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'''BIBFRAME''' (Bibliographic Framework) isist aein [[data modelDatenmodell]] forfür bibliographicbibliografische descriptionDaten. BIBFRAME waswurde designedentworfen, toum replacedas theAustauschformat [[MARCMachine-Readable standardsCataloging|MARC]], andzu toersetzen, useund [[linkedLinked dataOpen Data|Linked Data]]-Prinzipien principlesanzuwenden, toum makeden [[BibliographicNutzen database|bibliographicvon data[[Bibliothekskatalog]]en moresowohl usefulinner- bothals withinauch andaußerhalb der outsidebibliothekarischen theCommunity libraryzu communityerhöhen.<ref name=web-of-data>{{cite report|last=Millerweb |first=Eric |titlelast=Bibliographic Framework as a Web of Data: Linked Data ModelMiller and Supporting Services|url=httphttps://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/marcld-report-11-21-2012.pdf |publishertitle=LibraryBibliographic Framework as a Web of Congress|accessdate=28Data: May 2014|author2=UcheLinked OgbujiData |author3=VictoriaModel Muellerand Supporting Services |author4publisher=KathyLibrary MacDougallof Congress |date=2012-11-21 November 2012|accessdate=2014-05-28}}</ref>
==History Geschichte ==
TheDer MARC Standards-Standard, whichden BIBFRAME seeksersetzen to replacesoll, were developedwurde byvon [[Henriette Avram]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Schudel |first=Matt |titlelast=HenrietteSchudel Avram, 'Mother of MARC,' Dies|url=httphttps://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0605/avram.html |title=Henriette Avram, 'Mother of MARC,' Dies |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=June 2013-06-22, 2013}}</ref> atin theder USamerikanischen [[Library of Congress]] duringwährend theder 1960s1960er entwickelt. By1971 1971,war MARC formatszum hadnationalen becomeStandard thefür nationaldie standardVerteilung for dissemination of [[Bibliographic database|bibliographic data]]von Katalogdaten in the UnitedUSA Statesgeworden, and1973 theauch internationalein standardinternationaler by 1973Standard.
In einem Artikel von 2002 argumentierte [[Roy Tennant]], dass "MARC sterben muss" ("MARC must die"). Er führte als Begründung an, dass der Standard veraltet ist, nur in der Bibliothekscommunity genutzt wird und für die Anzeige, nicht die Speicherung oder Suche optimiert wurde.<ref name="tennant">{{Literatur |Autor=Roy Tennant |Titel=MARC Must Die |Sammelwerk=Library Journal |Band=127 |Nummer=17 |Seiten=26–27 |Online=[http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2002/10/ljarchives/marc-must-die/ Online] }} {{Webarchiv|url=http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2002/10/ljarchives/marc-must-die/ |wayback=20150407155724 |text=Online |archiv-bot=2023-03-13 01:10:25 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Ein Bericht der Library of Congress von 2008 stellte fest, dass MARC „auf vierzig Jahre alten Techniken des Datenmanagement basiert und nicht mehr im Einklang mit heutigen Programmiertechniken ist.“<ref name=on-the-record>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/bibliographic-future/news/lcwg-ontherecord-jan08-final.pdf |title=On the Record |publisher=The Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control |date=2008-01-09}}</ref>
In a provocatively titled 2002 article, library technologist Roy Tennant argued that "MARC Must Die", noting that the standard was old; used only within the library community; and designed to be a display, rather than a storage or retrieval format.<ref name="tennant">{{cite journal|last=Tennant|first=Roy|title=MARC Must Die|journal=Library Journal|volume=127|issue=17|pages=26–27|url = http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2002/10/ljarchives/marc-must-die/}}</ref>
A 2008 report from the Library of Congress wrote that MARC is "based on forty-year old techniques for data management and is out of step with programming styles of today."<ref name=on-the-record>{{cite report|title=On the Record|publisher=The Library of Congress Working Group on the Future of Bibliographic Control|url=http://www.loc.gov/bibliographic-future/news/lcwg-ontherecord-jan08-final.pdf|date=9 January 2008}}</ref>
InIm Jahr 2012, thekündigte die Library of Congress announcedan, thatdass itsie haddie contracted withDatenmanagement-Firma Zepheira, abeauftragt data management companyhatte, toeine developLinked-Data-Alternative azu linkedMARC datazu alternative to MARCentwickeln.<ref name=zepheira-release>{{cite web|title=The Library of Congress Announces Modeling Initiative|url=httphttps://www.loc.gov/bibframe/news/bibframe-052212.html |title=The Library of Congress Announces Modeling Initiative |work=BIBFRAME |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=2014-05-28}}</ref> MayIm selben Jahr kündigte die Bibliothek ein neues Datenmodell namens MARC Resources (MARCR) an<ref name=mccallum>{{cite web |first=Sally |last=McCallum |url=http://igelu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/IGeLU-sally-McCallum.pptx |title=Bibliographic Framework Initiative Approach for MARC Data as Linked Data |work=7th Annual IGeLU Conference |date=2012-09-13 |accessdate=2014-05-30}}</ref> und veröffentlichte im November einen vollständigeren Entwurf des Datenmodells, das nun den Namen BIBFRAME trug.<ref name=web-of-data />
Later that year, the library announced a new model called MARC Resources (MARCR).<ref name=mccallum>{{cite web|last=McCallum|first=Sally|title=Bibliographic Framework Initiative Approach for MARC Data as Linked Data|url=http://igelu.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/IGeLU-sally-McCallum.pptx|work=7th Annual IGeLU Conference|accessdate=30 May 2014|date=13 September 2012}}</ref>
That November, the library released a more complete draft of the model, renamed BIBFRAME.<ref name=web-of-data />
{{refn|group=nb|For a detailed history of discontent with the MARC standards between Tennant's 2002 article and the 2012 announcement of BIBFRAME, see {{cite journal|last=Kroeger|first=Angela|title=The Road to BIBFRAME: The Evolution of the Idea of Bibliographic Transition into a Post-MARC Future|journal=Cataloging & Classification Quarterly|volume=51|issue=8|pages=873–890|doi=10.1080/01639374.2013.823584}}}}
Die Library of Congress veröffentlichte 2016 die Version 2.0 von BIBFRAME.<ref name="overview20">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/docs/bibframe2-model.html |title=Overview of the BIBFRAME 2.0 Model |website=Library of Congress |publisher=Library of Congress |date=2016-04-21 |accessdate=2016-07-06}}</ref><ref name="mccallumJlis">{{Literatur |Autor=Sally McCallum |Titel=BIBFRAME Development |Sammelwerk=JLIS.it |Band=8 |Nummer=3 |Seiten=71–85 |DOI=10.4403/jlis.it-12415 |Online=[https://www.jlis.it/article/view/12415 Online] }} {{Webarchiv|url=https://www.jlis.it/article/view/12415 |wayback=20170916141201 |text=Online |archiv-bot=2023-03-13 01:10:25 InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>
[[File:BIBFRAME model.png|thumb|A diagram illustrating the basics of the Library of Congress's BIBFRAME model.]]
BIBFRAME is expressed in [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]]. The model centers around four main classes: ''Creative works'', ''Instances'', ''Authorities'', and ''Annotations''.<ref name=web-of-data /> While the ''creative work'' entity in BIBFRAME is roughly analogous to the ''work'' entity in the [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR) model, BIBFRAME's ''instance'' entity is a conflation of the FRBR ''expression'' and ''manifestation'' entities. This represents an apparent break with FRBR and the FRBR-based [[Resource Description and Access]] (RDA) cataloging code.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Erik|title=Three Case Studies in Linked Open Data|journal=Library Technology Reports|volume=49|issue=5|pages=26–43|accessdate=28 May 2014}}</ref> However, the original BIBFRAME model argues that the new model "can reflect the FRBR relationships in terms of a graph rather than as hierarchical relationships, after applying a reductionist technique." <ref name=web-of-data /> Since both FRBR and BIBFRAME have been expressed in RDF, interoperability between the two models is technically possible.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Highlights of Library Data Models in the Era of Linked Open Data|last1=Zapounidou|first1=Sofia|last2=Sfakakis|first2=Michalis|last3=Papatheodorou|first3=Christos|date=November 19–22, 2013|publisher=Springer|booktitle=Metadata and Semantics Research|isbn=9783319034362|pages=396–407|conferenceurl=http://mtsr2013.teithe.gr/|conference=Metadata and Semantics Research Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece|editor1=Emmanouel Garoufallou|editor2=Jane Greenberg}}</ref>
BIBFRAME ''authority'' entities address the issue of [[authority control]]. BIBFRAME authorities are a "lightweight [[abstraction layer]]"; these entities serve as "bridges" between works or instances and traditional library authority records, rather than replacing traditional library authority records.<ref>{{cite web|title=On BIBFRAME Authority|url=http://bibframe.org/documentation/bibframe-authority/|work=BIBFRAME.org|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>
[[Datei:Bibframe2-model.jpg|mini|Illustration des BIBFRAME 2.0-Modells, mit drei Abstraktionsebenen (in blau) - Work, Instance, Item -und drei damit verbundenen Klassen (in orange) — Agent, Subject, Event.]]
BIBFRAME ist in [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]] verfasst und basiert auf drei zentralen Abstraktionsebenen (Work, Instance, Item), mit drei zusätzlichen Klassen (Agent, Subject, Event) die mit den zentralen Kategorien verbunden sind.<ref name=overview20 /> Während sich ''Work'' in BIBFRAME als Zusammenführung der Kategorien ''Work'' und ''Expression''<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Sofia Zapounidou, Michalis Sfakakis, Christos Papatheodorou |Titel=Representing and integrating bibliographic information into the Semantic Web: A comparison of four conceptual models |Sammelwerk=Journal of Information Science |Band=43 |Nummer=4 |Datum=2016-06-01 |Sprache=en |Seiten=525–553 |DOI=10.1177/0165551516650410}}</ref> im [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records|FRBR-Modell]] der [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]] begreifen lässt, entspricht die Kategorie ''Instance'' in BIBFRAME der Kategorie ''Manifestation'' in FRBR. Hierbei handelt es sich um einen Bruch mit FRBR und den FRBR-basierten [[Resource Description and Access]] (RDA) Katalogisierungsregeln.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Erik Mitchell |Titel=Three Case Studies in Linked Open Data |Sammelwerk=Library Technology Reports |Band=49 |Nummer=5 |Seiten=26–43}}</ref> Allerdings weist das BIBFRAME-Modell darauf hin, dass das neue Modell „nach Anwendung reduktiver Techniken die FRBR-Beziehungen als Graph, statt als hierarchische Beziehung ausdrücken kann.“<ref name=web-of-data /> Da sowohl FRBR als auch BIBFRAME in RDF formuliert sind, ist ihre [[Interoperabilität]] auf technischer Ebene möglich.<ref>{{Literatur |Autor=Sofia Zapounidou, Michalis Sfakakis, Christos Papatheodorou |Titel=Metadata and Semantics Research |Hrsg=Emmanouel Garoufallou, Jane Greenberg |Verlag=Springer |Ort=Thessaloniki |Datum=2013-11-22 |ISBN=9783319034362 |Kapitel=Highlights of Library Data Models in the Era of Linked Open Data |Seiten=396–407}}</ref>
=== Spezifische Formate ===
''Annotations'' serve a number of different roles in the BIBFRAME model. One of the most valuable uses of these entities is to represent holdings and item-level data. BIBFRAME holdings annotations can express whether an item is held by a particular library, whether the item is currently checked out, the item's call number and location, and other item-specific data. Annotations can also be used to provide additional information about a work or instance, such as cover art, reviews, and patron-generated information.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIBFRAME Annotation Model|url=http://bibframe.org/documentation/annotations/|work=BIBFRAME.org|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>
WhileObwohl thedas BIBFRAME -Modell modelderzeit currentlyüber includeseine aKategorie ''serial''für entity[[Periodikum|Periodika]] verfügt, theregibt arees stillweiterhin aProbleme, numberdie ofgelöst issueswerden tomüssen, bebevor addresseddas beforeModell thefür modeldie canKatalogisierung bevon usedPeriodika forverwendet [[Periodical literature|serials]]werden catalogingkann.<ref>{{ citeLiteratur journal| lastAutor= Nancy Fallgren |first=Nancy|author2=Lauruhn, Michael |author3=ReynoldsLauruhn, Regina Romano |author4= KaplanReynolds, Laurie Kaplan | titleTitel=The Missing Link: The Evolving Current State of Linked Data for Serials | journalSammelwerk=The Serials Librarian | dateBand= 2 May66 2014| volumeNummer= 661–4 | issueDatum= 12014- 405-02 | pagesSeiten=123–138 | doiDOI=10.1080/0361526X.2014.879690 }}<!--|accessdate=30 May 2014 }}--></ref> In BIBFRAME lacksfehlen severaleinige serials-relatedDatenfelder datafür fieldsPeriodika, availabledie in MARC verfügbar sind.<ref>{{cite web | last1last=kiegel |title=MARC 008 for continuing resources|url=https://github.com/lcnetdev/marc2bibframe/issues/169 |title=MARC 008 for continuing resources |website=GitHub |accessdate= 22 April 2015 |ref=github165-04-22}}</ref> ▼
Ein Bericht von 2014 äußerte sich positiv zu BIBFRAMEs Tauglichkeit für die Beschreibung von Audio- und Videoressourcen. Allerdings wurden auch Zweifel an der Kategorie ''Work'' geäußert, die sich für die Beschreibung einiger Audioressourcen nicht eignet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/bibframe-avmodelingstudy-may15-2014.pdf |title=BIBFRAME AV Modeling Study: Defining a Flexible Model for Description of Audiovisual Resources |publisher=Library of Congress |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810111936/http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/bibframe-avmodelingstudy-may15-2014.pdf |archivedate=2014-08-10 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref>
===Specific formats===
▲While the BIBFRAME model currently includes a ''serial'' entity, there are still a number of issues to be addressed before the model can be used for [[Periodical literature|serials]] cataloging.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fallgren|first=Nancy|author2=Lauruhn, Michael |author3=Reynolds, Regina Romano |author4= Kaplan, Laurie |title=The Missing Link: The Evolving Current State of Linked Data for Serials|journal=The Serials Librarian|date=2 May 2014|volume=66|issue=1-4|pages=123–138|doi=10.1080/0361526X.2014.879690|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> BIBFRAME lacks several serials-related data fields available in MARC.<ref>{{cite web|last1=kiegel|title=MARC 008 for continuing resources|url=https://github.com/lcnetdev/marc2bibframe/issues/169|website=GitHub|accessdate=22 April 2015|ref=github165}}</ref>
== Implementierungen ==
A 2014 report was very positive on BIBFRAME's suitability for describing audio and video resources. However, the report also expressed some concern about the high-level ''Work'' entity, which is unsuitable for modeling certain audio resources.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Malssen|first1=Kara|title=BIBFRAME AV Modeling Study: Defining a Flexible Model for Description of Audiovisual Resources|url=http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/pdf/bibframe-avmodelingstudy-may15-2014.pdf|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=1 August 2014|ref=van-malssen}}</ref>
* Colorado College'sDie Tutt Library hasdes createdColorado severalCollege experimentalhat appsmehrere usingexperimentelle Anwendungen unter Verwendung von BIBFRAME erstellt.<ref>{{ citeLiteratur journal| lastAutor= Jeremy Nelson | first=Jeremy|titleTitel=Building a Library App Portfolio with Redis and Django | journalSammelwerk=code4lib | dateNummer= 201319 | issueDatum= 192013 | urlOnline= [http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/7349 |accessdate=30 May 2014Online]}}</ref> ▼* 14 andere Forschungsbibliotheken erproben das Modell (Stand 2016).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/bibframe/implementation/register.html |title=BIBFRAME Implementation Register |accessdate=2016-07-06}}</ref>
* [[Ex Libris Group|Ex Libris]] veröffentlichte eine Roadmap für die Implementierung von BIBFRAME in ihrem Bibliothekssystem, inklusive einer MARC-nach-BIBFRAME-Konversion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.proquest.com/about/news/2017/Ex-Libris-Increases-Library-Connectivity-with-Implementation-BIBFRAME.html |title=Ex Libris Increases Library Connectivity with Implementation of BIBFRAME Roadmap |accessdate=2017-05-08}}</ref>
== Verwandte Initiativen und Standards ==
==Implementations==
* [[Resource Description and Access|RDA]], [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records|FRBR]], [[FRBRoo]], [[Functional Requirements for Authority Data|FRAD]], und [[FRSAD]] sind im RDF-Format in der Open Metadata Registry erfasst, einer Datenbank für Metadaten-Schemata.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://metadataregistry.org |title=Open Metadata Registry |language=en |website=Open Metadata Registry: supporting metadata interoperability |accessdate=2017-04-30}}</ref>
▲* Colorado College's Tutt Library has created several experimental apps using BIBFRAME.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nelson|first=Jeremy|title=Building a Library App Portfolio with Redis and Django|journal=code4lib|date=2013|issue=19|url=http://journal.code4lib.org/articles/7349|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>
* Das Schema Bib Extend-Projekt, eine von der [[W3C]] geförderte Gruppe arbeitet daran, [[Schema.org]] für bibliografische Daten nutzbar zu machen.<ref>{{cite web |first=Carol Jean |last=Godby |url=http://oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2013/2013-05.pdf |title=The Relationship between BIBFRAME and OCLC’s Linked-Data Model of Bibliographic Description: A Working Paper |accessdate=2014-05-30}}</ref>
* Nine other research libraries are testing the new model.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIBFRAME Implementation Register|url=http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/implementation/register.html|accessdate=26 Oct 2014}}</ref>
==Related initiativesSiehe auch ==
* [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records|FRBR]], [[FRBRoo]], [[Functional Requirements for Authority Data|FRAD]], and [[FRSAD]] have been made available in RDF form by Gordon Dunsire in the [[Metadata registry#Examples of public metadata registries|Open Metadata Registry]].
* Schema Bib Extend project, a W3C-sponsored community group has worked to extend [[Schema.org]] to make it suitable for bibliographic description.<ref>{{cite web|last=Godby|first=Carol Jean|title=The Relationship between BIBFRAME and OCLC’s Linked-Data Model of Bibliographic Description: A Working Paper|url=http://oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2013/2013-05.pdf|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Europeana]]
* [[Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records]] (FRBR)
* [[International Standard Bibliographic Description]] (ISBD)
* [[Functional Requirements for Authority Data]] (FRAD)
* [[Linked dataOpen Data]]
* [[MARC standards]]
* [[Open Library]]
* [[Resource Description and Access]]
* [[Schema.org]]
==Notes Weblinks ==
* [ httphttps://www.loc.gov/bibframe/ LCOffizielle BIBFRAME siteWebseite] ▼{{reflist|group=nb}}
* [http://id.loc.gov/ontologies/bibframe Aktuelles BIBFRAME-Vokabular]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
== Einzelnachweise ==
==External links==
<references />
* [http://bibframe.org/ Official Website]
* [http://bibframe.org/vocab/ Current BIBFRAME vocabularies]
▲* [http://www.loc.gov/bibframe/ LC BIBFRAME site]
[[Kategorie:Bibliographisches Datenformat]]
[[Category:Bibliography file formats]]
[[Kategorie:Semantisches Web]]
[[Category:Library automation]]
[[Kategorie:Abkürzung]]
[[Category:Library cataloging and classification]]
[[Category:Library of Congress]]
[[Category:Metadata publishing]]
[[Category:Metadata standards]]
[[Category:Semantic Web]]
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