- United States Marine Corps
-
United States Marine Corps
United States Marine Corps portalActive 10 November 1775 – present Country United States of America
Type Marine infantry Role expeditionary warfare Size 149,339 active (as of June 2011[update])[1]
40,000 reserve (as of 2010[update])[2]Part of Headquarters The Pentagon Nickname The Few, The Proud Motto Colors Gold[3] March "Semper Fidelis" Play (help·info)
Mascot [4][5] Engagements American Revolutionary War
Quasi-War
War of 1812
Seminole Wars
Mexican–American War
American Civil War
Spanish–American War
Boxer Rebellion
Banana Wars
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Somali Civil War
Kosovo War
War in Afghanistan
Iraq War
2011 Libyan civil warDecorations
Presidential Unit Citation
Croix de Guerre
Philippine Presidential Unit Citation
CommandersSECNAV Hon. Commandant GEN James F. Amos Assistant Commandant GEN Joseph F. Dunford, Jr. SMMC Micheal P. Barrett Insignia Eagle, Globe, and Anchor The United States Marine Corps (USMC) is a branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for providing power projection from the sea,[6] using the mobility of the United States Navy to deliver combined-arms task forces rapidly. It is one of seven United States Department of the Navy,[7][8] often working closely with U.S. naval forces for training, transportation, and logistic purposes; however, in the military leadership structure the Marine Corps is a separate branch.[9]
Captain Continental Marines on 10 November 1775 in Philadelphia as naval infantry.[10] Since then, the mission of the Marine Corps has evolved with changing military doctrine and American foreign policy. The Marine Corps has served in Pacific campaign of World War II.[11] By the mid-20th century, the Marine Corps had become the dominant theorist and practitioner of amphibious warfare.[12][13][14] Its ability to expeditionary crises gives it a strong role in the implementation and execution of American foreign policy.[15]
The United States Marine Corps includes just under 203,000 active duty Marines (as of October 2010[update]) and just under 40,000 reserve Marines (as of 2010[update]).[2] It is the smallest of the United States' armed forces in the Department of Defense (the United States Coast Guard is smaller, about one-fifth the size of the Marine Corps, but is normally under the Department of Homeland Security). The Marine Corps is nonetheless larger than the armed forces of many significant military powers; for example, it is larger than the active duty Israel Defense Forces and the active duty British Army.[16][17]
The Marine Corps accounts for around six percent of the [18] that is, the Marines cover the entire Three Block War. However, these Navy's amphibious warfare ships and the long range air transport of the USAF.[19] However given expected defense budget cuts, the Marines may be the service best positioned for "fielding cheap options for an uncertain world."[20] The Marine Corps budget is comparably well handled with a tiny fraction of the Anti-Deficiency Act violations of any of the other three major branches.[21]
Contents
Mission
The United States Marine Corps serves as an expeditionary force-in-readiness. As outlined in 10 U.S.C. § 5063 and as originally introduced under the National Security Act of 1947, it has three primary areas of responsibility:
- The seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and other land operations to support amphibious landing forces in coordination with the Army and Air Force; and
- Such other duties as the President may direct.
This last clause, while seemingly redundant given the President's position as expeditionary duties of the Marine Corps. It derives from similar language in the Congressional acts "For the Better Organization of the Marine Corps" of 1834, and "Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps" of 1798. In 1951, the House of Representatives' War of 1812, counter-insurgency and occupational duties (such as those in Central America), World War I, and the Korean War. While these actions are not accurately described as support of naval campaigns nor as amphibious warfare, their common thread is that they are of an expeditionary nature, using the mobility of the Navy to provide timely intervention in foreign affairs on behalf of American interests.[22]
In addition to its primary duties, the Marine Corps has missions in direct support of the White House and the State Department. The Thomas Jefferson, provides music for state functions at the White House.[23] Marines guard presidential retreats, including Camp David, and the Marines of the Executive Flight Detachment of Vice President, using the call signs "[24] By authority of the 1946 Foreign Service Act, the Marine Security Guards of the Marine Embassy Security Command provide security for American embassies, consulates at more than 140 posts worldwide.[25]
Historical mission
The Marine Corps was founded to serve as an infantry unit aboard naval vessels and was responsible for the security of the ship and its crew by conducting offensive and defensive combat during boarding actions and defending the ship's officers from mutiny; to the latter end, their quarters on ship were often strategically positioned between the officers' quarters and the rest of the vessel. Continental Marines manned raiding parties, both at sea and ashore. America's first amphibious assault landing occurred early in the Revolutionary War on 3 March 1776 as the Marines gained control of Fort Montague and Fort Nassau, a British ammunition depot and naval port in the Bahamas. The role of the Marine Corps has expanded significantly since then; as the importance of its original naval mission declined with changing naval warfare doctrine and the professionalization of the naval service, the corps adapted by focusing on what was former secondary missions ashore. The Advanced Base Doctrine of the early 20th century codified their combat duties ashore, outlining the use of Marines in the seizure of bases and other duties on land to support naval campaigns.
Throughout the late 19th and 20th centuries, Marine detachments served aboard Navy cruisers, battleships and carriers. Marine detachments (generally one platoon per cruiser, a company for battleships or carriers) served their traditional duties as ship's landing force, manning the ship's weapons and providing shipboard security. Marine detachments were augmented by members of the ship's company for landing parties, especially in the Caribbean and Mexican campaigns of the early 20th centuries. Marines would develop tactics and techniques of amphibious assault on defended coastlines in time for use in World War II.[26] During World War II, Marines continued to serve on capital ships. They often were assigned to man anti-aircraft batteries. When gun cruisers were retired by the 1960s, the remaining Marine detachments were only seen on battleships and carriers. Its original mission of providing shipboard security finally ended in the 1990s when nuclear weapons were withdrawn from active deployment and the battleships were retired.
Capabilities
The Marine Corps fulfills a vital role in national security as an expeditionary, air-ground combined arms task force, capable of asymmetric warfare with conventional, irregular, and hybrid forces.
While the Marine Corps does not employ any unique combat arms, as a force it has the unique ability to rapidly deploy a combined-arms task force to almost anywhere in the world within days. The basic structure for all deployed units is a Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) that integrates a ground combat element, an aviation combat element and a logistics combat element under a common command element. While the creation of joint commands under the Goldwater–Nichols Act has improved inter-service coordination between each branch, the Corps' ability to permanently maintain integrated multi-element task forces under a single command provides a smoother implementation of combined-arms warfare principles.[11]
The close integration of disparate Marine units stems from an organizational culture centered around the infantry. Every other Marine capability exists to support the infantry. Unlike some Western militaries, the Corps remained conservative against theories proclaiming the ability of new weapons to win wars independently. For example, Marine aviation has always been focused on strategic bombing can single-handedly win wars.[26]
Bravo Battery, 1st Battalion, 11th Marines, a.k.a. the Beastmasters fight off Iraqi unit on March 26, 2003This focus on the infantry is matched with the doctrine that "Every Marine is a rifleman", a focus of Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., emphasizing the infantry combat abilities of every Marine. All Marines, regardless of military specialization, receive training as a rifleman; and all officers receive additional training as infantry platoon commanders.[27] For example, at [28] As a result, a large degree of initiative and autonomy is expected of junior Marines, particularly the corporals and [29] The amphibious assault techniques developed for World War II evolved, with the addition of maneuver warfare doctrine, into the current "Operational Maneuver from the Sea" doctrine of power projection from the seas.[6] The Marines are credited with the development of helicopter insertion doctrine and were the earliest in the American military to widely adopt maneuver-warfare principles which emphasize low-level initiative and flexible execution. In light of recent warfare that has strayed from the Corps' traditional missions,[30] it has renewed an emphasis on amphibious capabilities.[31]
The Marine Corps relies on the Navy for sealift to provide its rapid deployment capabilities. In addition to basing a third of the Fleet Marine Force in Japan, United States Army now maintains [11] For this reason, the Marine Corps is often assigned to non-combat missions such as the evacuation of Americans from unstable countries and providing World War I and the Korean War, where Marines were the first significant combat units deployed from the United States and held the line until the country could mobilize for war.[32] To aid rapid deployment, the container ships are positioned throughout the world with enough equipment and supplies for a Marine Expeditionary Force to deploy for 30 days.
Doctrine
Two small manuals published during the 1930s would establish USMC doctrine in two areas. The Small Wars Manual laid the framework for Marine Operational Maneuver from the Sea" is the current doctrine of power projection.[6]
As an expeditionary force, the USMC is planning to reduce its logistical requirements and by 2025 eliminate all liquid fuel use other than for highly efficient vehicles.[33]
History
Origins
The United States Marine Corps traces its institutional roots to the American Revolutionary War, formed by Captain Second Continental Congress on 10 November 1775, to raise 2 birthday". At the end of the American Revolution, both the Quasi-War with France, Congress created the United States Marine Corps.[34] Marines had been enlisted by the War Department as early as August 1797[35] for service in the new-build frigates authorized by the Congressional "Act to provide a Naval Armament" of March 18, 1794,[36] which specified the numbers of Marines to be recruited for each frigate.
The Marines' most famous action of this period occurred during the Barbary pirates,[37] when William Eaton and First Lieutenant mercenaries in an effort to capture Tripoli. Though they only reached Marines' hymn and the [38]
During the War of 1812, Marine naval detachments took part in the great frigate duels that characterized the war, which were the first American victories in the conflict. Their most significant contributions were delaying the British march to Washington, D.C. at the Andrew Jackson's defensive line at the marksmen, especially in ship-to-ship actions.[38]
After the war, the Marine Corps fell into a depression that ended with the appointment of Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, Key West, West Africa, the Falkland Islands, and Sumatra. Commandant Henderson is credited with thwarting President Jackson's attempts to combine and integrate the Marine Corps with the Army.[38] Instead, Congress passed the Act for the Better Organization of the Marine Corps in 1834, stipulating that the Corps was part of the [39] This would be the first of many times that the existence of the Corps was challenged.
James Walker, Seminole Wars of 1835, personally leading nearly half of the entire Corps (two battalions) to war. A decade later, in the Mexican–American War (1846–1848), the Marines made their famed Panama and Asia, escorting Matthew Perry's East India Squadron on its historic trip to the Far East.[40]With their vast service in foreign engagements, the Marine Corps played a moderate role in the Civil War (1861–1865); their most prominent task was seceded from the Confederacy and form the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) performed poorly, retreating with the rest of the Union forces.[32] Blockade duty included sea-based amphibious operations to secure forward bases. In late November, 1861, Marines and sailors landed a reconnaissance in force from the USS Flag at Tybee Island, Georgia, to occupy the Lighthouse and Martello Tower on the northern end of the island. It would later be the Army base for bombardment of Fort Pulaski.[41]
Five Marines with fixed bayonets, and their NCO with his sword at the Interim: Civil War to World War IThe remainder of the 19th century was marked by declining strength and introspection about the mission of the Marine Corps. The Navy's transition from sail to [42] Under Commandant Marine Corps emblem on 19 November 1868. It was during this time that "Always Faithful).[38]
John Philip Sousa, the musician and composer, enlisted as a Marine apprentice at the age of 13, serving from 1867 until 1872, and again from 1880 to 1892 as the leader of the Spanish–American War (1898), Marines led American forces ashore in the Philippines, Cuba, and Puerto Rico, demonstrating their readiness for deployment. At Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, the Marines seized an advanced naval base that remains in use today. Between 1899 and 1916, the Corps continued its record of vigorous participation in foreign expeditions, including the Boxer Rebellion in China (1899–1901), Panama, the Cuban Pacifications, the Perdicaris Incident in Morocco, Veracruz, Santo Domingo, and the Banana Wars in Nicaragua; the experiences gained in Small Wars Manual.[43]
World War I
Georges Scott, World War I veteran Marines served a central role in the late American entry into the conflict. Unlike the Army, the Marine Corps had a deep pool of officers and NCOs with battle experience, and experienced a smaller expansion. Here, the Marines fought their famed battle at stormtrooper quality. Though Marines and American media reported that Germans had nicknamed them Teufel Hunden as meaning "Devil Dogs", there is no evidence of this in German records (as Teufelshunde would be the proper German phrase), nevertheless, the name stuck.[44] The Corps had entered the war with 511 officers and 13,214 enlisted personnel, and by 11 November 1918 had reached a strength of 2,400 officers and 70,000 men.[45]Between the World Wars, the Marine Corps was headed by Commandant Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis, foresaw a war in the Pacific with [46]
World War II
In World War II, the Marines played a central role in the Bougainville, Guam, Saipan, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa saw fierce fighting between Marines and the Philip Johnston proposed the use of Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet.
During the battle of Iwo Jima, photographer Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima of five Marines and one Navy Corpsman raising the American flag on Secretary of the Navy divisions, five defense battalions and a parachute battalion were set raised.[47] Nearly 87,000 Marines were casualties during World War II (including nearly 20,000 killed), and 82 were awarded the [48]
Despite Secretary Forrestal's prediction, the Corps faced an immediate institutional crisis following the war due to the low budget. Army generals pushing for a strengthened and reorganized defense establishment attempted to fold the Marine mission and assets into the Navy and Army. Drawing on hastily assembled Congressional support, the Marine Corps rebuffed such efforts to dismantle the Corps, resulting in statutory protection of the Marine Corps in the National Security Act of 1947.[49] Shortly afterward, in 1952 the Douglas-Mansfield Bill afforded the Commandant an equal voice with the three active divisions and Korean War
The Korean War (1950–1953) saw the hastily formed Provisional Marine Brigade holding the defensive line at the Pusan Perimeter. To execute a flanking maneuver, General Douglas MacArthur called on Marine air and ground forces to make an amphibious landing at Inchon. The successful landing resulted in the collapse of North Korean lines and the pursuit of North Korean forces north near the Yalu River until the entrance of the People's Republic of China into the war. Chinese troops surrounded, surprised and overwhelmed the overextended and outnumbered American forces. X Corps, which included the Battle of Chosin Reservoir. The fighting calmed after the Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, but late in March of 1953 the relative quiet of the war was broken when the Chinese Army launched a massive offensive on three outposts manned by the 5th Marine Regiment. These outposts were codenamed "Reno", "Vegas", and "Carson". The campaign was collectively known as the Nevada Cities Campaign. There was brutal fighting on Reno hill, which was eventually captured by the Chinese. Although Reno was lost, the 5th Marines held both Vegas and Carson through the rest of the campaign. In this one campaign, the marines suffered approximately 1,000 casualties, while the Chinese suffered at least twice as many. Marines would continue a battle of attrition around the [50] The Korean War saw the Corps expand from 75,000 regulars to a force of 261,000 Marines, mostly reservists. 30,544 Marines were killed or wounded during the war and 42 were awarded the Medal of Honor.[51]
Vietnam War
The Marine Corps served an important role in the Vietnam War taking part in such battles as Hue City, Con Thien and South Vietnam. While there, they were constantly engaged in a guerrilla war against the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) and an intermittent conventional war against the North Vietnamese Army (NVA). Portions of the Corps were responsible for the less-known Combined Action Program (CAP) that implemented unconventional techniques for Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps. Marines were withdrawn in 1971, and returned briefly in 1975 to evacuate Saigon and attempt a rescue of the crew of the [52]
Vietnam was the longest war for Marines; by its end, 13,091[53][54] had been killed in action, 51,392 had been wounded, and 57 Medals of Honor had been awarded.[55][56] Due to policies concerning rotation, more Marines were deployed for service during Vietnam than World War II.[57]
While recovering from Vietnam, the Corps hit a detrimental low point in its service history caused by courts-martial and non-judicial punishments related partially to increased [11]
Interim: Vietnam to the War on Terror
After Vietnam, the Marines resumed their expeditionary role, participating in the 1980 Iran hostage rescue attempt invasion of Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and the Beirut, Lebanon, was Joint Task Force Sharp Edge save thousands of lives by evacuating British, French and American nationals from the violence of the Persian Gulf War (1990–1991), Marine task forces formed the initial core for Operation Desert Shield, while United States and Coalition troops mobilized, and later liberated Kuwait in Operation Desert Storm.[38] Marines participated in combat operations in Somalia (1992–1995) during Operations Restore Hope, Restore Hope II, and [58]
Global War on Terrorism
Following the attacks on 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush announced the War on Terrorism. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is "the defeat of Al-Qaeda, other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists."[59] Since then, the Marine Corps, alongside other military and federal agencies, has engaged in global operations around the world in support of that mission.
In spring 2009, President Robert Gates in a series of budget cuts which did not result in significant changes in the Corps' budget and programs, cutting only the VH-71 Kestrel and resetting the VXX program.[60][61][62] However, the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform singled the Corps out for the brunt of a series of recommended cuts in late 2010.[63]
Operation Enduring Freedom
Marines and other American forces began staging in Pakistan and Uzbekistan on the border of Afghanistan as early as October 2001 in preparation for Operation Enduring Freedom.[64] The 15th and 26th Marine Expeditionary Units were the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001, and in December, the Marines seized Kandahar International Airport.[65] Since then, Marine battalions and squadrons have been rotating through, engaging Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Marines of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit flooded into the Taliban-held town of Garmsir on April 29, 2008, in [66] In June 2009, 7,000 Marines with the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in an effort to improve security,[67] and began Operation Strike of the Sword the next month.
In 2002, Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa was stood up at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti to provide regional security.[68] Despite transferring overall command to the Navy in 2006, the Marines continued to operate in the Horn of Africa into 2007.[69]
Operation Iraqi Freedom
Most recently, the Marines have served prominently in the Iraq War. The 3rd Infantry Division, spearheaded the [70] The Marines left Iraq in the summer of 2003, but returned for occupation duty in the beginning of 2004. They were given responsibility for the Baghdad. During this occupation, the Marines spearheaded both assaults on the city of Operation Vigilant Resolve) and November 2004 (Ramadi, Hīt.[71] Their time in Iraq has courted controversy with the Haditha killings and the Hamdania incident.[64][72] The Anbar Awakening and 2007 surge reduced levels of violence. On March 1, 2009, President Obama announced an accelerated withdrawal at Camp Lejeune, promising all troops out by August 2010.[73] The Marine Corps officially ended its role in Iraq on January 23, 2010 when they handed over responsibility for Al Anbar Province to the United States Army.[73][74]
Organization
The Secretary of the Navy, is the Federal Government Agency which both the Marine Corps and the Navy are organized within. The most senior Marine officer is the Commandant of the Marine Corps, responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Marine Corps so that its forces are ready for deployment under the operational command of the Combatant Commanders. The Marine Corps is organized into four principal subdivisions: Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC), the Operating Forces, the Supporting Establishment, and the Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES or USMCR).
The Operating Forces are further subdivided into three categories: Marine Corps Forces (MARFOR) assigned to unified commands, Marine Corps Security Forces guarding high-risk naval installations, and Marine Corps Security Guard detachments at American embassies. Under the "Forces for Unified Commands" memo, in accordance with the Unified Command Plan approved by the President, Marine Corps Forces are assigned to each of the Combatant Commands at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense. Since 1991, the Marine Corps has maintained component headquarters at each of the regional unified combatant commands.[75] Marine Corps Forces are further divided into Marine Forces Command (MARFORCOM) and Marine Forces Pacific (MARFORPAC), each headed by a Lieutenant General. MARFORCOM has operational control of the II Marine Expeditionary Force; MARFORPAC has operational control of the III Marine Expeditionary Force.[32]
The Supporting Establishment includes Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC), Marine Corps Recruit Depots, Marine Corps Logistics Command, air stations, Recruiting Command, and the Relationship with other services
In general, the Marine Corps shares many resources with the other branches of the United States military. However, the Corps has consistently sought to maintain its own identity with regards to mission, funding, and assets, while utilizing the support available from the larger branches. While the Marine Corps has far fewer Army posts, Air Force bases have a Marine presence.
United States Army
A soldier from the 1st Infantry Regiment provides security for a joint Army-Marine patrol in Rawa in 2006; note the logo of the shoulder sleeve insignia.The Marine Corps combat capabilities in some ways overlap those of the United States Army, the latter having historically viewed the Corps as encroaching on the Army's capabilities and competing for funding, missions, and renown. The attitude dates back to the founding of the George Washington refused to allow the initial Marine battalions to be drawn from among his Dwight D. Eisenhower and [49] With most of the 2000s spent in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, Secretary of Defense [30]
Doctrinally, Marine Corps' focus is on being expeditionary and independent, and places emphasis on amphibious mobility and combined arms; these make it a much lighter force than many units of the Army. A larger percentage of the Marine Corps' personnel and assets are in the combat arms (infantry, artillery, close air support) than the Army. However, the Army maintains much larger and diverse combat arms (infantry, armor, artillery, special operations), ground transport, logistics, while the Marines have a more diverse aviation arm (which constitutes a larger percentage of forces), and is usually organic to the MAGTF. Marines operate as expeditionary units and are completely 75th Ranger Regiment, born in World War II, enjoys high prestige to this day. While the Army has a longer tradition of special operations forces, Marines joined the MCSOCOM Detachment One in 2003.[76]
The Marines often leverage the Army's acquisition of ground equipment (as well as benefiting from Army research and development resources), training resources, and other support concepts. The majority of vehicles and weapons are shared with, modified, or inherited from Army programs.
Culturally, Marines and soldiers share most of the common U.S. military slang and terminology, but the Corps utilizes a large number of unique vernacular. Many Marines regard their culture to have a deeper warrior tradition, with the ethos that every Marine is a rifleman and emphasis on cross-training and combat readiness despite actual job, be it infantry or otherwise. One source states Marines tend to decentralize and push leadership to lower levels, while fostering initiative to a greater degree.[77]
well deck of United States Navy. As a result, the Navy and Marine Corps have a close relationship, more so than with other branches of the military. Whitepapers and promotional literature have commonly used the phrase "Navy-Marine Corps Team",[78][79] or refer to "the Naval Service". Both the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) and Commandant of the Marine Corps report directly to the Secretary of the Navy.Cooperation between the two services really begins with the training and instruction of Marines. The Corps receives a significant portion of its officers from the United States Naval Academy and drill instructors contribute to training of officers in the Navy's Officer Candidate School. Marine aviators are trained in the Naval Aviation training pipeline and are winged as Naval Aviators.
Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight, for example, the Maritime Prepositioning ships and aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Marines do not recruit or train noncombatants such as Hospital Corpsmen and Religious Programs Specialists, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval and air bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction.
Marines and Sailors share many naval traditions, especially terminology and customs. Marine Corps [26] and with few exceptions, the awards and badges of the Navy and Marine Corps are identical. Much of testing for new Marine Corps aircraft is done at NAS Patuxent River. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team is staffed by both Navy and Marine officers and enlisted men, and includes a Marine C-130 Hercules aircraft.[26]
In 2007, the Marine Corps joined with the Navy and Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war.[80] This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, man-made or natural, from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States.
The Marines have reduced the requirement for large amphibious ships from 42 to a bare minimum of 33 ships; the fleet currently stands at 29 ships and is likely to shrink in the future.[81]
United States Air Force
Marines unload CH-46 helicopters from an Air Force aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, some support is drawn from the United States Air Force. The Marine Corps makes extensive use of the airlift Marines and equipment.The Air Force traditionally provides the Joint Force Air Component Commander who controls "sorties for air defense, and long range interdiction and reconnaissance" while the MAGTF commander retains control of the Marines' organic aviation assets.[82][83]
The Marines provide some ground training for Air Force ground personnel, but most is handled by the Army.[84]
Air-ground task forces
Today, the basic framework for deployable Marine units is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), a flexible structure of varying size. A MAGTF integrates a ground combat element (GCE), an aviation combat element (ACE), and a logistics combat element (LCE)[85] under a common command element (CE), capable of operating independently or as part of a larger coalition. The MAGTF structure reflects a strong tradition in the Corps towards self-sufficiency and a commitment to combined arms, both essential assets to an expeditionary force often called upon to act independently in discrete, time-sensitive situations. The history of the Marine Corps as well has led to a wariness of overreliance on its sister services, and towards joint operations in general.[11]
A MAGTF varies in size from the smallest, a battalion and a composite squadron, up to the largest, a Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF), which ties together a Air Wing, and a Logistics Group under a MEF Headquarters Group. The seven MEUs constantly rotate between themselves and their attached components to maintain a high state of readiness. Each MEU is rated as capable of performing [86] The three MEFs contain the vast majority of active duty deployable forces.
Special warfare
See also: United States Marine Corps Special Operations Capable ForcesAlthough the notion of a Marine special forces contribution to the Paul X. Kelley expressed the popular belief that Marines should support Marines, and that the Corps should not fund a special warfare capability that would not support Marine operations.[87] However, much of the resistance from within the Corps dissipated when Marine leaders watched the Corps' 15th and 26th MEU(SOC)s "sit on the sidelines" during the very early stages of Operation Enduring Freedom while other special operations units actively engaged in operations in Afghanistan.[76] After a three-year development period, the Corps agreed in 2006 to supply a 2,500-strong unit, Marine Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC), which would answer directly to USSOCOM.[88]
Personnel
See also: List of notable United States Marines and List of historically notable United States MarinesLeadership
Micheal P. Barrett,
Commandant of the Marine Corps is the highest-ranking officer of the Marine Corps; though he may not be the senior officer by time in grade and/or U.S. Code Title 10 responsibility to man, train, and equip the Marine Corps. He does not serve as a direct battlefield commander. The Commandant is a member of the Secretary of the Navy.[89]The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps acts as a deputy to the Commandant. The Headquarters Marine Corps comprises the rest of the Commandant's counsel and James F. Amos, who assumed the position on 22 October 2010 and vacated the office of Assistant Commandant.[90] The 32nd and current Assistant Commandant is Joseph F. Dunford, Jr.,[91][92][93] while the 17th and current Sergeant Major is Micheal P. Barrett. Other Marine generals may be senior to the Commandant or Assistant Commandant in terms of time in grade and/or billet.
Rank structure
As in the rest of the United States military, Marine Corps commissioned officer, warrant officer, and enlisted, in decreasing order of authority (excluding the Air Force, which does not currently appoint warrant officers). To standardize compensation, each rank is assigned a pay grade.[94]
Commissioned officers
Commissioned officers are distinguished from other officers by their President of the United States, that confers the rank and authority of a Marine officer. Commissioned officers carry the "special trust and confidence" of the President of the United States.[22]
U.S. DoD Pay Grade O-1 O-2 O-3 O-4 O-5 O-6 O-7 O-8 O-9 O-10 Insignia Title Second Lieutenant First Lieutenant Captain Major Lieutenant Colonel Colonel Brigadier General Major General Lieutenant General General Abbreviation 2ndLt 1stLt Capt Maj LtCol Col BGen MajGen LtGen Gen NATO Code OF-1 OF-2 OF-3 OF-4 OF-5 OF-6 OF-7 OF-8 OF-9 Warrant officers
Warrant officers are primarily former enlisted experts in a specific specialized field and provide leadership generally only within that speciality.
Enlisted
Enlisted Marines in the pay grades E-1 to E-3 make up the bulk of the Corps' ranks, usually referred to simply as "Marines". Although they do not technically hold leadership ranks, the Corps' ethos stresses leadership among all Marines, and junior Marines are often assigned responsibility normally reserved for superiors. Those in the pay grades of E-4 and E-5 are Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is a unique rank and billet conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the Commandant.
Different forms of address can be found at United States Marine Corps rank insignia and List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions.
Military Occupational Specialty
The Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) is a system of job classification. Using a four digit code, it designates what field and specific occupation a Marine performs. Segregated between officer and enlisted, the MOS determines the staffing of a unit. Some MOSs change with rank to reflect supervisory positions, others are secondary and represent a temporary assignment outside of a Marine's normal duties or special skill.
A Warrant Officer observes recruits firing on a Initial trainingMain articles: United States Marine Corps Recruit Training and Officer Candidates School (United States Marine Corps)Every year, over 2,000 new Marine officers are commissioned, and 38,000 recruits accepted and trained.[32] All new Marines, enlisted or officer, are recruited by the Marine Corps Recruiting Command.[95]
Commissioned officers are commissioned mainly through one of three sources: Officer Candidates School (OCS), or the United States Naval Academy (USNA). Following commissioning, all Marine commissioned officers, regardless of accession route or further training requirements, attend Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. At TBS, second lieutenants, warrant officers, and selected foreign officers learn the art of infantry and combined arms warfare.[22]
Enlisted Marines attend recruit training, known as boot camp, at either Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island. Historically, the Mississippi River served as the dividing line which delineated who would be trained where, while more recently, a district system has ensured a more even distribution of male recruits between the two MCRD facilities. Females attend only the Parris Island depot as part of the segregated Fourth Recruit Training Battalion. All recruits must pass a fitness test to start training; those who fail receive individualized attention and training until the minimum standards are reached. Marine recruit training is the longest among the American military services; it is 13 weeks long, compared to the Army's 10 weeks or the Navy's 9 weeks.[96]
Following recruit training, enlisted Marines then attend Camp Geiger or [97]
Uniforms
The Marine Corps has the most stable and most recognizable uniforms in the American military; the Blue Dress dates back to the early 19th century[32] and the service uniform to the early 20th century. Marines' uniforms are distinct in their simplicity; Marines do not wear unit patches or United States flags on any of their uniforms, nor name tags on their service and formal uniforms. Only a handful of skills (parachutist, air crew, explosive ordnance disposal, etc.) warrant Ranger, Dress uniform is the most elaborate, worn for formal or ceremonial occasions. There are three different forms of the Dress uniform, the most common being the Blue Dress Uniform, called "Dress Blues" or simply "Blues". It is most often seen in recruiting advertisements and is equivalent to black tie. There is a "Blue-White" Dress for summer, and white tie) occasions. Versions with a khaki shirt in lieu of the coat are worn as a daily working uniform by Marine recruiters.[98]
The Service Uniform was once the prescribed daily work attire in garrison; however, it has been largely superseded in this role by the utility uniform. Consisting of olive green and khaki colors, it is commonly referred to as "Greens". It is roughly equivalent in function and composition to a [98]
The Utility Uniform, currently the Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, is a camouflage uniform intended for wear in the field or for dirty work in garrison, though it has now been standardized for regular duty. It is rendered in a distinctive camouflage (sometimes referred to as digitals or digies) that breaks up the wearer's shape, and serves to distinguish Marine uniforms from those of other services. In garrison, the woodland uniform is worn sleeves down in winter, and the desert uniform is worn with sleeves rolled up in summer.[99] The sleeves are rolled tightly to the biceps, exposing the lighter inside layer, and forming a neat cuff to present a crisper appearance to the otherwise formless uniform. In years past when Marines wore identical utilities to their Army and Air Force counterparts, this served to distinguish them as the other services have a different practice for rolling sleeves. Marines consider the utilities a working uniform and do not permit their wear off-base, except in transit to and from their place of duty and in the event of an emergency. This, too, distinguishes them from other services, which have less stringent restrictions.[98]
Culture
As in any military organization, the official and unofficial traditions of the Marine Corps serve to reinforce camaraderie and set the service apart from others. The Corps' embrace of its rich culture and history is cited as a reason for its high esprit de corps.[22]
Official traditions and customs
The Semper Fidelis means always faithful in Latin, often appearing as Semper Fi; also the name of the official march of the Corps, composed by John Phillip Sousa. The mottos "Fortitudine" (With Fortitude); By Sea and by Land, a translation of the Royal Marines' Per Mare, Per Terram; and To the Shores of Tripoli were used until 1868.[100] The Marine Corps emblem is the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, sometimes abbreviated "EGA", adopted in 1868.[101] The Marine Corps seal includes the emblem, also is found on the [102]
Two styles of swords are worn by Marines: the officers' shamshir presented to Lt. [32] The Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November in a cake-cutting ceremony where the first slice of cake is given to the oldest Marine present, who in turn hands it off to the youngest Marine present. The celebration includes a reading of Marine Corps Order 47, Commandant [103] Close Order Drill is heavily emphasized early on in a Marine's initial training, incorporated into most formal events, and is used to teach discipline by instilling habits of precision and automatic response to orders, increase the confidence of junior officers and noncommissioned officers through the exercise of command and give Marines an opportunity to handle individual weapons.[104]
An important part of the Marine Corps culture is the traditional seafaring Unofficial traditions and customs
Marines have several generic nicknames:
- Devil Dog has several oft-disputed explanations,[105][106][107] but the tradition has expanded to include the [32]
- gyrene has dropped out of popular use.[108]
- [109]
- Leatherneck refers to a leather collar formerly part of the Marine uniform during the Revolutionary War period.[110]
Some other unofficial traditions include mottos and exclamations:
- Oorah is common among Marines, being similar in function and purpose to the Army's hooah and the Navy's hooyah cries. Many possible [111]
- Semper Fi, Mac was a common and preferred form of greeting in times past.
- Improvise, Adapt and Overcome has become an adopted mantra in many units.[112]
Veteran Marines
The ethos that "Once a Marine, Always a Marine" has led to the objection to the use of the term "ex-Marine", leading to myriad forms of address for those no longer on active duty:[49]
- "Marine", since the title is permanent, once earned.
- "Veteran Marine" or "Prior-service Marine" can refer to anyone who has been discharged from the Corps.
- "Retired Marine" refers to those who have completed 20 or more years of service and formally retired, or have been medically retired.
- "Former Marine" is considered acceptable among those who are honorably discharged from the United States Marine Corps.
- "Sir" or "Ma'am" is appropriate out of respect.
- According to one of the "Commandant's White letters" from Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., referring to a Marine by their last earned rank is appropriate.[113]
- Marines that have left service with a less than full honorable discharge might still be considered Marines (depending on the view of the individual), however that title is in keeping with a stigma, and many will avoid the issue altogether by addressing the individual by name with no other title.
Martial arts program
Main article: martial arts program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within Marines.[114] The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together. MCMAP consists of open-palm punches and kicks from Taekwondo and Karate, opponent weight transfer from Jujitsu, ground grappling involving joint locking techniques and Eskrima, and elbow strikes and kick boxing from Muay Thai. Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp, where they will earn the first of five available [115]Equipment
Main pages: :Category:United States Marine Corps equipment and List of United States Marine Corps individual equipmentInfantry weapons
Main article: List of weapons of the United States Marine CorpsThe basic infantry weapon of the Marine Corps is the M16 assault rifle family, with a majority of Marines being equipped with the M16A2 or M16A4 service rifles (the M16A2 is being phased out). The [116] The standard M9A1 pistol. Suppressive fire is provided by the M249 SAW and M203 grenade launcher in fireteams, M252 81 mm mortar in battalions. The MK19 automatic grenade launcher (40 mm) are available for use by dismounted infantry, though they are more commonly vehicle-mounted. Precision firepower is provided by the Barrett M107, while M39 EMR), and the SAM-R.[117]
The Marine Corps utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an offensive and defensive anti-armor capability. The AT4 are Predator SRAW, BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. The Javelin can utilize top-attack profiles to avoid heavy frontal armor. The Predator is a short-range [118]
Ground vehicles
The Corps operates the same HMMWV and M1A1 Abrams tank as does the Army. However, for its specific needs, the Corps uses a number of unique vehicles. The LAV-25 is a dedicated wheeled armored personnel carrier, similar to the Army's [119] Amphibious capability is provided by the Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle, a faster vehicle with superior armor and weaponry. The threat of land mines and Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle program.[120] The Marine Corps has ordered 1,960 MRAP vehicles, hoping to use them to replace HMMWVs and some [121] The Logistics Vehicle System Replacement began replacing the Logistics Vehicle System in 2009.[122]
Prior to 2005, the Marines operated exclusively tube artillery—the M198 155 mm howitzer, now being replaced by the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), a truck-mounted rocket artillery system. Both are capable of firing guided munitions.[123]
Aircraft
The organic aviation capability of the Marine Corps is essential to its mission. The Corps operates both rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft mainly to provide assault support and [124] Medium-lift squadrons flying the CH-46E Sea Knight and CH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters are in the process of converting to the MV-22 Osprey, a tiltrotor with superior range and speed. Heavy-lift squadrons are equipped with the CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter, eventually to be replaced with the upgraded CH-53K.[125]
Marine attack squadrons fly the AV-8B Harrier II; while the fighter/attack mission is handled by the single-seat and dual-seat versions of the F/A-18 Hornet strike-fighter aircraft. The AV-8B is a V/STOL aircraft that can operate from amphibious assault ships, land air bases and short, expeditionary airfields, while the F/A-18 can only be flown from land or aircraft carriers. Both are slated to be replaced by 340 of the STOVL B version of the F-35 Lightning II, beginning training operations in 2008,[126] and 80 of the carrier F-35C versions for deployment with Navy carrier air wings.[127][128][129]
In addition, the Corps operates its own organic electronic warfare (EW) assets in the form of the KC-130 Hercules and EA-6B Prowler, respectively. The Hercules doubles as a ground refueller and tactical-airlift transport aircraft. The Prowler is one of only two active tactical electronic warfare aircraft left in the United States inventory, and has been labeled a "national asset"; frequently borrowed along with Navy Prowlers and EA-18G Growlers to assist in any American combat action since the retirement of the Air Force's own EW aircraft.[130]
The Marines operate unmanned aerial vehicles: the RQ-7 Shadow and Scan Eagle for tactical reconnaissance.[131][132]
Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 (VMFT-401), operates F-5E, F-5F and F-5N Tiger II aircraft in support of air combat adversary (aggressor) training. Marine Helicopter Squadron One (VH-3D Sea King and VH-60N Whitehawk helicopters in the VIP transport role, most notably Blue Angels".
Marine bases and stations
Main article: [133] Marine Corps' bases are concentrated around the locations of the Marine Expeditionary Forces, though reserve units are scattered throughout the United States. The principal bases are I MEF; II MEF; and Okinawa, Japan, home to Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms in California is the Marine Corps' largest base and home to the Corps' most complex, combined-arms, live-fire training. Virginia is home to Marine Corps Combat Development Command, and nicknamed the "Crossroads of the Marine Corps".[134][135] Marines operate National Capital Region, with Headquarters Marine Corps scattered amongst the Pentagon, Henderson Hall, Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C..On 17 November 2011 President Obama on his first visit to Australia announced that a Marine Expeditionary Unit reinforced company would be based in Darwin Australia on a rotational basis of 6 months from mid 2012 building up over time a full US Marine Corps Mareine Expeditionary Unit - MEU of approximately 2,500 personnel. This will be the first time since World War Two that US Marines have been based in Australia.[136][137]
See also
- Five paragraph order
- General Orders for Sentries
- Marine (military)
- United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve
References
- ^ "Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths for June 31, 2011" (PDF). U.S. Department of Defense. June 2011. http://siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil/personnel/MILITARY/history/hst1106.pdf. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Reserve Force Figures" (PDF). The Continental Marine Magazine - Almanac 2010. Marine Forces Reserve. 2010. p. 9. http://www.marines.mil/unit/marforres/MFRNews/ConMar/Almanac10.pdf. Retrieved 27 December 2010. "The Selected Marine Corps Reserve has approximately 41,600 Marines; the [^ "Marine Corps Order No. 4 (Series 1925)". Commandant of the Marine Corps. United States Marine Corps History Division. http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Docs_Speeches/EstablishingMCcolors.htm. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
- ^ Loredo-Agostini, Sgt Heidi E. (30 July 2009). "Ready for the Corps: Marines recruit latest mascot from South Texas". Recruiting Station San Antonio. Castroville, Texas: United States Marine Corps. http://www.marines.mil/unit/mcrc/8mcd/Pages/ReadyfortheCorpsMarinesrecruitlatestmascotfromSouthTexas.aspx. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ Dobbs, LCpl Chris (25 July 2008). "Marine Barracks’ mascot, Chesty the XII, retires after more than 40 ‘dog years’ of faithful service". Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.: United States Marine Corps. http://www.marines.mil/unit/barracks/Pages/NewsStories/2008/ChestyXIIretires.aspx. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ a b c Gen. Charles C. Krulak (1996) (PDF). Operational Maneuver from the Sea. Headquarters Marine Corps. http://www.dtic.mil/jv2010/usmc/omfts.pdf.
- ^ "U.S. Navy Organization: An Overview". United States Navy. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/organization/org-over.asp. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "National Security Act of 1947, SEC. 206. (a) (50 U.S.C. 409(b))". http://intelligence.senate.gov/nsaact1947.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ "National Security Act of 1947, SEC. 606. (50 U.S.C. 426)". http://intelligence.senate.gov/nsaact1947.pdf. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ "Naval Orientation". Chapter 14: United States Marine Corps. Integrated Publishing. pp. 14–1 to 14–11. http://www.tpub.com/content/administration/12966/css/12966_273.htm. Retrieved 2 May 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Warren, James A. (2005). American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History From Iwo Jima to Iraq. New York: Free Press, Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-87284-6.
- ^ Hough, Col Frank O. (USMCR); Ludwig, Maj Verle E. (USMC), and Henry I. Shaw, Jr.. "Part I, Chapter 2: Evolution of Modern Amphibious Warfare, 1920–1941". Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume I. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/I/USMC-I-I-2.html. Retrieved 2 June 2007.
- ^ Garand, George W. and Truman R. Strobridge (1971). "Part II, Chapter 1: The Development of FMFPac". Western Pacific Operations. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operation in World War II, Volume IV. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/IV/USMC-IV-II-1.html. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Frank, Benis M and Henry I. Saw, Jr. (1968). "Part VI, Chapter 1: Amphibious Doctrine in World War II". Victory and Occupation. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume V. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/V/USMC-V-VI-1.html. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ John Howard Dalton, Secretary of the Navy; Chief of Naval Operations; Carl E. Mundy, Commandant of the Marine Corps (9 November 1994). Forward... From the Sea. . http://www.navy.mil/navydata/policy/fromsea/forward.txt.
- ^ "Israeli Defense Forces, CSIS" (PDF). 25 July 2006. p. 12. http://www.csis.org/media/csis/pubs/050323_memilbaldefine%5B1%5D.pdf.
- ^ "United States Armed Forces, DOD" (PDF). DOD. 25 July 2006. http://siadapp.dior.whs.mil/personnel/MILITARY/ms0.pdf.[^ Samantha L. Quigley. "Marine Corps Ready for Review's Scrutiny, Commandant Says". defense.gov. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=54372. Retrieved 2009-12-09.
- ^ Donnelly, Thomas (10 February 2011). "Misguided Military Talk". NPR. http://www.npr.org/2011/02/10/133648331/weekly-standard-misguided-military-talk. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ Dan Gouré "Uncertain World May be Good for the U.S. Marine Corps." Def Pro, 7 September 2011.
- ^ Francisco, Andre. "Lessons in Bad Budgeting from the Pentagon." POGO, 23 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d Estes, Kenneth W. (2000). The Marine Officer's Guide, 6th Edition. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-567-5.
- ^ Clinton, William J. (2000). "Remarks Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the United States Marine Corps Band July 10, 1998". In Office of the Federal Register. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1998, Book 2: July 1 to December 31, 1998. Government Printing Office. p. 1217. ISBN 9781403445513. "The Marine Band played at Thomas Jefferson's Inauguration in 1801 and hasn't missed a single one since. Jefferson was a violin player who loved music almost as much as he loved freedom. He named the band "The President's Own," ."
- ^ Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Marines: An Illustrated History: the United States Marine Corps from 1775 to the 21st Century. Zenith Imprint. p. 180. ISBN 9780760332115.
- ^ Keller, Scott (2004). Marine Pride: A Salute to America's Elite Fighting Force. Citadel Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780806526034.
- ^ a b c d Lawliss, Chuck (1988). The Marine Book: A Portrait of America's Military Elite. New York: Thames and Hudson.
- ^ Milks, Keith A. (8 May 2003). Ensuring 'Every Marine a Rifleman' is more than just a catch phrase. 22 MEU, USMC. Story ID # 20071230234422. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071224075658/http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/0/b5ac3322e236c38985256feb00492f93?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Heinl, Jr., USMC (1947). Marines in WWII Historical Monograph: The Defense of Wake. Historical Section, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, USMC. http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USMC/USMC-M-Wake.html.
- ^ Lind, William S.; Col. Michael Wyly (1985). Maneuver Warfare Handbook. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-86531-862-X.
- ^ a b Kevin Baron (August 12, 2010). "Gates: Time has come to re-examine future of Marine Corps". http://www.stripes.com/news/gates-time-has-come-to-re-examine-future-of-marine-corps-1.114465.
- ^ Patrick, Capt Timothy (10 December 2010). "Marines return to their amphibious roots". II Marine Expeditionary Force. United States Marine Corps. http://www.marines.mil/unit/iimef/Pages/Amphibiousroots.aspx. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chenoweth, USMCR (Ret.), Colonel H. Avery; Colonel Brooke Nihart, USMC (ret) (2005). Semper fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. New York: Main Street. ISBN 1-4027-3099-3.
- ^ "Marine Corps Expeditionary Energy."
- ^ U.S. Congress (11 July 1798). "An Act for Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps". http://www.patriotfiles.com/index.php?name=Sections&req=viewarticle&artid=7833&page=1.
- ^ Captain John Barry (9 February 1798). "Muster Roll of Officers, Petty Officers, Seamen, and Marines, on the Frigate United States". http://wardepartmentpapers.org/document.php?id=25096. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
- ^ U.S. Congress (18 March 1794). "Act to provide a Naval Armament". NARA. http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/new-us-navy/act-draft.html. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
- ^ Richard Leiby, Terrorists by Another Name: The Barbary Pirates, The Washington Post, 15 October 2001
- ^ a b c d e Simmons, Edwin H. (2003). The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-790-5.
- ^ U.S. Congress (30 June 1834). "An Act for the Better Organization of the United States Marine Corps". http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/hd/Docs_Speeches/Establishingamarinecorps.htm. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Moskin, J. Robert (1987). The U.S. Marine Corps Story. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- ^ Elliott, Daniel T. (2008). "Archaeological Reconnaissance at the Drudi Tract, Tybee Island, Chatham County, Georgia". Savannah, Georgia: LAMAR Institute Publication Series. p. 9. http://shapiro.anthro.uga.edu/Lamar/images/PDFs/publication_127.pdf. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- ^ Ellsworth, Harry Allanson (1934). One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800–1934. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, HQ, USMC.
- ^ Report on Marine Corps Duplication of Effort between Army and Navy. U.S. Marine Corps.. 17 December 1932.Contains a very detailed account of almost all the actions of the Continental Marines and USMC until 1932. It is available in scanned TIFF format from the archives of the Marine Corps University.
- ^ Mitchell, John Ames (1918). "Teufel-Hunden". Life Magazine 72: 759. http://books.google.com/books?id=qahGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA759&dq=teufel+hunden&hl=en&ei=4AyPTsraOfKGsgL4yaSFAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=teufel%20hunden&f=false. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
- ^ "History of Marine Corps Aviation — World War One". AcePilots.com. http://www.acepilots.com/usmc/hist2.html.[^ Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony (1997). Pete Ellis: an amphibious warfare prophet, 1880–1923. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press.
- ^ "Marines in World War II Commemorative Series". Marine Corps Historical Center. http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/extContent/usmc/index.htm. Retrieved 17 January 2008.[^ Owens, Ron (2004). Medal of honor: historical facts & figures. Turner Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 9781563119958.
- ^ a b c Krulak, Victor H. (1984). First To Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-785-2. Chapter 7, The Marines' Push Button 113–119
- ^ Fehrenbach, T.R. (1994). This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History. Brassey's. ISBN 1-57488-259-7.
- ^ "Fast Facts on the Korean War". History Division, U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070806010111/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Special_Interests/KWC/Fast_Facts.htm. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Millet, Alan R. (1991). Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 605. ISBN 9780029215968.
- ^ Casualties: U.S. Navy and Marine Corps, history.navy.mil.
- ^ Official Navy figures number the Marine deaths at 13,091. This source provides a number of 14,837. "U.S. Military Casualties in Southeast Asia". The Wall-USA. 31 March 1997. http://www.thewall-usa.com/summary.asp.
- ^ "Casualties: U. S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Wounded in Wars, Conflicts, Terrorist Acts, and Other Hostile Incidents". Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. 7 August 2006. http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq56-1.htm.
- ^ "Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070806030250/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Historical/Frequently_Requested/Medal_of_Honor.htm.
- ^ Simmons, 247. Roughly 800,000 Marines served in Vietnam, as opposed to 600,000 in World War II.
- ^ "The preannounced landing of U.S. Marines was witnessed by millions of U.S. primetime television viewers" (PDF). United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995. U.S. Navy. http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/PART12.PDF. (PDF file, see "1992, 9 December" on p. 16)
- ^ "Address to Congress". whitehouse. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/print/20010920-8.html. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Gates Announces Major Pentagon Priority Shifts". CNN. 9 April 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/06/gates.budget.cuts/index.html. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
- ^ Shanker, Thom (2010-05-08). "Gates Takes Aim at Pentagon Spending". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/09/us/politics/09gates.html. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
- ^ Jaffe, Greg (2010-05-09). "Gates: Cuts in Pentagon bureaucracy needed to help maintain military force". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/08/AR2010050802495.html. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
- ^ Smith, Rich (13 November 2010). "Marines Under Fire From Pentagon Cuts". . http://www.themoneytimes.com/featured/20101113/marines-under-fire-pentagon-cuts-id-10141519.html. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
- ^ a b "CNN Transcript". CNN. 7 February 2001. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0110/07/sm.06.html. Retrieved 27 April 2007.
- ^ "Marines land in Afghanistan". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080522074847/http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/11/27/a1_46.php. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Marines launch attack on Taliban in Helmand". The Telegraph. 29 April 2008. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1907217/Marines-launch-attack-on-Taliban-in-Helmand.html. Retrieved 2010-12-13.
- ^ "7,000 Marines Join Fight In Afghanistan". Associated Press. Camp Leatherhead (sic): . http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2009/06/08/world/main5070688.shtml. Retrieved 2009-11-03.
- ^ "Fact Sheet - CJTF-HOA". Combined Joint Task Force - Horn of Africa. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080103014254/http://www.hoa.centcom.mil/resources/english/facts.asp. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "USMC.mil - 26th MEU in HOA". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071210224157/http://www.marines.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/lookupstoryref/20072844311. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ West, Bing; General Ray L. Smith (September 2003). The March Up: Taking Baghdad with the 1st Marine Division. New York: Bantam Books. p. 17. ISBN 0-553-80376-X.
- ^ West, Bing (October 2005). No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah. New York: Bantam Dell. pp. 111–113. ISBN 9780553804027.
- ^ White, Josh; Geis, Sonya (22 June 2006). "8 Troops Charged In Death Of Iraqi". CNN. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/21/AR2006062100887.html. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ a b "Marines end role in Iraq as Biden visits Baghdad". The Detroit News. http://detnews.com/article/20100123/NATION/1230372/Marines-end-role-in-Iraq-as-Biden-visits-Baghdad. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
- ^ Burns, Robert (January 25, 2010). "Are Marines Out of Iraq for Good?". Associated Press. Military.com. http://www.military.com/news/article/are-marines-out-of-iraq-for-good.html?ESRC=marine-a.nl. Retrieved 28 January 2010.
- ^ United States Marine Corps (2007). Marine Corps Operations. Cosimo, Inc. p. 19. ISBN 9781602060623.
- ^ a b Priddy, Maj. Wade (2006). "Marine Detachment 1: Opening the door for a Marine force contribution to USSOCom". Marine Corps Gazette (Marine Corps Association) 90 (6): 58–59.
- ^ Connable, Maj Ben (2008). "Culture Warriors: Marine Corps Organizational Culture and Adaptation to Cultural Terrain". Small Wars Journal (Small Wars Foundation). http://smallwarsjournal.com/blog/journal/docs-temp/4-connable.pdf.
- ^ Clark, Adm. Vern; Hinton, Don (October 2002). "Sea Power 21". Proceedings (Naval Institute Press) 130 (October 2002): 3005. 10.1090/S0002-9939-02-06392-X. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927010923/http://www.usni.org/proceedings/Articles02/proCNO10.htm. Retrieved 28 July 2006.
- ^ Lt. Col. James Kuhn (2 November 2005). Enduring Freedom (Film). Department of the Navy. http://www.nuwc.navy.mil/hq/video/enduringfreedom/video.html.
- ^ Jim Garamone (17 October 2007). "Sea Services Unveil New Maritime Strategy". Navy News Service. http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=32655. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Erwin, Sandra. "Marines Worry About Future Shortage of Navy Ships." National Defense Magazine, 19 April 2011.
- ^ Purpose of JFACC (archived). U.S. Air Force
- ^ United States Marine Corps (2005). Expeditionary Operations (Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 3). Willside Press LLC. p. 83. ISBN 9781557423719.
- ^ Sloan, Dennis L. "Marines vote JB MDL Airman 'Gung Ho': USAF EC instructor first Airman to graduate Marine PME." USAF, 20 October 2011.
- ^ "MARADMIN 562/06". Renaming of the Combat Service Support Element (CSSE) to the Logistics Combat Element (LCE). U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071222072946/http://www.usmc.mil/maradmins/maradmin2000.nsf/37f49138fc3d9c00852569b9000af6b7/4f61f759901f02128525723500679aac?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Prepared for the Larger Conflicts: Capable of specializing for the unique conflict". Other Marine Expeditionary Forces. United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 14 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071214162400/http://www.usmc.mil/meus/other_expeditionary_units.htm. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Smith, Jr., W Thomas (2005). "Marines, Navy SEALs Forge New Special Operations Team; An exclusive interview with U.S. Navy SEAL Commander Mark Divine". Military.com. http://www.military.com/NewContent/0,13190,082205_Marines,00.htm?ESRC=marine.nl. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Graham, Bradley (2 November 2005). "Elite Marine Unit to Help Fight Terrorism, Force to Be Part of Special Operations". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/01/AR2005110102069.html. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Estes (1986), p. 60
- ^ Shea, Sgt Jimmy D. (22 October 2010). "Taking the Reins: Marine Corps Welcomes New Commandant". Headquarters Marine Corps. United States Marine Corps. http://www.marines.mil/unit/barracks/Pages/TakingthereinsMarineCorpswelcomesnewcommandant.aspx. Retrieved 22 October 2010.
- ^ "ALMAR 040/10". Marines.mil. 2010-10-25. http://www.marines.mil/news/messages/Pages/ALMAR40-10.aspx. Retrieved 2010-11-20.
- ^ "Gates pegs Amos to lead Marine Corps". United Press International. June 15, 2010. http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2010/06/15/Gates-pegs-Amos-to-lead-Marine-Corps/UPI-70421276608371/. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ Cavas, Christopher P. (June 15, 2010). "Amos expected to be named commandant". Marine Corps Times. http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2010/06/defense_commandant_amos_061410/. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ "DoD Defense Insignia". http://www.defenselink.mil/specials/insignias/.
- ^ Clancy, Tom (1996). Marine: a guided tour of a Marine expeditionary unit. Penguin. p. 46. ISBN 9780425154540.
- ^ Recruit Medicine:Textbooks of Military Medicine. Government Printing Office. 2006. p. 33. ISBN 9780160767180.
- ^ Ricks, Thomas E. (2007). Making the Corps: 10th Anniversary Edition with a New Afterword by the Author (10 ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 239. ISBN 9781416544500.
- ^ a b c "Mco p1020.34g". United States Marine Corps. http://www.marcorsyscom.usmc.mil/sites/mcub/PAGES/Uniform%20Regs%20Chapters/Uniform%20Regs%20Index.asp. Retrieved 27 November 2005.
- ^ ALMAR 007/08 directing seasonal uniform changes
- ^ "USMC Customs and Traditions". History Division, U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070304212218/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/hd/historical/Customs_and_Traditions.htm. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "U.S. Marine Corps Emblem". U.S. Marine Corps. http://www.uspharmd.com/usmc/mcega.htm.
- ^ "Marine Corps Emblem and Seal". Customs and Traditions. Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps. http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Customes_Traditions/Emblem_Seal.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ "Marine Corps Birthday Celebration". USMC History Division. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070806095953/http://hqinet001.hqmc.usmc.mil/HD/Historical/Customes_Traditions/Birthday_Celebration.htm. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Drill a Platoon Sized Unit". Student Handout. Marine Corps University. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070710044843/http://www.iiimef.usmc.mil/medical/FMF/FMFE/FMFEref/SC_0503_SH_Drill_(Platoon).doc. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Marine Corps History, Customs, and Courtesies". U.S. Marine Guidebook. United states Marine Corps. 2010. p. 37. ISBN 9781602399419. "Marines fought like teufel hunden, legendary wild, devil dogs that at one time roamed the forests of northern Germany"
- ^ Myers, Thomas (1988). "Hearts of Darkness". Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 114. ISBN 9780195053517. "He reminds his charges that "at Belleau Wood the Marines were so vicious that the German infantrymen called them Teufel-Hunden— 'devil dogs'"
- ^ Waseleski, Michael (2009). To Lead by the Unknowing, to Do the Unthinkable. AuthorHouse. p. 5. ISBN 9781438956763. "the 5th and 6th Marine Regiments earned the nickname of “Teufel Hunden” (devil dog) by the Germans in World War I during the 1918 Château-Thierry campaign near the French village of Bouresches, the Battle of Belleau Wood"
- ^ Rottman, Gordon (2011). "GI and Gyrene Jargon US Army and Marine Corps Slang". FUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition: Soldier Slang of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 9781849086530. "based on Chinese pronunciation of Marine"
- ^ Rottman, Gordon (2011). "GI and Gyrene Jargon US Army and Marine Corps Slang". FUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition: Soldier Slang of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 9781849086530. "Most likely it was the pillbox cap and high stiff collar making a Marine appear similar to a Mason jar"
- ^ "Marine Corps History, Customs, and Courtesies". U.S. Marine Guidebook. United states Marine Corps. 2010. p. 37. ISBN 9781602399419. "In 1804 the Secretary of the Navy ordered Marines to wear black leather stock collars when on duty"
- ^ Hiresman III, LCpl. Paul W. "The meaning of 'Oorah' traced back to its roots". Marine Corps News. United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071224075640/http://www.usmc.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/0/5e9ec5069a2612df85256fea0055d070?OpenDocument&Highlight=2,Oorah. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Santamaria, Jason A.; Vincent Martino, Eric K. Clemons (2005). The Marine Corps Way: Using Maneuver Warfare to Lead a Winning Organization. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 149. ISBN 9780071458832. "Long before Hollywood popularized it, Marines used the phrase to reflect their preference for being a fluid, loosely reined force that could spontaneously react to rapidly changing situations, rather than a rigid outfit that moved in a specific direction with a precise plan."
- ^ Freedman, David H. (2000). Corps Business: The 30 Management Principles of the U.S. Marines. New York: Collins.
- ^ Yi, Capt. Jamison, USMC. "MCMAP and the Warrior Ethos", Military Review, November–December 2004.
- ^ Franckjournal=Black Belt, Loren (2003). The Few and the Proud: A Tradition of Excellence Fuels the US Marine Corps Martial Arts Program. 41. p. 70.
- ^ "Top Marine Glad to Have M16A4 Standard". Kit Up!. Military.com. 25 March 2010. http://kitup.military.com/2010/03/top-marine-glad-to-have-m16a4-standard.html#axzz0mLIMxFKK. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
- ^ "M40A1 Sniper Rifle". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine corps. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070225004953/http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/03ae5c82962bc0f48525627b006d3126?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Tube Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided (TOW) Missile Weapon System". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070211021126/http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/4ba8f1e3958ca16d8525628100789abb?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Light Armored Vehicle-25 (LAV-25)". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/2001211110308/http://hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/b54eb957c0d3b17a852562830058111b?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "U.S. Marine Corps Orders More Force Protection Vehicles". Force Protection, Inc. — In the News. Force Protection, Inc.. August 2006. http://www.forceprotection.net/news/news_article.html?id=142. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ Andrew Feickert (21 August 2007) (PDF). Mine-Resistant, Ambush-Protected (MRAP) Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress. United States Congress. http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/92961.pdf. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan (Thursday Oct 22, 2009 11:20:57 EDT). "First LVSR truck arrives in Afghanistan". Marine Corps Times. . http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2009/10/marine_lvsr_102209w/#. Retrieved 2009-10-23.
- ^ Lewis, Maj. J Christopher (July 2006). "The Future Artillery Force...Today". Marine Corps Gazette (Marine Corps Association) (July 2006): 24–25.
- ^ "AH-1W Super Cobra Helicopter". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070205090648/http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/a251c8116905c4b98525626d00777b4b?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ "Marine Corps Rotary Wing". . http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/vision/Corpsr.htm.
- ^ "F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program". Department of Defense. http://www.jsf.mil/. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Daniel, Lisa (14 March 2011). "Plan Improves Navy, Marine Corps Air Capabilities". . http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=63158. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ^ Cavas, Christopher P. (14 March 2011). "More Marines to fly carrier-variant JSFs". Marine Corps Times. http://www.marinecorpstimes.com/news/2011/03/navy-more-marines-to-fly-f35c-031411w/. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ^ Cifuentes, Sgt Michael S. (14 March 2011). "Marine Corps continues flying with Joint Strike Fighter program". Headquarters Marine Corps. United States Marine Corps. http://www.marines.mil/unit/hqmc/Pages/MarineCorpscontinuesflyingwithJointStrikeFighterprogram.aspx. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
- ^ "EA-6B Prowler". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine corps. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061023105631/http://www.hqmc.usmc.mil/factfile.nsf/7e931335d515626a8525628100676e0c/b69da93e5a6094a18525626e00490b3f?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Talton, Trista. "U.S. Marines' Shadow UAV Sees First Combat". Defensenews.com. http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?F=3117663&C=airwar. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- ^ Scully, Megan. "Army assumes Navy, Marine UAV training". Seapower. http://www.seapower-digital.com/seapower/200712/. Retrieved 6 December 2007.
- ^ Williams, BGen Willie J. (October 2004). "Bases and Stations: Are They Relevant?". Marine Corps Gazette (Marine Corps Association) 88 (10): 12–16.
- ^ "About MCB Quantico". http://www.quantico.usmc.mil/activities/display.aspx?PID=1685&Section=BaseInfo.
- ^ "About Marine Corps University". U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927174929/http://www.mcuf.org/about.asp. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
- ^ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15739995 Obama visit: Australia agrees US Marine deployment plan, BBC News: Asia, 16 November 2011
- ^ [http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-16/u-s-marines-to-be-stationed-in-australia-under-obama-gillard-defense-pact.html U.S. Marines to Be Stationed in Australia Under Obama-Gillard Defense Pact, Bloomberg, 16 November 2011
This article incorporates United States Marine Corps.
Further reading
- Foster, Douglas (2006). Braving the Fear: The True Story of Rowdy US Marines in the Gulf War. Frederick, Md.: PA. ISBN 1-4137-9902-7. http://www.DouglasFosterBooks.com.
- Martinez, Marco (2007). Hard Corps: From Gangster to Marine Hero. New York: Crown Forum. ISBN 978-0-307-38304-4.
- Ricks, Thomas E. (1997). Making the Corps. New York, NY: Scribner. ISBN 1-4165-4450-X.
- David J. Ulbrich (2011). Preparing for Victory: Thomas Holcomb and the Making of Modern Marine Corps, 1935-1943. Annapolis, Maryland: ISBN 1591149037.
External links
Listen to this article (info/dl)
This audio file was created from a revision of United States Marine Corps dated 17 April 2007, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)More spoken articles- Marines.mil - Official site
- Official recruitment site
- Official recruitment video
- A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower
- Marine Corps Heritage Foundation
- An Unofficial Dictionary for Marines
United States Marine CorpsLeadership
Major
commandsStructure Personnel &
trainingPersonnel: Rank insignia · MOS · Notable Marines · Historical Marines · Criminal Investigation Division · Judge Advocate Division · Chaplain of the Marine Corps · Hispanic Marines · Associated organizations
Training: Recruit Training · Officer Candidates School ·Uniforms &
equipmentHistory &
traditionsHistory · Culture · Acronyms and terms · Birthday Ball · Eagle, Globe, and Anchor · Drum and Bugle Corps · Service Numbers · Marine Corps War Memorial · National Museum · Rifleman's Creed · Semper Fidelis · Toys for Tots
Leadership - President of the United States
- Secretary of Defense
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (United States Congress: Committees on Armed Services:
- Active duty four-star officers
- National Security Act of 1947
- Goldwater–Nichols Act
BranchesReserve components- Reserves:
Structure - United States Code
- The Pentagon
- A
- N
- Budget
- Units:
- Logistics
- Media
Operations and - Colonial
- WWII
- Civil affairs
- African Americans
- Asian Americans
- Jewish Americans
- Sikh Americans
- Historiography:
- Art:
Personnel TrainingOther- Oath:
- Service numbers:
- A
- MC
- N
- AF
- CG
- Military Occupational Specialty/Air Force Specialty Code
- Pay
- Judge Advocate General's Corps
- Military Health System/TRICARE
- Veterans Affairs
- Chiefs of Chaplains:
Equipment LandSeaAirOtherLegend: A = Army, MC = Marine Corps, N = Navy, AF = Air Force, CG = Coast Guard, PHS = NOAA = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, MSC =United States (Outline) History Pre-Columbian era · Thirteen Colonies · Colonial American military history) · American Revolution (War) · Federalist Era · War of 1812 · Territorial acquisitions · Territorial evolution · Mexican–American War · Civil War · Reconstruction era · Spanish–American War · Imperialism · Great Depression · World War II (Home front) · Korean War · Space Race · African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968) · Vietnam War · War on Terror (War in Afghanistan · Iraq War) · Timeline of modern American conservatismTopicsLook at other dictionaries:
United States Marine Corps — USMC Aufstellung 10. November 1775 Land … Deutsch Wikipedia
United States Marine Corps — Corps des Marines des États Unis Emblème de l USMC Période 10 novembre 1775 Présent Pays … Wikipédia en Français
United States Marine Corps — (USMC) Корпус морской пехоты США Эмблема Морской пехоты США Год формирования 10 ноября 1775 года Страна США … Википедия
United States Marine Corps — n. a branch of the United States armed forces trained for land, sea, and aerial combat, responsible especially for amphibious operations: a separate service within the Department of the Navy * * * (also the United States Marines) a US armed… … Universalium
United States Marine Corps — n. a branch of the United States armed forces trained for land, sea, and aerial combat, responsible especially for amphibious operations: a separate service within the Department of the Navy … English World dictionary
United States Marine Corps History Division — The progenitor to the modern Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, this insignia was first used by Marines in 1804.[1] Seen today on uniform … Wikipedia
United States Marine Corps Reserve — Marine Forces Reserve Marine Corps Forces Reserve Insignia Active August 29, 1916 present Country … Wikipedia
United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division — Abbreviation USMC CID Badge design of the United States Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division … Wikipedia
United States Marine Corps Training and Education Command — Marine Corps Training and Education Command (TECOM) Active Country United States of America Branch United States Marine Corps Type Supporting Command Ro … Wikipedia
United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory — Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory MCWL Insignia Active 1995 Country … Wikipedia