The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the worl... more The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the world and speculations on the reduction of fossil fuels and on the other hand, the issue of world health emphasizes on the necessity of substituting renewable and clean energy, so biodiesel as the best substitute for diesel fuels is common. In general, three ways are used to produce biodiesel including pyrolysis, micro-emulsification and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most usual and common way. The catalysts used in transesterification are divided into three groups of acidic, alkaline and enzymatic catalysts in which the acidic and alkaline catalysts in turn divide into two groups of heterogeneous and homogeneous. The Transesterification reaction using acidic catalysts involves more time for the reaction and high cost. The alkaline catalysts produce an appropriate amount of product in moderate operational conditions and show a better performance in compar...
Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such... more Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such as biodiesel to that due to decreasing of fuel sources and increasing of energy demand and on the other side whether pollution and environmental problems. Using renewable waste resources in producing biodiesel has been considered by researches due to the less environmental pollution and reducing its production cost. Animal bones, mollusk shells and egg shells are among resources of renewable animal waste that have been researched to produce biodiesel as catalyst. This study is a review of researches that carried out. Studies show that catalysts that produced from renewable animal waste can be applied to produce biodiesel because of availability, abundant resources, renewability, efficient catalyst activity, low cost and possibility to reusing of mentioned catalyst.
Over the past years with the growing demand for fuel and the reduction of fossil sources and as a... more Over the past years with the growing demand for fuel and the reduction of fossil sources and as a result the increase in fuel cost and on the other hand the issue of global hygiene and health has attracted the nations' attention to renewable and clean energies. Biodiesel can be produced from different sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats and oil wastes using four methods, including direct and mixing application, pyrolysis, microemulsion and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most common method. In transesterification method, the quality of biodiesel product is influenced by oil quality, the amount of free fatty acids and water in the feed, type and amount of catalyst, type and amount of alcohol, the reaction temperature, the reaction time and the stirrer speed which has been studied in this research in detail. In this research, reactors, the effects of biodiesel production on the environment, the dissemination of the pollutants in the air and the human health, biodiesel standards, some of the available programs and the required necessities in biodiesel production, including using the waste sources like feedstocks and cheap catalysts and the attention to Microalgae potential in biodiesel production have also been studied.
Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such... more Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such as biodiesel to that due to decreasing of fuel sources and increasing of energy demand and on the other side whether pollution and environmental problems. Using renewable waste resources in producing biodiesel has been considered by researches due to the less environmental pollution and reducing its production cost. Animal bones, mollusk shells and egg shells are among resources of renewable animal waste that have been researched to produce biodiesel as catalyst. This study is a review of researches that carried out. Studies show that catalysts that produced from renewable animal waste can be applied to produce biodiesel because of availability, abundant resources, renewability, efficient catalyst activity, low cost and possibility to reusing of mentioned catalyst.
The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the worl... more The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the world and speculations on the reduction of fossil fuels and on the other hand, the issue of world health emphasizes on the necessity of substituting renewable and clean energy, so biodiesel as the best substitute for diesel fuels is common. In general, three ways are used to produce biodiesel including pyrolysis, micro-emulsification and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most usual and common way. The catalysts used in transesterification are divided into three groups of acidic, alkaline and enzymatic catalysts in which the acidic and alkaline catalysts in turn divide into two groups of heterogeneous and homogeneous. The Transesterification reaction using acidic catalysts involves more time for the reaction and high cost. The alkaline catalysts produce an appropriate amount of product in moderate operational conditions and show a better performance in comparison with the other catalysts. These catalysts have a limitation in use for raw material containing high free fatty acids. The way of using Lipase catalysts is the most viable method that can be applied, however it requires high costs. Given today's high total cost as the main obstacle for producing biodiesel, using animal fats and waste oils as raw material and using the heterogeneous catalysts and preferably renewable ones is suggested so as to reduce the total cost.
The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the worl... more The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the world and speculations on the reduction of fossil fuels and on the other hand, the issue of world health emphasizes on the necessity of substituting renewable and clean energy, so biodiesel as the best substitute for diesel fuels is common. In general, three ways are used to produce biodiesel including pyrolysis, micro-emulsification and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most usual and common way. The catalysts used in transesterification are divided into three groups of acidic, alkaline and enzymatic catalysts in which the acidic and alkaline catalysts in turn divide into two groups of heterogeneous and homogeneous. The Transesterification reaction using acidic catalysts involves more time for the reaction and high cost. The alkaline catalysts produce an appropriate amount of product in moderate operational conditions and show a better performance in compar...
Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such... more Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such as biodiesel to that due to decreasing of fuel sources and increasing of energy demand and on the other side whether pollution and environmental problems. Using renewable waste resources in producing biodiesel has been considered by researches due to the less environmental pollution and reducing its production cost. Animal bones, mollusk shells and egg shells are among resources of renewable animal waste that have been researched to produce biodiesel as catalyst. This study is a review of researches that carried out. Studies show that catalysts that produced from renewable animal waste can be applied to produce biodiesel because of availability, abundant resources, renewability, efficient catalyst activity, low cost and possibility to reusing of mentioned catalyst.
Over the past years with the growing demand for fuel and the reduction of fossil sources and as a... more Over the past years with the growing demand for fuel and the reduction of fossil sources and as a result the increase in fuel cost and on the other hand the issue of global hygiene and health has attracted the nations' attention to renewable and clean energies. Biodiesel can be produced from different sources such as vegetable oils, animal fats and oil wastes using four methods, including direct and mixing application, pyrolysis, microemulsion and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most common method. In transesterification method, the quality of biodiesel product is influenced by oil quality, the amount of free fatty acids and water in the feed, type and amount of catalyst, type and amount of alcohol, the reaction temperature, the reaction time and the stirrer speed which has been studied in this research in detail. In this research, reactors, the effects of biodiesel production on the environment, the dissemination of the pollutants in the air and the human health, biodiesel standards, some of the available programs and the required necessities in biodiesel production, including using the waste sources like feedstocks and cheap catalysts and the attention to Microalgae potential in biodiesel production have also been studied.
Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such... more Anxieties increased for using fossil fuels and attention of nations to replacing clean fuels such as biodiesel to that due to decreasing of fuel sources and increasing of energy demand and on the other side whether pollution and environmental problems. Using renewable waste resources in producing biodiesel has been considered by researches due to the less environmental pollution and reducing its production cost. Animal bones, mollusk shells and egg shells are among resources of renewable animal waste that have been researched to produce biodiesel as catalyst. This study is a review of researches that carried out. Studies show that catalysts that produced from renewable animal waste can be applied to produce biodiesel because of availability, abundant resources, renewability, efficient catalyst activity, low cost and possibility to reusing of mentioned catalyst.
The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the worl... more The industrialization of societies and as the result, the increase of demand for fuel in the world and speculations on the reduction of fossil fuels and on the other hand, the issue of world health emphasizes on the necessity of substituting renewable and clean energy, so biodiesel as the best substitute for diesel fuels is common. In general, three ways are used to produce biodiesel including pyrolysis, micro-emulsification and transesterification among which transesterification is known as the most usual and common way. The catalysts used in transesterification are divided into three groups of acidic, alkaline and enzymatic catalysts in which the acidic and alkaline catalysts in turn divide into two groups of heterogeneous and homogeneous. The Transesterification reaction using acidic catalysts involves more time for the reaction and high cost. The alkaline catalysts produce an appropriate amount of product in moderate operational conditions and show a better performance in comparison with the other catalysts. These catalysts have a limitation in use for raw material containing high free fatty acids. The way of using Lipase catalysts is the most viable method that can be applied, however it requires high costs. Given today's high total cost as the main obstacle for producing biodiesel, using animal fats and waste oils as raw material and using the heterogeneous catalysts and preferably renewable ones is suggested so as to reduce the total cost.
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