Racism After Apartheid: Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism, 2019
Drawing in particular on the ideas of the Guinea-Bissau revolutionary, Amilcar Cabral, I discuss ... more Drawing in particular on the ideas of the Guinea-Bissau revolutionary, Amilcar Cabral, I discuss how the term African became a synonym for the non-human or lesser human being that justified enslavement, slavery, colonialism and exploitation, and how the meaning of the word evolved subsequently to consider the African as ‘uncivilised’ under colonialism, and then ‘underdeveloped’ in the post-independence period. I discuss how the term African was appropriated by those engaged in the struggles against enslavement, slavery, exploitation and colonialism and came to represent the assertion and affirmation by Africans of their humanity, and as human beings, both makers of history and contributors to the history of human emancipation. That proud assertion did not last long: in the neocolonial period, and especially in the neoliberal period post-1980, the term African became disarticulated from any connection with the struggle for emancipation, freedom, justice, dignity and a universal humanity. Being African thus became merely a taxonomic term that has become indistinguishable from the individualistic identity politics that is so prevalent today, to which the current fad for ‘intersectionality’ falls victim. I will argue that it is not possible to understand, or even recognise, African people’s humanity without taking into account their long history of struggles for emancipation. That is only possible, I suggest, if the politics of African histories are understood and transcended to reveal their fundamental contributions to the universal human condition – experiences that, as Cabral (1979: 80) put it, ‘belong to the whole world’.
Las obras del líder revolucionario Amilcar Cabral ofrecen un enfoque decisivo acerca de la import... more Las obras del líder revolucionario Amilcar Cabral ofrecen un enfoque decisivo acerca de la importancia de la cultura en la lucha contemporánea contra el neoliberalismo.
Firoze Manji 1 : This is an important question. To address that, we need to reflect on the nature... more Firoze Manji 1 : This is an important question. To address that, we need to reflect on the nature of the tune that the piper plays.
The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of med... more The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of media analysts who have characterised these as 'Arab revolutions', a perspective given weight by popular demonstrations in Yemen, Bahrain, Syria and elsewhere. However, what have been given less attention are the concurrent uprisings in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Western Sahara and Zimbabwe. The uprisings across Africa and in the Middle East, the book argues, are the result of common experiences of decades of declining living standards, mass unemployment, land dispossessions and impoverishment of the majority, while a few have engorged themselves with riches.
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of med... more The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of media analysts who have characterised these as 'Arab revolutions', a perspective given weight by popular demonstrations in Yemen, Bahrain, Syria and elsewhere. However, what have been given less attention are the concurrent uprisings in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Western Sahara and Zimbabwe. The uprisings across Africa and in the Middle East, the book argues, are the result of common experiences of decades of declining living standards, mass unemployment, land dispossessions and impoverishment of the majority, while a few have engorged themselves with riches.
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, Apr 1, 1986
It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasin... more It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasing, though in Kenya and Tanzania there is insufficient information to confirm such trends. In order to test the hypothesis, therefore, 762 children in Dar es Salaam and 802 children in Nairobi aged 12 yr in 1984 were examined for dental caries as part of a baseline study to monitor changes of prevalence with time. Dental caries was recorded by surfaces using the criteria recommended by the WHO and examinations were performed by standardized examiners. The mean DMFT in Dar es Salaam of 0.67 (SD 1.20) was significantly higher than that for Nairobi, 0.51 (SD 1.23). No differences were found in the mean DMFS index. Nairobi children had a greater number of filled teeth and surfaces. Although a greater proportion of children were caries-free in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam, amongst those with caries, Nairobi children had significantly higher DMFS scores, and a greater proportion with DMFS greater than 4. The possible reasons for such findings are discussed. The mean DMFT and DMFS reported here are amongst the lowest reported in the recent literature from both countries.
Background: Epidemiological data from countries worldwide show a consistent pattern implying that... more Background: Epidemiological data from countries worldwide show a consistent pattern implying that a fraction of around 10% of those over 40-50 years in all populations will exhibit severe periodontitis with the potential risk of losing teeth during their lifetime. The subgingival microbiota shows striking similarities between populations irrespective of disease severity and can only marginally explain the clinical pattern. It is also difficult to explain this pattern by genetic and acquired risk factors such as systemic disease (e.g. diabetes) or habits (e.g. smoking) even if they may have a confounding effect on the disease. Main text: Inflammation of the gingiva appears to be a normal and physiological response to the presence of commensal bacteria along the gingival crevice and in the dental biofilm. Over many years of exposure to the dental biofilm, the chronic inflammation in the gingiva gradually results in a loss of attachment and bone loss. Numerous laboratory and clinical studies have provided insight into the potential role of determinants that are associated with periodontitis. However, it has been difficult to relate the findings to the pattern of the distribution of the disease observed in epidemiological studies. We propose a simple and parsimonious model that considers all the multitude of potential determinants as creating effectively random noise within the dental biofilm to which the tissues react by accumulating the effects of this noise. Conclusions: We suggest that such a model can explain many of the epidemiological features of periodontal breakdown over time, and we discuss its clinical implications.
Presentation to set the scene of digital colonialism in the context of discoverability of African... more Presentation to set the scene of digital colonialism in the context of discoverability of African research.
Page 1. From the slave trade to 'free' ... more Page 1. From the slave trade to 'free' trade How trade undermines democracy and justice in Africa Edited by Patrick Burnett & Firoze Manji Page 2. From the slave trade to 'free' trade: How trade undermines democracy and justice in Africa Page 3. ...
We argue that the nature of the economic crises in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be understood outsid... more We argue that the nature of the economic crises in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be understood outside the context of the legacy of colonialism and class formation. Structural adjustment programmes serve to exacerbate inequalities and threaten to reverse the social gains of the majority achieved through the struggle for independence, in the interest of the indigenous capitalist class. Under such circumstances social scientists have a social responsibility to take a stand against the current policies that have led to an unprecedented decline of the health status of the poor; their skills must he put at the disposal of the oppressed with a view to giving voice to the experiences and needs of the majority.
* Preface Deborah Eade * The depoliticisation of poverty Firoze Manji * The humanitarian responsi... more * Preface Deborah Eade * The depoliticisation of poverty Firoze Manji * The humanitarian responsibilities of the UN Security Council: ensuring the security of the people Juan Somavia * African rural labour and the World Bank: an alternative perspective Deborah Fahy Bryceson and John Howe * Empowerment and survival:humanitarian work in civil conflict Martha Thompson * The global struggle for the right to a place to live Miloon Kothari * Agrarian reform: a continuing imperative or an anachronism? Cristina Liamzon * The ethics of immigration controls: issues for development NGOs Andy Storey * The right to protection from sexual assault: the Indian anti-rape campaign Geetanjali Gangoli * Guatemala:uncovering the past, recovering the future Elizabeth Lira * Strengthening unions: the case of irrigated agriculture in the Brazilian north-east Didier Bloch * All rights guaranteed-all actors accountable: poverty is a violation of human rights Grahame Russell * Collective memory and the process of reconciliation and reconstruction Wiseman Chirwa * Devastation by leather tanneries in Tamil Nadu John Paul Baskar * Annotated bibliography * Addresses of publishers and other organisations
Racism After Apartheid: Challenges for Marxism and Anti-Racism, 2019
Drawing in particular on the ideas of the Guinea-Bissau revolutionary, Amilcar Cabral, I discuss ... more Drawing in particular on the ideas of the Guinea-Bissau revolutionary, Amilcar Cabral, I discuss how the term African became a synonym for the non-human or lesser human being that justified enslavement, slavery, colonialism and exploitation, and how the meaning of the word evolved subsequently to consider the African as ‘uncivilised’ under colonialism, and then ‘underdeveloped’ in the post-independence period. I discuss how the term African was appropriated by those engaged in the struggles against enslavement, slavery, exploitation and colonialism and came to represent the assertion and affirmation by Africans of their humanity, and as human beings, both makers of history and contributors to the history of human emancipation. That proud assertion did not last long: in the neocolonial period, and especially in the neoliberal period post-1980, the term African became disarticulated from any connection with the struggle for emancipation, freedom, justice, dignity and a universal humanity. Being African thus became merely a taxonomic term that has become indistinguishable from the individualistic identity politics that is so prevalent today, to which the current fad for ‘intersectionality’ falls victim. I will argue that it is not possible to understand, or even recognise, African people’s humanity without taking into account their long history of struggles for emancipation. That is only possible, I suggest, if the politics of African histories are understood and transcended to reveal their fundamental contributions to the universal human condition – experiences that, as Cabral (1979: 80) put it, ‘belong to the whole world’.
Las obras del líder revolucionario Amilcar Cabral ofrecen un enfoque decisivo acerca de la import... more Las obras del líder revolucionario Amilcar Cabral ofrecen un enfoque decisivo acerca de la importancia de la cultura en la lucha contemporánea contra el neoliberalismo.
Firoze Manji 1 : This is an important question. To address that, we need to reflect on the nature... more Firoze Manji 1 : This is an important question. To address that, we need to reflect on the nature of the tune that the piper plays.
The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of med... more The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of media analysts who have characterised these as 'Arab revolutions', a perspective given weight by popular demonstrations in Yemen, Bahrain, Syria and elsewhere. However, what have been given less attention are the concurrent uprisings in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Western Sahara and Zimbabwe. The uprisings across Africa and in the Middle East, the book argues, are the result of common experiences of decades of declining living standards, mass unemployment, land dispossessions and impoverishment of the majority, while a few have engorged themselves with riches.
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of med... more The tumultuous uprisings of citizens in Tunisia, Egypt and Libya have seized the attention of media analysts who have characterised these as 'Arab revolutions', a perspective given weight by popular demonstrations in Yemen, Bahrain, Syria and elsewhere. However, what have been given less attention are the concurrent uprisings in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Mauritania, Morocco, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Western Sahara and Zimbabwe. The uprisings across Africa and in the Middle East, the book argues, are the result of common experiences of decades of declining living standards, mass unemployment, land dispossessions and impoverishment of the majority, while a few have engorged themselves with riches.
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, Apr 1, 1986
It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasin... more It is commonly believed that the prevalence of dental caries in developing countries is increasing, though in Kenya and Tanzania there is insufficient information to confirm such trends. In order to test the hypothesis, therefore, 762 children in Dar es Salaam and 802 children in Nairobi aged 12 yr in 1984 were examined for dental caries as part of a baseline study to monitor changes of prevalence with time. Dental caries was recorded by surfaces using the criteria recommended by the WHO and examinations were performed by standardized examiners. The mean DMFT in Dar es Salaam of 0.67 (SD 1.20) was significantly higher than that for Nairobi, 0.51 (SD 1.23). No differences were found in the mean DMFS index. Nairobi children had a greater number of filled teeth and surfaces. Although a greater proportion of children were caries-free in Nairobi than in Dar es Salaam, amongst those with caries, Nairobi children had significantly higher DMFS scores, and a greater proportion with DMFS greater than 4. The possible reasons for such findings are discussed. The mean DMFT and DMFS reported here are amongst the lowest reported in the recent literature from both countries.
Background: Epidemiological data from countries worldwide show a consistent pattern implying that... more Background: Epidemiological data from countries worldwide show a consistent pattern implying that a fraction of around 10% of those over 40-50 years in all populations will exhibit severe periodontitis with the potential risk of losing teeth during their lifetime. The subgingival microbiota shows striking similarities between populations irrespective of disease severity and can only marginally explain the clinical pattern. It is also difficult to explain this pattern by genetic and acquired risk factors such as systemic disease (e.g. diabetes) or habits (e.g. smoking) even if they may have a confounding effect on the disease. Main text: Inflammation of the gingiva appears to be a normal and physiological response to the presence of commensal bacteria along the gingival crevice and in the dental biofilm. Over many years of exposure to the dental biofilm, the chronic inflammation in the gingiva gradually results in a loss of attachment and bone loss. Numerous laboratory and clinical studies have provided insight into the potential role of determinants that are associated with periodontitis. However, it has been difficult to relate the findings to the pattern of the distribution of the disease observed in epidemiological studies. We propose a simple and parsimonious model that considers all the multitude of potential determinants as creating effectively random noise within the dental biofilm to which the tissues react by accumulating the effects of this noise. Conclusions: We suggest that such a model can explain many of the epidemiological features of periodontal breakdown over time, and we discuss its clinical implications.
Presentation to set the scene of digital colonialism in the context of discoverability of African... more Presentation to set the scene of digital colonialism in the context of discoverability of African research.
Page 1. From the slave trade to 'free' ... more Page 1. From the slave trade to 'free' trade How trade undermines democracy and justice in Africa Edited by Patrick Burnett & Firoze Manji Page 2. From the slave trade to 'free' trade: How trade undermines democracy and justice in Africa Page 3. ...
We argue that the nature of the economic crises in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be understood outsid... more We argue that the nature of the economic crises in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be understood outside the context of the legacy of colonialism and class formation. Structural adjustment programmes serve to exacerbate inequalities and threaten to reverse the social gains of the majority achieved through the struggle for independence, in the interest of the indigenous capitalist class. Under such circumstances social scientists have a social responsibility to take a stand against the current policies that have led to an unprecedented decline of the health status of the poor; their skills must he put at the disposal of the oppressed with a view to giving voice to the experiences and needs of the majority.
* Preface Deborah Eade * The depoliticisation of poverty Firoze Manji * The humanitarian responsi... more * Preface Deborah Eade * The depoliticisation of poverty Firoze Manji * The humanitarian responsibilities of the UN Security Council: ensuring the security of the people Juan Somavia * African rural labour and the World Bank: an alternative perspective Deborah Fahy Bryceson and John Howe * Empowerment and survival:humanitarian work in civil conflict Martha Thompson * The global struggle for the right to a place to live Miloon Kothari * Agrarian reform: a continuing imperative or an anachronism? Cristina Liamzon * The ethics of immigration controls: issues for development NGOs Andy Storey * The right to protection from sexual assault: the Indian anti-rape campaign Geetanjali Gangoli * Guatemala:uncovering the past, recovering the future Elizabeth Lira * Strengthening unions: the case of irrigated agriculture in the Brazilian north-east Didier Bloch * All rights guaranteed-all actors accountable: poverty is a violation of human rights Grahame Russell * Collective memory and the process of reconciliation and reconstruction Wiseman Chirwa * Devastation by leather tanneries in Tamil Nadu John Paul Baskar * Annotated bibliography * Addresses of publishers and other organisations
This paper seeks to draw out the potentials of information and communications technologies (ICTs)... more This paper seeks to draw out the potentials of information and communications technologies (ICTs) for supporting the cause of social justice in Africa. The paper draws on Fahamu's experiences of using ICTs for delivering distance learning programmes for human rights organisations using a mixture of CD-ROM, e-mail moderation and workshop-based learning. The potentials for delivering similar courses using handheld computers with built-in mobile phones are explored. The paper describes the development of Pambazuka News, a weekly electronic news and discussion forum for social justice that has grown in three years from a subscriber base of 300 to more than 70,000 each week. Pambazuka News has been used as an advocacy tool in a number of forums, notably at the first meeting of the Pan African Parliament and at AU meeting in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in July 2004, where it was the principal instrument for calling on African states to adopt the protocol for the rights of women in Africa. The paper discusses how SMS/text messaging from mobile phones has been used to enable people in Africa to sign online petitions. The paper argues that technology is a manifestation of social relations, reflecting the power and values of those who use it. It concludes that ICTs should not be left to those who want to make profits, but should be grasped as a powerful tool for social justice.
he bursting of citizens onto the streets of Tunisia and Egypt early in 2011 and the ensuing overt... more he bursting of citizens onto the streets of Tunisia and Egypt early in 2011 and the ensuing overthrow of the dictators Ben Ali and Mubarak attracted widespread media attention that characterized these events as the beginning of an 'Arab Spring'. 1 But during the same period, though largely ignored by the mainstream media, there were mounting protests, demonstrations and actions by citizens in a number of other African countries including Algeria,
The social unrest that has swept through Africa in 2011 has its roots in the stripping of African... more The social unrest that has swept through Africa in 2011 has its roots in the stripping of African economies by international finance, argues Pambazuka News editor-in-chief Firoze Manji, in a speech delivered for the Beyond Juba Distinguished Lecture on 22 June. Now is the time to map out a path towards emancipation, he writes.
Cabral and Saro-Wiwa were separated by two eras, the one involving the struggle for independence ... more Cabral and Saro-Wiwa were separated by two eras, the one involving the struggle for independence in Africa, the other dealing with the consequences of the failures of independence and the rise of neoliberalism. There were continuities between the two eras. Cabral and Saro-Wiwa sit together in this transformative and unfinished space asking questions that remain important in Ireland as in Africa. Despite this separation, they had much in common. Both sought self-determination for their people. Both were clear that self-determination, not secession, was what they were foghting for. Self-determination and seces- sion are often got confused and considered synonymous. Self-determination is about the struggle for justice, dignity and an attempt to establish an inclusive Universalist humanity, whereas secession is by definition an act of exclusion, defining the self through the exclusion of the other.
Africa remains almost invisible on the internet in terms of its intellectual production mainly be... more Africa remains almost invisible on the internet in terms of its intellectual production mainly because of the digital colonialism and the infrastructure of the internet which perpetuates the dehumanisation of African people.
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Books by Firoze Manji
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
Papers by Firoze Manji
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
Through incisive contributions from analysts and activists across the continent, the essays in African Awakening provide an overview of the struggle for democratisation which goes beyond calls merely for transparent electoral processes and constitutes a reawakening of the spirit of freedom and justice for the majority.
Contributors: Charles Abugre, Essam Al-Amin, Massan d'Almeida, Samir Amin, Patrick Bond, Horace Campbell, Lila Chouli, Sokari Ekine, Hassan El Ghayesh, Lakhdar Ghettas, Nigel C. Gibson, Adam Hanieh, Konstantina Isidoros, Peter Kenworthy, Sadri Khiari, Mahmood Mamdani, Firoze Manji, Imad Mesdoua, Fatma Naib, Explo Nani-Kofi, J. Oloka-Onyango, Richard Pithouse, Jean-Paul Pougala, Khadija Sharife, Yash Tandon, Melakou Tegegn, Kah Walla
that self-determination, not secession, was what they were foghting for. Self-determination and seces-
sion are often got confused and considered synonymous. Self-determination is about the
struggle for justice, dignity and an attempt to establish an inclusive Universalist humanity, whereas secession is by definition an act of exclusion, defining the
self through the exclusion of the other.