Komunikacija

Komunikacija se obično definiše kao prijenos informacija. Ovo uključuje vizualne metode, kao što su znakovni jezik, te auditorne, kao što su glas i muzika, kao i fizikalne, kao što je dodir. Njegova precizna definicija je sporna i postoje neslaganja oko toga da li su uključeni nenamjerni ili neuspjeli prijenosi i da li komunikacija ne samo da prenosi značenje već ga i stvara. Modeli komunikacije su pojednostavljeni pregledi njenih glavnih komponenti i njihovih interakcija. Mnogi modeli uključuju ideju da izvor koristi sistem kodiranja za izražavanje informacija u obliku poruke. Poruka se šalje putem kanala primaocu koji je mora dekodirati da bi je razumio. Glavna oblast istraživanja koja istražuje komunikaciju naziva se Komunikologija.

Uobičajeni način klasifikacije komunikacije je da li se informacije razmjenjuju između ljudi, pripadnika drugih vrsta ili neživih bića kao što su računari. Za ljudsku komunikaciju, centralni kontrast je između verbalne i neverbalne komunikacije. Verbalna komunikacija uključuje razmjenu poruka u lingvističkom obliku, uključujući govorne i pisane poruke, kao i znakovni jezik. Neverbalna komunikacija se odvija bez upotrebe lingvističkog sistema, na primjer, korištenjem govora tijela, dodira i izraza lica. Druga razlika je između interpersonalne komunikacije, koja se dešava između različitih osoba, i intrapersonalne komunikacije, koja je komunikacija sa samim sobom. Komunikativna kompetencija je sposobnost dobre komunikacije i primjenjuje se na vještine formulisanja poruka i njihovog razumijevanja.

Neljudski oblici komunikacije uključuju komunikaciju životinja i biljaka. Istraživači u ovoj oblasti često preciziraju svoju definiciju komunikativnog ponašanja uključivanjem kriterija da su prisutni uočljivi odgovori i da učesnici imaju koristi od razmjene. Komunikacija sa životinjama se koristi u oblastima kao što su udvaranje i parenje, odnosi između roditelja i potomaka, navigacija i samoodbrana. Komunikacija putem hemikalija posebno je važna za relativno nepokretne biljke. Na primjer, stabla javora ispuštaju takozvana hlapljiva organska jedinjenja u zrak kako bi upozorila druge biljke na napad biljojeda. Većina komunikacije odvija se između pripadnika iste vrste. Razlog je što je njegova svrha obično neki oblik saradnje, koji nije toliko uobičajen među različitim vrstama. Komunikacija među vrstama odvija se uglavnom u slučajevima simbiotskih odnosa. Na primjer, mnoga cvijeća koriste simetrične oblike i karakteristične boje da signaliziraju insektima gdje se nalazi nektar. Ljudi sudjeluju u komunikaciji među vrstama kada komuniciraju s kućnim ljubimcima i radnim životinjama.

Ljudska komunikacija se odnosi na socijalnu interakciju razmjenjivanja informacija, a sve u svrhu razumijevanja i socijalne povezanosti. Kao društvena životinja, ljudi posjeduju prirodnu i urođenu potrebu da komuniciraju jedni sa drugima, da stvaraju međuljudske odnose, te da održavaju i podržavaju ljudske veze. Komunikacija omogućava ljudima da izraze čitavu paletu fizičkih, emocionalnih i psiholoških potreba. Kada imamo neku potrebu, komunikacija nam omogućava da predamo ovu informaciju drugim ljudima, u svrhu obogaćivanja vlastitog, kao i života drugih ljudi. Obogaćivanje života se odnosi na urođenu ljudsku potrebu da doprinosi za dobrobit sebe i drugih ljudi kroz procese socijalne interakcije, te empatijsko vezivanje. Ljudska komunikacija ima dugu historiju i način na koji ljudi razmjenjuju informacije se mijenjao tokom vremena. Ove promjene su obično bile izazvane razvojem novih komunikacijskih tehnologija. Primjeri su pronalazak sistema za pisanje, razvoj masovne štampe, korištenje radija i televizije i pronalazak interneta. Tehnološki napredak doveo je i do novih oblika komunikacije, kao što je razmjena podataka između računara.

Definicije

Riječ komunikacija ima svoj korijen u latinskom glagolu communicare, što znači 'dijeliti' ili 'učiniti zajedničkim'. Komunikacija se obično shvata kao prenos informacija: poruka se prenosi od pošiljaoca do primaoca pomoću nekog medija, kao što su zvuk, pisani znakovi, pokreti tijela ili električna energija. Pošiljalac i primalac su često različite osobe, ali je također moguće da pojedinac komunicira sam sa sobom. U nekim slučajevima, pošiljalac i primalac nisu pojedinci, već grupe poput organizacija, društvenih klasa ili nacija. U drugačijem smislu, pojam komunikacija se odnosi na poruku koja se saopštava ili na polje istraživanja koje proučava komunikacijske fenomene.

Precizna karakterizacija komunikacije je sporna. Mnogi naučnici su izrazili sumnju da bilo koja pojedinačna definicija može tačno obuhvatiti pojam. Ove poteškoće proizlaze iz činjenice da se termin primjenjuje na različite pojave u različitim kontekstima, često s neznatno različitim značenjima. Pitanje prave definicije utiče na proces istraživanja na više nivoa. Ovo uključuje pitanja poput toga koji se empirijski fenomeni promatraju, kako su kategorizirani, koje hipoteze i zakoni se formulišu, kao i kako se artikulišu sistematske teorije zasnovane na ovim koracima.

Neke definicije su široke i obuhvataju nesvjesno i neljudsko ponašanje. Prema širokoj definiciji, mnoge životinje komuniciraju unutar svoje vrste, a cvijeće komunicira signalizirajući pčelama lokaciju nektara kroz svoje boje i oblike. Druge definicije ograničavaju komunikaciju na svjesne interakcije među ljudskim bićima. Neki pristupi se fokusiraju na upotrebu simbola i znakova, dok drugi naglašavaju ulogu razumijevanja, interakcije, moći ili prijenosa ideja. Različite karakterizacije vide namjeru komunikatora da pošalje poruku kao središnju komponentu. Prema ovom mišljenju, prijenos informacija nije dovoljan za komunikaciju ako se dogodi nenamjerno. Verziju ovog gledišta daje filozof Paul Grice, koji identifikuje komunikaciju sa radnjama koje imaju za cilj da učine primaoca svjesnim namjere komunikatora. Jedno pitanje u tom pogledu je da li samo uspješan prijenos informacija treba smatrati komunikacijom. Na primjer, izobličenje može ometati i promijeniti stvarnu poruku u odnosu na ono što je prvobitno namjeravano. Usko povezan problem je da li djela namjerne obmane predstavljaju komunikaciju.

Prema širokoj definiciji književnog kritičara I. A. Richardsa, komunikacija se događa kada jedan um djeluje na svoje okruženje kako bi prenio vlastito iskustvo drugom umu. Drugo tumačenje daju teoretičari komunikacije Claude Shannon i Warren Weaver, koji komunikaciju karakteriziraju kao prijenos informacija do kojeg dolazi interakcijom nekoliko komponenti, kao što su izvor, poruka, koder, kanal, dekoder i prijemnik. Transmisioni pogled je odbačen transakcionim i konstitutivnim gledištima, koji smatraju da komunikacija nije samo prijenos informacija već i stvaranje značenja. Transakciona i konstitutivna perspektiva smatraju da komunikacija oblikuje iskustvo učesnika konceptualizacijom svijeta i osmišljavanjem svog okruženja i sebe. Istraživači koji proučavaju komunikaciju životinja i biljaka manje se fokusiraju na stvaranje značenja. Umjesto toga, oni često definiraju komunikacijsko ponašanje kao ono što ima druge karakteristike, kao što je igranje korisne uloge u preživljavanju i reprodukciji, ili vidljiv odgovor.

Vrste komunikacija

• Životinjska komunikacija
• Ljudska komunikacija
• Verbalna komunikacija
• Signalna komunikacija
• Međujezična komunikacija
• Međukulturna komunikacija
• Neverbalna komunikacija
• Nenasilna komunikacija
• Telekomunikacija
• Marketing komunikacija

Također pogledajte

Glavni spisak: Spisak osnovnih tema komunikacije

• Životinjska komunikacija
• Konverzacija
• Komunikacijski satelit
• Računarska mreža
• Difuzija inovacija
• Ethernet
• Globalna telefonska mreža
• Historija komunikacije
• Teorija informacije
• Međukulturalno nadmetanje
• Internet
• Novinarstvo
• Lingvistika
• Pošta
• Masovni mediji
• Studije medija
• Sociologija

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