International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 1999
A numerical solution procedure is developed to solve a model for the steady-state gas velocity an... more A numerical solution procedure is developed to solve a model for the steady-state gas velocity and temperature distributions in a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. The gas velocity and three-dimensional temperature ®elds are both represented in terms of globally de®ned trial functions; the gas temperature ®eld is discretized using a combined collocation/eigenfunction expansion technique. The enthalpy¯ux across wafer/gas boundary is calculated explicitly and is found to vary signi®cantly as a function of wafer position. An average heat transfer coecient is computed from the spatially resolved gas temperature ®elds and is compared to typical radiative heat transfer rates in these systems. The convergence properties of the discretization method developed are also discussed in the context of quantifying solution accuracy. Ó 0142-727X/99/$ ± see front matter Ó 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 4 2 -7 2 7 X ( 9 8 ) 1 0 0 4 2 -5
This article reviews attempts to develop multidimensional personality measures in Asia and their ... more This article reviews attempts to develop multidimensional personality measures in Asia and their applications in clinical assessment. Indigenous personality assessment measures in India, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan are examined. These early attempts have not yielded a comprehensive personality measure that integrates a theoretical framework and an empirical program of validation. The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) is cited as an example to illustrate the process of developing an indigenous measure that meets the testing standards of established assessment instruments. On the basis of the research findings from the CPAI, the authors discuss the relevance of indigenous measures in clinical assessment in native cultures as well as in informing mainstream personality assessment.
Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC). To explore th... more Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC). To explore the association between individual risk and urinary arsenic profile in subjects without evident exposure, 177 UC cases and 313 age-matched controls were recruited between September 2002 and May 2004 for a case-control study. Urinary arsenic species including the following three categories, inorganic arsenic (As III + As V ), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA V ) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA V ), were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-linked hydride generator and atomic absorption spectrometry. Arsenic methylation profile was assessed by percentages of various arsenic species in the sum of the three categories measured. The primary methylation index (PMI) was defined as the ratio between MMA V and inorganic arsenic. Secondary methylation index (SMI) was determined as the ratio between DMA V and MMA V . Smoking is associated with a significant risk of UC in a dose-dependent manner. After multivariate adjustment, UC cases had a significantly higher sum of all the urinary species measured, higher percent MMA V , lower percent DMA V , higher PMI and lower SMI values compared with controls. Smoking interacts with the urinary arsenic profile in modifying the UC risk. Differential carcinogenic effects of the urinary arsenic profile, however, were seen more prominently in nonsmokers than in smokers, suggesting that smoking is not the only major environmental source of arsenic contamination since the UC risk differs in non-smokers. Subjects who have an unfavorable urinary arsenic profile have an increased UC risk even at low exposure levels.
and overall survival (median 15.0 vs. 8.5 months; hazard ratio 0.54; 95% CI 0.38-0.77; p ! 0.001)... more and overall survival (median 15.0 vs. 8.5 months; hazard ratio 0.54; 95% CI 0.38-0.77; p ! 0.001). Conclusion: Although this study showed that weekly low doses of docetaxel were as tolerable as pemetrexed for previously treated advanced NSCLC, a prospective design is needed to confirm this finding.
A microwave-assisted method for rapid deposition of continuous gold films on glass substrates has... more A microwave-assisted method for rapid deposition of continuous gold films on glass substrates has been developed. Under microwave irradiation, gold nanoparticles in colloidal solutions were shown able to assemble on the naked substrates to form a gold monolayer within minutes. Images obtained by AFM revealed that the monolayer formed on the naked glass surface was much the same as that
This study presented a method to estimate the complete ground reaction forces from pressure insol... more This study presented a method to estimate the complete ground reaction forces from pressure insoles in walking. Five male subjects performed 10 walking trials in a laboratory. The complete ground reaction forces were collected during a right foot stride by a force plate at 1000 Hz. Simultaneous plantar pressure data were collected at 100 Hz by a pressure insole system with 99 sensors covering the whole plantar area. Stepwise linear regressions were performed to individually reconstruct the complete ground reaction forces in three directions from the 99 individual pressure data until redundancy among the predictors occurred. An additional linear regression was performed to reconstruct the vertical ground reaction force by the sum of the value of the 99 pressure sensors. Five other subjects performed the same walking test for validation. Estimated ground reaction forces in three directions were calculated with the developed regression models, and were compared with the real data recorded from force plate. Accuracy was represented by the correlation coefficient and the root mean square error. Results showed very good correlation in anterior-posterior (0.928) and vertical (0.989) directions, and reasonable correlation in medial-lateral direction (0.719). The root mean square error was about 12%, 5% and 28% of the peak recorded value. Future studies should aim to generalize the methods or to establish specific methods to other subjects, patients, motions, footwear and floor conditions. The method gives an extra option to study an estimation of the complete ground reaction forces in any environment without the constraints from the number and location of force plates. r
In this paper, we present a new architecture of Chinese abacus adder. As high radix of adder may ... more In this paper, we present a new architecture of Chinese abacus adder. As high radix of adder may reduce the number of carry propagation, the proposed Chinese abacus adder may achieve high-speed operation. The simulation results of our work are compared with CLA (Carry Look-ahead) adder. The delay of the 8-bit abacus adders are 22%, 17%, and 14% less than those of CLA adders for 0.35µm, 0.25µm, and 0.18µm technologies, respectively. The power consumption of the abacus adders are 30%, 34%, and 60% less than those of CLA adders for 0.35µm, 0.25µm, and 0.18µm technologies, respectively. The use of Chinese abacus approach results a competitive technique with respect to conventional fast adder.
International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 1999
A numerical solution procedure is developed to solve a model for the steady-state gas velocity an... more A numerical solution procedure is developed to solve a model for the steady-state gas velocity and temperature distributions in a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. The gas velocity and three-dimensional temperature ®elds are both represented in terms of globally de®ned trial functions; the gas temperature ®eld is discretized using a combined collocation/eigenfunction expansion technique. The enthalpy¯ux across wafer/gas boundary is calculated explicitly and is found to vary signi®cantly as a function of wafer position. An average heat transfer coecient is computed from the spatially resolved gas temperature ®elds and is compared to typical radiative heat transfer rates in these systems. The convergence properties of the discretization method developed are also discussed in the context of quantifying solution accuracy. Ó 0142-727X/99/$ ± see front matter Ó 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. PII: S 0 1 4 2 -7 2 7 X ( 9 8 ) 1 0 0 4 2 -5
This article reviews attempts to develop multidimensional personality measures in Asia and their ... more This article reviews attempts to develop multidimensional personality measures in Asia and their applications in clinical assessment. Indigenous personality assessment measures in India, Korea, Japan, the Philippines, and Taiwan are examined. These early attempts have not yielded a comprehensive personality measure that integrates a theoretical framework and an empirical program of validation. The Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI) is cited as an example to illustrate the process of developing an indigenous measure that meets the testing standards of established assessment instruments. On the basis of the research findings from the CPAI, the authors discuss the relevance of indigenous measures in clinical assessment in native cultures as well as in informing mainstream personality assessment.
Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC). To explore th... more Arsenic exposure is associated with an increased risk of urothelial carcinoma (UC). To explore the association between individual risk and urinary arsenic profile in subjects without evident exposure, 177 UC cases and 313 age-matched controls were recruited between September 2002 and May 2004 for a case-control study. Urinary arsenic species including the following three categories, inorganic arsenic (As III + As V ), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA V ) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA V ), were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography-linked hydride generator and atomic absorption spectrometry. Arsenic methylation profile was assessed by percentages of various arsenic species in the sum of the three categories measured. The primary methylation index (PMI) was defined as the ratio between MMA V and inorganic arsenic. Secondary methylation index (SMI) was determined as the ratio between DMA V and MMA V . Smoking is associated with a significant risk of UC in a dose-dependent manner. After multivariate adjustment, UC cases had a significantly higher sum of all the urinary species measured, higher percent MMA V , lower percent DMA V , higher PMI and lower SMI values compared with controls. Smoking interacts with the urinary arsenic profile in modifying the UC risk. Differential carcinogenic effects of the urinary arsenic profile, however, were seen more prominently in nonsmokers than in smokers, suggesting that smoking is not the only major environmental source of arsenic contamination since the UC risk differs in non-smokers. Subjects who have an unfavorable urinary arsenic profile have an increased UC risk even at low exposure levels.
and overall survival (median 15.0 vs. 8.5 months; hazard ratio 0.54; 95% CI 0.38-0.77; p ! 0.001)... more and overall survival (median 15.0 vs. 8.5 months; hazard ratio 0.54; 95% CI 0.38-0.77; p ! 0.001). Conclusion: Although this study showed that weekly low doses of docetaxel were as tolerable as pemetrexed for previously treated advanced NSCLC, a prospective design is needed to confirm this finding.
A microwave-assisted method for rapid deposition of continuous gold films on glass substrates has... more A microwave-assisted method for rapid deposition of continuous gold films on glass substrates has been developed. Under microwave irradiation, gold nanoparticles in colloidal solutions were shown able to assemble on the naked substrates to form a gold monolayer within minutes. Images obtained by AFM revealed that the monolayer formed on the naked glass surface was much the same as that
This study presented a method to estimate the complete ground reaction forces from pressure insol... more This study presented a method to estimate the complete ground reaction forces from pressure insoles in walking. Five male subjects performed 10 walking trials in a laboratory. The complete ground reaction forces were collected during a right foot stride by a force plate at 1000 Hz. Simultaneous plantar pressure data were collected at 100 Hz by a pressure insole system with 99 sensors covering the whole plantar area. Stepwise linear regressions were performed to individually reconstruct the complete ground reaction forces in three directions from the 99 individual pressure data until redundancy among the predictors occurred. An additional linear regression was performed to reconstruct the vertical ground reaction force by the sum of the value of the 99 pressure sensors. Five other subjects performed the same walking test for validation. Estimated ground reaction forces in three directions were calculated with the developed regression models, and were compared with the real data recorded from force plate. Accuracy was represented by the correlation coefficient and the root mean square error. Results showed very good correlation in anterior-posterior (0.928) and vertical (0.989) directions, and reasonable correlation in medial-lateral direction (0.719). The root mean square error was about 12%, 5% and 28% of the peak recorded value. Future studies should aim to generalize the methods or to establish specific methods to other subjects, patients, motions, footwear and floor conditions. The method gives an extra option to study an estimation of the complete ground reaction forces in any environment without the constraints from the number and location of force plates. r
In this paper, we present a new architecture of Chinese abacus adder. As high radix of adder may ... more In this paper, we present a new architecture of Chinese abacus adder. As high radix of adder may reduce the number of carry propagation, the proposed Chinese abacus adder may achieve high-speed operation. The simulation results of our work are compared with CLA (Carry Look-ahead) adder. The delay of the 8-bit abacus adders are 22%, 17%, and 14% less than those of CLA adders for 0.35µm, 0.25µm, and 0.18µm technologies, respectively. The power consumption of the abacus adders are 30%, 34%, and 60% less than those of CLA adders for 0.35µm, 0.25µm, and 0.18µm technologies, respectively. The use of Chinese abacus approach results a competitive technique with respect to conventional fast adder.
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