Papers by Kandiah Rajendram
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2014
During the last thirty years of the internal war, economic sector of the Northern region of Sri L... more During the last thirty years of the internal war, economic sector of the Northern region of Sri Lanka suffered a lot. Not only war, but natural disasters also caused massive destruction in the economic sector of the northern region. major objective of this study is to identify the impacts of drought and flood in the economy of the northern region of Sri Lanka. Primary and secondary data were used to conduct this study. Primary data were collected using Interviews and direct observations. Several department sources such Agriculture department and agrarian department were used as secondary sources. Drought and flood events were identified using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method. Then details regarding economic losses due to drought and flood data were collected through primary and secondary data. Collected data were analyzed and mapped using separate sheet and GIS. Most of the economic losses were recorded in the low lying areas of the Northern region of Sri Lanka due to flood. Highest amount of housing damages and commercial sector losses were caused by the flood, during the North East Monsoon Season (NEMS) and Second Inter Monsoon Season(SIMS). Highest extent of agriculture losses were recorded in Mullaitivuand the lowest in Mannar districts. Highest extent of paddy and cash crop damaged during the study period were recorded in Mullaitivu, subsidiary crops damaged inVavuniya and vegetable crops damaged in Jaffna district. Compare to drought flood caused more economic losses in the study area and the NEMS has maximum extent of the agriculture damages. New strategies have to be adopted in the study area to avoid the much impact due to drought and flood in the study area.
Background: Urban fire is one of the most disturbing problems in modern times with the developmen... more Background: Urban fire is one of the most disturbing problems in modern times with the development of technology designed for fire prevention and suppression, they continue to damage life and properties. Methods: Location-allocation model has been applied to find out the parts of the city having poor coverage. Potential sites were recommended wherefrom all demand points will be covered within a predefined impedance cutoff of time of five minutes as per the norms of Standard Fire Advisory Council (SFAC). The available sites to set up a fire station were identified using land use and land cover map that has been prepared from Landsat 8 satellite image were from agricultural land, wasteland land, follow land having area greater than 3 hectares were given as candidate (potential) sites. Results: Within the travel time of five minutes the result indicates that 66.45 percent of city population in the Southeast and Southwest is un-served. Two scenarios have been adopted to fulfill the requirements of such emergency facility; by relocating the existing facilities and without relocating existing facilities. In both the cases nine fire stations are required to cover the entire city effectively. Conclusion: Location allocation model provides the solution for spatial decision not to find the optimal locations for locating the emergency service facilities but also acts as tool to determine where and how many facilities are in need to fulfill the all requirements. Hence, it is advisable to adopt the second method that is, establishing six new fire stations without relocating existing three fire stations, which would be cost effective.
According to the report of the disaster management center, during the last forty years from 1974 ... more According to the report of the disaster management center, during the last forty years from 1974 to 2014, country faced flood impact several times (48.5%). Every year at least one of the areas of Sri Lanka faces flood impact due to heavy rainfall. Northern Province of Sri Lanka faces many challenges caused by flood frequently. The main objective of this study is to analyze the spatial and seasonal pattern of the flood occurrences in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. Primary and secondary data were helped to conduct this study. Climatic data for thirteen stations of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka were obtained from the Department of Meteorology for the forty years period. To study the flood occurrences, rainfall data were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the SPI results mapped using the ArcGIS 9.2 version. According to the SPI analysis, flood years identified are flood identified, in all stations of the Northern province of Sri Lanka, and the SPI in...
Journal of South Asian Studies, 2015
According to the report of the disaster management center, during the last forty years from 1974 ... more According to the report of the disaster management center, during the last forty years from 1974 to 2014, country faced flood impact several times (48.5%). Every year at least one of the areas of Sri Lanka faces flood impact due to heavy rainfall. Northern Province of Sri Lanka faces many challenges caused by flood frequently. The main objective of this study is to analyze the spatial and seasonal pattern of the flood occurrences in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. Primary and secondary data were helped to conduct this study. Climatic data for thirteen stations of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka were obtained from the Department of Meteorology for the forty years period. To study the flood occurrences, rainfall data were analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the SPI results mapped using the ArcGIS 9.2 version. According to the SPI analysis, flood years identified are 1979,1984,1993,2004,2006,2008, 2011 and 2012. During the first inter monsoon season fl...
This study highlights the hydro-climatic features of the five wet periods contributing in differe... more This study highlights the hydro-climatic features of the five wet periods contributing in different percentages to the annual rainfall total over major river basins in India. Spatial and temporal variations in the parameters such as starting date, duration and rainfall intensity of these wet periods throughout India have been discussed using daily gridded rainfall data for the period 1951-2007. An attempt is also made here, to assess the impact of global SSTs on the start and duration of the wet periods in Indian river basins. It is observed that, for almost all river basins in India, the 10% wet period occurs in the months of July/August with an average duration of 1-3 days and rainfall intensity varying from 44 to 89 mm/day. The duration of the wet period contributing 90% to the annual rainfall varies from 112 days in the central parts of India to 186 days in the northern parts of the country. Significant increase in the rainfall intensity has been observed in the case of some river basins of central India. The late start of 75% wet period along the West Coast and in peninsular river basins has been observed with increase in Nino 3.4 SSTs (MAM), while increase in the duration of the 75% wet period over the Krishna basin is associated with increase in Nino 3.4 SSTs (concurrent JJAS).
In this study, the rainfall variability and trend of the Northern Region of Sri Lanka (NRSL) isex... more In this study, the rainfall variability and trend of the Northern Region of Sri Lanka (NRSL) isexamined. Long term monthly rainfall data (1881-2015) were obtained for sixrain gauge stations of Jaffna, Mannar, Kanukkeni, Vavuniya, Pavatkulam and Muttayankaddu. To study the inter-annual and decadal variability and trend, Coefficient of Variation (CV), least square trendand Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) were used as descriptors of rainfall variability. The SPI had computed for 1, 2, and 3-month time scale for all six rain gauge stations.The mean annual rainfall of NRSL is 1233mm and its CV range is varies spatially from 24.8% to 33.1%. The analysis demonstrates the intensity of flood, drought and normal years. Out of 135 years,40 years were experienced as flood and 20 years as drought. The probability flood year is 0.296 and drought year0.148. The study revealed that the occurrences of flood years are more (30%) than the drought years (15%). The decadal variability and trend of rainfall results revealed that the decreasing trend was prolonged in the decades of 1881-1890, 1901-1910, 1921-30, 1931-40, 1971-80 and 1981-90 and increasing trend noticed in the decades of 1891-1900 and 1951-1960.
During the last thirty years of the internal war, economic sector of the Northern region of Sri L... more During the last thirty years of the internal war, economic sector of the Northern region of Sri Lanka suffered a lot. Not only war, but natural disasters also caused massive destruction in the economic sector of the northern region. major objective of this study is to identify the impacts of drought and flood in the economy of the northern region of Sri Lanka. Primary and secondary data were used to conduct this study. Primary data were collected using Interviews and direct observations. Several department sources such Agriculture department and agrarian department were used as secondary sources. Drought and flood events were identified using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) method. Then details regarding economic losses due to drought and flood data were collected through primary and secondary data. Collected data were analyzed and mapped using separate sheet and GIS. Most of the economic losses were recorded in the low lying areas of the Northern region of Sri Lanka due to flood. Highest amount of housing damages and commercial sector losses were caused by the flood, during the North East Monsoon Season (NEMS) and Second Inter Monsoon Season(SIMS). Highest extent of agriculture losses were recorded in Mullaitivuand the lowest in Mannar districts. Highest extent of paddy and cash crop damaged during the study period were recorded in Mullaitivu, subsidiary crops damaged inVavuniya and vegetable crops damaged in Jaffna district. Compare to drought flood caused more economic losses in the study area and the NEMS has maximum extent of the agriculture damages. New strategies have to be adopted in the study area to avoid the much impact due to drought and flood in the study area.
A B S T R A C T According to the report of the disaster management center, during the last forty ... more A B S T R A C T According to the report of the disaster management center, during the last forty years from 1974 to 2014, country faced flood impact several times (48.5%). Every year at least one of the areas of Sri Lanka faces flood impact due to heavy rainfall. Northern Province of Sri Lanka faces many challenges caused by flood frequently. The main objective of this study is to analyze the spatial and seasonal pattern of the flood occurrences in the Northern
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Papers by Kandiah Rajendram