiana

Maine

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Maine 1
Maine 2
Maine 3
Maine 4
Maine 5
Maine 6
Maine 7
Maine 8 Thomas Davee Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.

Maryland

See also: List of United States representatives from Maryland

Massachusetts

See also: List of United States representatives from Massachusetts

Elections were held November 12, 1838, but one district's election went to a fourth ballot in 1839, after the March 4, 1839 start of the term but before the House convened in December 1839.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Massachusetts 1 Richard Fletcher Whig 1836 Incumbent re-elected, but declined to serve, leading to a special election.
Massachusetts 2 Stephen C. Phillips Whig 1834 (special) Incumbent resigned September 28, 1838 to become Mayor of Salem.
Whig hold.
Successor also elected the same day to finish the current term.
Massachusetts 3 Caleb Cushing Whig 1834 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 4 William Parmenter Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected late on the fourth ballot.
First ballot (November 12, 1838)
Second ballot (December 17, 1838)
Third ballot (February 4, 1839)
Fourth ballot (April 1, 1839)
Massachusetts 5 Levi Lincoln Jr. Whig 1834 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 6 George Grennell Jr. Whig 1834 Incumbent retired.
Whig hold.
Massachusetts 7 George N. Briggs Whig 1830 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 8 William Calhoun Whig 1834 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 9 William S. Hastings Whig 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 10 Nathaniel B. Borden Democratic 1835 Incumbent lost re-election as a Whig.
Democratic hold.
Massachusetts 11 John Reed Jr. Whig 1812
1816 (lost)
1820 		Incumbent re-elected.
Massachusetts 12 John Quincy Adams Whig 1830 Incumbent re-elected.

Michigan

See also: List of United States representatives from Michigan
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Michigan at-large Isaac E. Crary Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected.

Mississippi

Main article: 1839 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi
See also: 1837 Mississippi's at-large congressional district special election, 1838 Mississippi's at-large congressional district special election, and List of United States representatives from Mississippi

A special election was held in Mississippi on July 17–18, 1837. Its winners were Democrats John F. H. Claiborne and Samuel J. Gholson. The first session of the 25th Congress was a special session beginning on September 4, 1837, extending to October 16. In November, Mississippi held the regular election. Seargent Smith Prentiss, a Vicksburg lawyer and Whig, unexpectedly launched a vigorous, partisan campaign. He and fellow Whig Thomas J. Word won in an upset. Claiborne and Gholson then argued that the July result entitled them to serve full terms. With the Whig Party newly organizing, the closely divided House, in which Anti-Masons, Nullifiers, and the Independent tended to align more with Whigs and to oppose Democrats, agreed to hear Prentiss. He spoke for nine hours over three days, packing the gallery, drawing Senators, and earning a national reputation for oratory and public admiration from leading Whigs including Senators Clay and Webster. The Elections Committee then required a third election. Scheduled for April 1838, it confirmed the November result. Both Whigs were seated in May late in the second session, also serving for the third session.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Mississippi at-large
(2 seats) 		Seargent S. Prentiss Whig 1837 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Thomas J. Word Whig 1837 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.

Missouri

See also: List of United States representatives from Missouri

New Hampshire

See also: List of United States representatives from New Hampshire

New Jersey

See also: List of United States representatives from New Jersey and Broad Seal War

New York

See also: List of United States representatives from New York
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
New York 1 Thomas B. Jackson Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 2 James De La Montanya Democratic 1836 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
New York 3
Plural district with 4 seats 		Ogden Hoffman Whig 1836 Incumbent re-elected.

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John McKeon Democratic 1834 Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.
Ely Moore Democratic 1834 Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.
Gideon Lee Democratic 1835 Incumbent retired.
Whig Gain.
New York 4 Gouverneur Kemble Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
New York 5 Obadiah Titus Democratic 1836 Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.

North Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from North Carolina

Ohio

See also: List of United States representatives from Ohio

Pennsylvania

Main article: 1838 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States representatives from Pennsylvania, 1838 Pennsylvania's 9th congressional district special election, and 1839 Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district special election
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[i][34]
Pennsylvania 1 Lemuel Paynter Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 2
Plural district with 2 seats 		John Sergeant Whig 1816
1836 		Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y George W. Toland (Whig) 69.4%
  • ▌ Y John Sergeant (Whig) 69.2%
  • ▌Joseph R. Evans (Democratic) 30.7%
  • ▌Samuel Brasnears (Democratic) 30.7%
George W. Toland Whig 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 3 Charles Naylor Whig 1837 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 4
Plural district with 3 seats 		Edward Davies Anti-Masonic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Edward Darlington Anti-Masonic 1832 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic hold.
David Potts Jr. Anti-Masonic 1830 Incumbent retired.
Anti-Masonic hold.
Pennsylvania 5 Jacob Fry Jr. Democratic 1834 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Pennsylvania 6 Mathias Morris Whig 1834 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Pennsylvania 7 David D. Wagener Democratic 1832 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 8 Edward B. Hubley Democratic 1834 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌ Y Peter Newhard (Democratic) 54.5%
  • ▌Walter C. Livingston (Whig) 45.5%
Pennsylvania 9 George Keim Democratic 1838 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y George Keim (Democratic) 69.3%
  • ▌Daniel M. Bieber (Whig) 30.7%
Pennsylvania 10 Luther Reily Democratic 1836 Incumbent retired.
Whig gain.
Pennsylvania 11 Henry Logan Democratic 1834 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Pennsylvania 12 Daniel Sheffer Democratic 1836 Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.
Pennsylvania 13 Charles McClure Democratic 1836 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Pennsylvania 14 William W. Potter Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 15 David Petrikin Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 16 Robert H. Hammond Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 17 Samuel W. Morris Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 18 Charles Ogle Anti-Masonic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
Pennsylvania 19 John Klingensmith Jr. Democratic 1832 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Pennsylvania 20 Andrew Buchanan Democratic 1832 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
  • ▌ Y Enos Hook (Democratic) 62.4%
  • ▌Fideleo Hughes (Whig) 37.6%
Pennsylvania 21 Thomas M. T. McKennan Anti-Masonic 1830 Incumbent retired.
Democratic gain.
Pennsylvania 22 Richard Biddle Anti-Masonic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Richard Biddle (Anti-Masonic) 58.1%
  • ▌James Power (Democratic) 41.9%
Pennsylvania 23 William Beatty Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y William Beatty (Democratic) 61.5%
  • ▌George W. Smith (Whig) 38.5%
Pennsylvania 24 Thomas Henry Anti-Masonic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Thomas Henry (Anti-Masonic) 54.7%
  • ▌James D. White (Democratic) 45.3%
Pennsylvania 25 Arnold Plumer Democratic 1836 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.

In the 3rd district, Charles Naylor's election was unsuccessfully contested by Charles J. Ingersoll.[35]

There were three special elections in Pennsylvania during the 26th Congress.[36] The first was in the 14th district caused by the death of William W. Potter (Democratic) on October 28, 1839. This vacancy was filled by George McCulloch (Democratic). The second was in the 22nd district caused by the resignation of Richard Biddle. This vacancy was filled by Henry M. Brackenridge (Whig). The third was in the 13th district caused by the death of William S. Ramsey (Democratic) on October 17, 1840. Ramsey had also been re-elected to the 27th Congress and so an additional special election was held the following May to fill the vacancy in the 27th Congress.

Rhode Island

See also: List of United States representatives from Rhode Island

South Carolina

See also: List of United States representatives from South Carolina

Tennessee

See also: List of United States representatives from Tennessee

Elections held late, on August 1, 1839.

District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates
Tennessee 1 William B. Carter Whig 1835 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 2 Abraham McClellan Democratic 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 3 Joseph L. Williams Whig 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 4 William Stone Whig 1837 (special) Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 5 Hopkins L. Turney Democratic 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 6 William B. Campbell Whig 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 7 John Bell Whig 1827 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y John Bell (Whig) 59.38%
  • ▌Robert M. Burton (Democratic) 40.63%[43]
Tennessee 8 Abram P. Maury Whig 1835 Incumbent retired.
Whig hold.
Tennessee 9 James K. Polk Democratic 1825 Incumbent retired to run for Governor.
Democratic hold.
Tennessee 10 Ebenezer J. Shields Whig 1835 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 11 Richard Cheatham Whig 1837 Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
Tennessee 12 John W. Crockett Whig 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Tennessee 13 Christopher H. Williams Whig 1837 Incumbent re-elected.

Vermont

See also: List of United States representatives from Vermont
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[50]
Vermont 1 Hiland Hall Whig 1833 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 2 William Slade Whig 1831 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 3 Horace Everett Whig 1828 Incumbent re-elected.
Vermont 4 Heman Allen Whig 1832 (late) Incumbent lost re-election.
Democratic gain.
First ballot
Second ballot
Vermont 5 Isaac Fletcher Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected.

Virginia

See also: List of United States representatives from Virginia
District Incumbent This race
Member Party First elected Results Candidates[51]
Virginia 1 Joel Holleman Democratic 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 2 Francis E. Rives Democratic 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 3 John Winston Jones Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 4 George Dromgoole Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 5 James Bouldin Democratic 1834 (special) Incumbent retired.
Whig gain.
  • ▌ Y John Hill (Whig) 54.1%
  • ▌Daniel A. Wilson (Democratic) 45.9%
Virginia 6 Walter Coles Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 7 Archibald Stuart Democratic 1837 Incumbent lost re-election.
Whig gain.
Virginia 8 Henry A. Wise Whig 1833 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Henry A. Wise (Whig) 79.6%
  • ▌William C. Jones (Democratic) 20.4%
Virginia 9 Robert M. T. Hunter Whig 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 10 John Taliaferro Whig 1835 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y John Taliaferro (Whig) 51.4%
  • ▌Robert O. Grayson (Democratic) 48.6%
Virginia 11 John Robertson Whig 1834 (special) Incumbent retired.
Whig hold.
  • ▌ Y John Botts (Whig) 53.8%
  • ▌William Selden (Democratic) 46.2%
Virginia 12 James Garland Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected as a Conservative.
Conservative gain.
Virginia 13 Linn Banks Democratic 1838 (special) Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 14 Charles F. Mercer Whig 1817 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 15 James M. Mason Democratic 1837 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Virginia 16 Isaac S. Pennybacker Democratic 1837 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.
Virginia 17 Robert Craig Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected.
Virginia 18 George W. Hopkins Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected as a Conservative.
Conservative gain.
Virginia 19 Andrew Beirne Democratic 1837 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Andrew Beirne (Democratic) 61.5%
  • ▌Pierre B. Withered (Whig) 38.5%
Virginia 20 Joseph Johnson Democratic 1835 Incumbent re-elected.
  • ▌ Y Joseph Johnson (Democratic) 46.6%
  • ▌George D. Camden (Whig) 38.7%
  • ▌Wilson K. Shinn (Democratic) 14.8%
Virginia 21 William S. Morgan Democratic 1835 Incumbent retired.
Democratic hold.

Wisconsin Territory

See Non-voting delegates, below.

Non-voting delegates

See also: Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives

25th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Iowa Territory at-large New district New seat.
New delegate elected September 10, 1848.
Democratic gain.
Others

26th Congress

District Incumbent This race
Delegate Party First elected Results Candidates
Florida Territory at-large Charles Downing Democratic 1836 Incumbent re-elected on an unknown date.
Iowa Territory at-large William W. Chapman Democratic 1838 Incumbent lost re-election.
New delegate elected August 5, 1839, but election was invalidated due to a misdrafting of the a territorial statute, and Congress extended the term of the incumbent delegate to 1840.[53]
Wisconsin Territory at-large George Wallace Jones Democratic 1836 Incumbent lost re-election.
New delegate elected in September 1838.
Democratic hold.
Incumbent claimed that prior 1836 election had entitled him to serve until March 1839, but the house disagreed and seated the winner January 14, 1839.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Anti-Masons won 6 elections and Conservatives won 2.
  2. ^ Nullifiers
  3. ^ Includes two plural districts, one with three members
  4. ^ Anti-Masons
  5. ^ Includes five plural districts, one with four members
  6. ^ Conservatives
  7. ^ Independent joined Whigs
  8. ^ Includes 1 plural district
  9. ^ For plural districts, percent is based on assumption that each voter cast as many votes as there are seats

References

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  2. ^ "26th Congress (1839–1841)". Congress Profiles. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
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  46. ^ "TN - District 10". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  47. ^ "TN - District 11". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  48. ^ "TN - District 12". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  49. ^ "TN - District 13". Our Campaigns. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
  50. ^ "VT Elections Database » Vermont Election Results and Statistics". VT Elections Database. Retrieved August 29, 2024.
  51. ^ "Virginia Elections Database » Virginia Election Results and Statistics". Virginia Elections Database. Retrieved August 31, 2024.
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  53. ^ a b Pelzer, Louis (1907). Shambaugh, Benjamin F. (ed.). "The Election of Francis Gehon in 1839". Iowa Journal of History and Politics. Vol. 4, no. 4. Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa. p. 539. hdl:2027/uc1.31210003483169. Retrieved December 18, 2020.

Bibliography

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