Papers by Saiyeed Jakaria Baksh Imran
, Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate a... more , Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention andfor the first timebrings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. 9 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Shipping: Existing Regulations and Regulatory Challenges Arabia, India etc. are against the no more favour treatment (NMFT) 22 policy of IMO and yet to ratify MARPOL Annex VI. 23 They demanded for adoption of a resolution on financial, technological and capacity building support from developed countries in order to implement regulations on energy-efficiency for ships by developing countries. 24 Ship emission reduction is not possible without the participation of all the countries together as international shipping accounts for 90% of the world trade. 25 Thus, without the availability of financial, technological, and capacity building support in the developing countries, a strong emission reduction policy cannot be implemented. Another key concern is, While CO2 is not the only pollutant shipping emits, the IMO is only regulating GHG (Carbon). 26 The GHG emissions from shipping-including CO2, CH4 and N2O, expressed in CO2 equivalent (CO2e) along with secondary pollutants like black carbon (BC), particulate matter (PM) increased significantly in recent years. 27 The IMO however, is only regulating the GHG (carbon), Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS), while potential emittance like BC, PM are still unregulated. Considering the aforesaid areas of concern, this thesis will present a critical analysis of the existing regulations in force for the reduction of GHG emissions from international shipping. At the beginning, a short discussion on different international conventions on regulating GHG emissions and to what extent those are relevant to shipping is analyzed. A detailed analysis of MARPOL Annex VI in regulating ships GHG emissions is presented afterwards as the IMO has amended it to include GHG within it. There is further discussion on some regional and countrywide measures adopted for regulating ships emissions. A short summary on the key challenges and possible solutions of regulating GHG emissions from international shipping is presented before concluding. 22 No More Favour Treatment: A policy where all the countries are treated equally and are bound to follow the IMO policy.
, Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate a... more , Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention andfor the first timebrings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. 9 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Shipping: Existing Regulations and Regulatory Challenges Arabia, India etc. are against the no more favour treatment (NMFT) 22 policy of IMO and yet to ratify MARPOL Annex VI. 23 They demanded for adoption of a resolution on financial, technological and capacity building support from developed countries in order to implement regulations on energy-efficiency for ships by developing countries. 24 Ship emission reduction is not possible without the participation of all the countries together as international shipping accounts for 90% of the world trade. 25 Thus, without the availability of financial, technological, and capacity building support in the developing countries, a strong emission reduction policy cannot be implemented. Another key concern is, While CO2 is not the only pollutant shipping emits, the IMO is only regulating GHG (Carbon). 26 The GHG emissions from shipping-including CO2, CH4 and N2O, expressed in CO2 equivalent (CO2e) along with secondary pollutants like black carbon (BC), particulate matter (PM) increased significantly in recent years. 27 The IMO however, is only regulating the GHG (carbon), Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS), while potential emittance like BC, PM are still unregulated. Considering the aforesaid areas of concern, this thesis will present a critical analysis of the existing regulations in force for the reduction of GHG emissions from international shipping. At the beginning, a short discussion on different international conventions on regulating GHG emissions and to what extent those are relevant to shipping is analyzed. A detailed analysis of MARPOL Annex VI in regulating ships GHG emissions is presented afterwards as the IMO has amended it to include GHG within it. There is further discussion on some regional and countrywide measures adopted for regulating ships emissions. A short summary on the key challenges and possible solutions of regulating GHG emissions from international shipping is presented before concluding. 22 No More Favour Treatment: A policy where all the countries are treated equally and are bound to follow the IMO policy.
At the 72th session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) the initial Internation... more At the 72th session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) the initial International Maritime Organisation (IMO) strategy was agreed, which aims for emissions from international shipping to peak as soon as possible and to reduce the total annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels and in line with the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. A revised IMO strategy is scheduled to be approved by 2023 at MEPC80. A list of candidate short, medium and long-term measures are included within the initial IMO strategy in order to achieve the 2050 GHG emissions reduction target. However it will only be decided up until 2023 which candidate short-term measures will be adopted (based on timeframe agreed at MEPC73) with the medium and long-term candidate measures to be adopted only after 2023 and 2030 respectively.
, Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate a... more , Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement builds upon the Convention and-for the first time-brings all nations into a common cause to undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. 9 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Shipping: Existing Regulations and Regulatory Challenges from 977 million tons in 2012 to 1076 million tons in 2018. 10 Because of its dynamic nature and the challenges involved in international shipping, even two decades after adopting MARPOL Annex VI 11 , the International Maritime Organization (IMO) 12 is yet to come up with a concrete proposal to regulate GHG emissions from the sector. The IMO has implemented several energy efficiency measures to reduce GHG emissions from shipping. To see the effects of the implemented strategies, the IMO is conducting GHG studies periodically. The outcome is not that fruitful, as reflected on the 4 th IMO GHG Study 2020. 13 Perhaps, the study notes that, ship emissions are projected to increase from about 90% of 2008 emissions in 2018 to 90-130% of 2008 emissions by 2050. 14 The good news is, the IMO at last in 2018 has adopted an Initial Strategy for reducing GHG emissions from international shipping. 15 However, a concrete strategy is not expected until 2023. 16 The IMO has adopted a Data Collection System (DCS) for the purpose of collecting ships fuel oil consumption data, which will be used for the proposed Initial Strategy. 17 The IMO strategies are adopted based on the data collected by conducting studies on emission factors of the ships, engines and fuel types. 18 However, quality data across all engines and fuel types are generally lacking. 19
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Papers by Saiyeed Jakaria Baksh Imran