Papers by Gerhard Glatzel
Springer eBooks, 1992
The physical and chemical climate as well as physical and chemical soil prop- erties provide the ... more The physical and chemical climate as well as physical and chemical soil prop- erties provide the framework for life in terrestrial ecosystems. Living organisms and communities in turn can modify the climate in their vicinity and can, over time, influence soil development and soil quality. Within tree stands, interception and reflection of radiation and evaporation create a unique climate for tree seedlings, forest floor plants and fauna. The upper layers of the soil in a forest can show considerable enrichment of nutrients because forest canopies are efficient filters of airborne nutrients and because leaf litter may contain nutrients taken up by roots deep in the subsoil. Availability of water — deficiency, excess or uneven distribution over the year — can only be partially influenced by ecosystem processes and is therefore a driving variable of forest ecosystems. Temperature regimes, especially low temperatures and frosts, are also severe constraints.
Seed traps. (PPTX 3274 kb)
ISBN, 2008
The lesson learned from the study on indigenous fodder and soil improving tree and shrub species ... more The lesson learned from the study on indigenous fodder and soil improving tree and shrub species is that the studies are supposed to be scaled up to cover more species both within the study and outside the study areas. Within the study area, the lessons can be disseminated or scaled up at the farm, homestead, and landscape and watershed level. A total of seven major issues were identified from the workshop and the group discussion forum: a) Germplasm The lack of planting material is repeatedly identified as one of the most important constraints to the wider dissemination of tree and shrub related innovations. As a result, the need for a sustainable supply of germplasm is strongly voiced. Apart from the efforts of the Forestry Research Center (FRC) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), there is no institution in Ethiopia that is responsible for the multiplication and distribution of tree seeds. There is still a huge gap between seed demand and supply of the various tree and shrub species. Small-scale private and community based initiatives need to be initiated and supported.
EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Apr 1, 2012
Carbon pools in two Quercus petraea (sessile oak) dominated chronosequences under different fores... more Carbon pools in two Quercus petraea (sessile oak) dominated chronosequences under different forest management (high forest and coppice with standards) were investigated. The objective was to study temporal carbon dynamics, in particular carbon sequestration in the soil and woody biomass production, in common forest management systems in eastern Austria along with stand development. The chronosequence approach was used to substitute time-for-space to enable coverage of a full rotation period in each system. Carbon content was determined in the following compartments: aboveground biomass, litter, soil to a depth of 50 cm, living root biomass and decomposing residues in the mineral soil horizons. Biomass carbon pools, except fine roots and residues, were estimated using species-specific allometric functions. Total carbon pools were on average 143 Mg ha À1 in the high forest stand (HF) and 213 Mg ha À1 in the coppice with standards stand (CS). The mean share of the total organic carbon pool (TOC) which is soil organic carbon (SOC) differs only marginally between HF (43.4%) and CS (42.1%), indicating the dominance of site factors, particularly climate, in controlling this ratio. While there was no significant change in O-layer and SOC stores over stand development, we found clear relationships between living biomass (aboveground and belowground) pools and C:N ratio in topsoil horizons with stand age. SOC pools seem to be very stable and an impact of silvicultural interventions was not detected with the applied method. Rapid decomposition and mineralization of litter, indicated by low O-horizon pools with wide C:N ratios of residual woody debris at the end of the vegetation period, suggests high rates of turnover in this fraction. CS, in contrast to HF benefits from rapid resprouting after coppicing and hence seems less vulnerable to conditions of low rainfall and drying topsoil.
During winter, the assessment of total input of atmospheric trace constituents into forest ecosys... more During winter, the assessment of total input of atmospheric trace constituents into forest ecosystems is extremely difficult. Besides deposition with rain and snowfall, contributions of xomplex dry deposition processes have to be accounted. Aerosol deposition to physically and chemically changing snow surfaces on the ground and in the forest canopy plays an important role. Hoarfrost formation, riming or impactation of non freezing fog droplets on tree crowns, and resuspension of heavily polluted surface snow during storms and subsequent deposition in snow drifts may be very important processes in certain areas. Results of winterly deposition studies in forest ecosystems of the Vienna Woods and of the Warscheneck mountains in Upper Austria are used to exemplify some of the problems. A snow lysimeter technique, designed to collect meltwater from the snowpack, is being currently tested as an integrative method for estimating total winterly input.
Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde, 1985
In Buchenbestanden des nordostlichen Wienerwaldes treten im Einsickerungsbereich des durch Sauren... more In Buchenbestanden des nordostlichen Wienerwaldes treten im Einsickerungsbereich des durch Sauren und Schwermetalle verunreinigten Stammabflusses ausgepragte Bodenveranderungen auf. Insbesonders sind Basenauswaschung, Versauerung und erhohte Al-Verfugbarkeit hervorzuheben. Die Auswirkungen dieser Bodenveranderungen auf das Wachstum von Buchen- und Spitzahornpflanzen wurden in einem Gefasversuch untersucht. Als Vergleichssubstrat diente Bodenmaterial aus den von der Einsickerung des Stammabflusses nicht betroffenen Bodenbereichen in groserem Abstand von den Stammfusen. Auf dem durch saure Deposition stark veranderten Substrat waren bei beiden Baumarten Wachstumsdepressionen zu beobachten, die auf Aluminium- und Mangantoxizitat als Folge der Bodenversauerung zuruckgefuhrt wurden. Besonders bemerkenswert ist, das die Blattgehalte an Mangan trotz des durch Auswaschung stark verringerten Manganangebotes im Boden gegenuber den Kontrollen auf das Zehnfache angestiegen sind. Auf dem versauerten Substrat traten Wurzelschaden auf, die durch haufiges Absterben der Hauptwurzelspitzen und besonders bei Buche quastenartigen Neuaustrieben gekennzeichnet waren. Die neuen Wurzelspitzen waren braunlich verfarbt. Aus diesen Beobachtungen wird gefolgert, das bei anhaltendem Saureeintrag in exponierte Buchenwaldokosysteme mit Wurzelschaden und Wuchsstorungen zu rechnen ist. Growth and mineral nutrition of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and maple (Acer platanoides) on soil, polluted by infiltration of acidic stemflow Stemflow in beech stands in areas with atmospheric pollution may become highly acidic and enriched with heavy metals due to interception of pollutants in the canopy. Over long periods soil properties in the infiltration zone of such stemflow change significantly. Soil samples from the infiltration zone of stemflow and samples from zones more distant from the trunks were collected in the Vienna Woods and used in a pot experiment to assess the influence of soil pollution on tree growth. This method was considered superior to experiments with artificial acidification, as soil changes in the infiltration zone of stemflow in old growth beech stands are the result of steady input of highly diluted pollutants over a long span of time in proportions typical to these sites. Soil analyses (table 1) showed leaching of Ca, Mg and Mn, a decrease in pH, increased Al-availability and modest Pb-enrichment. Plant growth (fig. 1) was reduced on the acidic substrate and root damage, especially dieback of root tips and brooming of new roots in beech could be observed. Mineral nutrition (fig. 2,3 and table 2) of plants on the acidic substrate was characterized by a dramatic increase in foliar levels of manganese and a decrease in Ca/Al ratios. Nitrogen and phosphorus levels increased, probably as result of concentration effects due to stunted growth. Discernment between Al- or Mn-toxicity was not possible. However for the soil tested, foliar Mn-levels appear to be useful for diagnosis of mineral stress induced by acidification because of the pronounced response.
Oecologia, Feb 1, 1983
Hemiparasitic mistletoes thrive on xylem sap diverted from the host through direct xylem connecti... more Hemiparasitic mistletoes thrive on xylem sap diverted from the host through direct xylem connections. There is no phloem link and no exchange of photosynthates. Mineral nutrition is therefore closely coupled with water consumption. Mineral nutrient partitioning between the mistletoe Loranthus europaeus and its host Quercus petraea was studied by monitoring nutrient incorporation into 3-year-old twigs of both species over I year. The mistletoes accumulated large amounts of potassium in comparison to other elements. It is hypothesized that this phenomenon is a consequence of the absence of a phloem connection between host and hemiparasite. In the host potassium is cycled between leaves and sites of photosynthate utilization in the wake of photosynthate transport in the phloem. In the hemiparasite it cannot cycle beyond the host-parasite interface and potassium imported with the xylem sap is thus trapped in the hemiparasite phytomass. The control of water partitioning in a host-hemiparasite system is another important aspect. As host and hemiparasite receive water from a common supply the otherwise independent stomatal control systems of both species become linked when transpiration demand exceeds supply. By measuring diurnal curves of transpiration and leaf water status in both species, by use of a special cuff-freezing technique to study stomatal response when water supply is cut off, and by measurements of leaf water capacitance with a pressure-volume curve technique, the fundamental data for a descriptive model of water partitioning in a L. europaeus-Q. robur system were collected. This model may be used to gain deeper insight into stomatal control of plant water status.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review... more Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organisation. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to:
The lesson learned from the study on indigenous fodder and soil improving tree and shrub species ... more The lesson learned from the study on indigenous fodder and soil improving tree and shrub species is that the studies are supposed to be scaled up to cover more species both within the study and outside the study areas. Within the study area, the lessons can be disseminated or scaled up at the farm, homestead, and landscape and watershed level. A total of seven major issues were identified from the workshop and the group discussion forum: a) Germplasm The lack of planting material is repeatedly identified as one of the most important constraints to the wider dissemination of tree and shrub related innovations. As a result, the need for a sustainable supply of germplasm is strongly voiced. Apart from the efforts of the Forestry Research Center (FRC) and the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), there is no institution in Ethiopia that is responsible for the multiplication and distribution of tree seeds. There is still a huge gap between seed demand and supply of the various tree and shrub species. Small-scale private and community based initiatives need to be initiated and supported.
Water Resources Research, 2017
Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest m... more Research gaps in understanding flood changes at the catchment scale caused by changes in forest management, agricultural practices, artificial drainage, and terracing are identified. Potential strategies in addressing these gaps are proposed, such as complex systems approaches to link processes across time scales, long‐term experiments on physical‐chemical‐biological process interactions, and a focus on connectivity and patterns across spatial scales. It is suggested that these strategies will stimulate new research that coherently addresses the issues across hydrology, soil and agricultural sciences, forest engineering, forest ecology, and geomorphology.
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Papers by Gerhard Glatzel