Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Nov 30, 2012
In India, the present management practice of handling coal combustion residue (CCR) 1tvolves a co... more In India, the present management practice of handling coal combustion residue (CCR) 1tvolves a combination of two strategies. The first one involves maximum possible utilization in all the avenues :•.olio' ed by the disposal of unutilized CCR as waste in landfill sites. In this study, CCR samples were collected from four dofferent thermal power plants and analyzed for their leaching behavior by short and long term leaching studies. The leachates were found to exist in neutral to slightly alkaline range during the major course of study. Amongst the total twenty-three elements studied for leaching only nine like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, zinc and lead were observed in leachates. For all the nine leached elements high concentrations were observed initially which reduced considerably with time. Chromium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, selenium, aluminum, silver, arsenic, boron, barium, vanadium, antimony, molybdenum and mercury were observed to be present below the detection limit (0.01 ppm) during the entire study period of 1100 days. The results obtained further suggest that leaching from CCRs as such do not pose any significant environmental impacts to the water disposal system.
A boron loaded super‐absorbent hydrogel (BLSAH) was developed through in situ incorporation of bo... more A boron loaded super‐absorbent hydrogel (BLSAH) was developed through in situ incorporation of boron (B) in a guar gum‐based hydrogel and characterized with FTIR, thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and swelling studies, showing maximum absorption up to 356 g/g. The release pattern of B from the BLSAH and its kinetics was studied in water as well as soil. The B release pattern of the BLSAH was also compared with the commercial B fertilizer, boronated single super phosphate (bSSP). The BLSAH, following the Fickian mechanism, released 38% B, as compared with 51% of the bSSP, during the incubation period of 30 days in soil. The half‐life period for the BLSAH (96.25 days) in soil was almost triple that of the bSSP's half‐life (33.32 days), which is indicative of the slow and controlled release of B from the BLSAH. Thus, owing to its sustained nutrient release ability, the synthesized BLSAH exhibited wide potential for applications in agriculture se...
The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking wit... more The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking with ethylene glycol di methacrylic acid (EGDMA). The synthesis of hydrogel was confirmed by characterization through C NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM micrography, thermo-gravimetric analysis and water absorption studies under different solutions. Synthesized hydrogel (GG-AA-EGDMA) was confirmed to be biodegradable with half-life period of 77 days through soil burial biodegradation studies. The effects of hydrogel treatment on soil were evaluated by studying various physico-chemical properties of soil like bulk density, porosity, water absorption and retention capacity etc. The hydrogel which could absorb up to 800 ml water per gram, after addition to soil, improved its porosity, moisture absorption and retention capacity significantly. Water holding capacity of water increased up to 54% of its original and porosity also increased up to 9% of its original. The synthesized hydrogel revealed tre...
Synthesis of borax cross-linked guar gum hydrogels and its optimization Characterization with... more Synthesis of borax cross-linked guar gum hydrogels and its optimization Characterization with FTIR, surface morphology, thermal and water absorption studies Evaluation of flocculation efficiency at different pH, cross checked with floc size Comparison with commercial coagulant alum and evaluation of Al & K residues by ICP-OES
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2016
Guar gum is the powdered endosperm of the seeds of the Cyamopsis tetragonolobus which is a legumi... more Guar gum is the powdered endosperm of the seeds of the Cyamopsis tetragonolobus which is a leguminous crop. The endosperm contains a complex polysaccharide called galactomannan, which is a polymer of d-galactose and d-mannose. This hydroxyl group rich polymer when added to water forms hydrogen bonding imparting significant viscosity and thickening to the solution. Due to its thickening, emulsifying, binding and gelling properties, quick solubility in cold water, wide pH stability, film forming ability and biodegradability, it finds applications in large number of industries. In last few decades a lot of research has been done on guar gum to fit it in to particular application, as such or by its structural modifications. This review gives an overview of the nature, chemistry and properties of guar gum and discusses recent developments in its modifications and applications in major industries like hydraulic fracturing, explosives, food, agriculture, textile, paper, cosmetics, bioremed...
The article reports on an investigation into the ability of zirconium (IV)-loaded carboxylated or... more The article reports on an investigation into the ability of zirconium (IV)-loaded carboxylated orange peel to remove the fluoride ion from drinking water and the parameters involved in this process. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to characterize the adsorbent. The results suggested that the adsorbent exhibited reasonably significant fluoride removal over a wide range of pH value (3.0-8.0). The kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm has been modeled by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and DR equation. The adsorption isotherm was well described by DR equation. The negative value of ΔG˚and positive value of ΔH˚revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The presence of NO À 3 , Cl − , and SO 2À 4 ions have negligible effect, whereas PO 3À 4 and HCO À 3 retarded the fluoride removal capacity to some extent. The reuse study of the adsorbent resulted in retention of 83% capacity in 8th cycle. Desorption studies showed that the fluoride can easily be desorbed by using 0.1 N NaOH solution. The wide pH range, second-order kinetics, operation at normal temperature, high adsorption capacity, and good recycle potential of the new adsorbent would make it an ideal material for the removal of fluoride from drinking water.
Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Jharkhand, India E-mail : ... more Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Jharkhand, India E-mail : [email protected] Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Jharkhand, India Manuscript received 8 August 2007, revised 7 January 2008, accepted 10 January 2008 The study was conducted to assess the leaching of coal combustion residues (<strong>CCRs</strong>) from Balco Captive Power Plant, Korba, India through five different standard techniques. The leaching procedures included acid digestion, short term (24-hour shake test, <strong>TCLP</strong>) and long term leaching (Open column percolation experiments, <strong>ASTM</strong> column experiments) studies for a period of more than three years. The physico-chemical characteristics (pH, conductivity and<strong> TDS</strong>) were observed within the permissible limits. The leachates were analysed for twenty-three elements like <strong>Na,...
The present studies report the synthesis of a novel graft copolymer "polymethyl methacrylate-graf... more The present studies report the synthesis of a novel graft copolymer "polymethyl methacrylate-grafted oatmeal" (OAT-g-PMMA) using "conventional" technique. Grafting of PMMA chains on the backbone of parent biopolymer (oatmeal) was confirmed through various physicochemical techniques like intrinsic viscosity, FTIR, elemental analysis (C, H, N, S and O), scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, number-average molecular weight, solubility, 13 C-CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy and P-XRD. The intrinsic viscosity of oatmeal substantially improved after grafting of PMMA chains. The grafted biopolymers were assessed for its implication as a potential flocculant by standard "jar test" and "settling test" protocol. Flocculation characteristics of the synthesized OAT-g-PMMA were compared with parent biopolymer (oatmeal) and alum in 0.25 wt.% kaolin suspension and then in municipal wastewater through standard "jar test" protocol which showed encouraging results.
Research reports synthesis of eight different sets of OAT-g-PAM-cl-NN′-mba hydrogels via 'convent... more Research reports synthesis of eight different sets of OAT-g-PAM-cl-NN′-mba hydrogels via 'conventional' technique. Synthesis of novel hydrogels was optimized by varying monomer (acrylamide) and cross-linker (NN′-methylenebisacrylamide) concentrations along with fixed concentration of CAN (ceric ammonium nitrate). Confirmation of reaction was done using different physicochemical techniques namely 13 C-CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM and swelling study. Extensive swelling studies of novel hydrogels were recorded at different pH media (pH 2, 7 and 10), temperature conditions (25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C), saline solution (5% NaCl, 10% NaCl and 15% NaCl) as well as w.r.to different time interval (12 h study in deionised water) up to achieving their equilibrium state. Reduction in the concentration of heavy metals and dye via absorption mechanism was also reported. As observed, with decreases in cross-linker concentration, there is an increase in percentage cross-linking of hydrogels and its water absorbance capacity was also found to be increased. Results suggest that synthesized hydrogels may be used commercially for environmental, industrial and agricultural applications.
Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric network having substantial affinity for wa... more Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric network having substantial affinity for water. Classes of hydrogels which are derived from biopolymers have been widely used in number of industries because of their biocompatibility and environmental safety. In agricultural sector, they are extensively used as soil conditioners, water retainers, and bio-remediating agents. Their recent application claims customized diffusion of different materials such as fertilizers and pesticides into surrounding soil matrix. They are proving very useful for crops in efficient distribution of water with minimum wastage, and utilization of fertilizer nutrients and pesticides in targeted zones. This chapter covers the recent advances on biopolymeric gels and different aspects of their usage with respect to agricultural sector.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Polyacrylamide grafted starch (St-g-PAM) was made by a novel method of synthesis, involving combi... more Polyacrylamide grafted starch (St-g-PAM) was made by a novel method of synthesis, involving combination of microwave radiation and a chemical free radical initiator (ceric ammonium nitrate) to initiate grafting reaction. This method (microwave assisted synthesis) is quick, highly reliable, reproducible and yields high quality product as compared to the conventional method (which uses a chemical free radical initiator alone to
Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-G... more Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-GM3 gangliosides. This antibody has been tested as an anti-idiotypic cancer vaccine, adjuvated in Al(OH) 3 , in several clinical trials for melanoma, breast, and lung cancer. During early clinical development this mAb was obtained in vivo from mice ascites fluid. Currently, the production process of 1E10 is being transferred from the in vivo to a bioreactor-based method. Results: Here, we present a comprehensive molecular and immunological characterization of 1E10 produced by the two different production processes in order to determine the impact of the manufacturing process in vaccine performance. We observed differences in glycosylation pattern, charge heterogeneity and structural stability between in vivo-produced 1E10 and bioreactor-obtained 1E10. Interestingly, these modifications had no significant impact on the immune responses elicited in two different animal models. Conclusions: Changes in 1E10 primary structure like glycosylation; asparagine deamidation and oxidation affected 1E10 structural stability but did not affect the immune response elicited in mice and chickens when compared to 1E10 produced in mice.
Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-G... more Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-GM3 gangliosides. This antibody has been tested as an anti-idiotypic cancer vaccine, adjuvated in Al(OH) 3 , in several clinical trials for melanoma, breast, and lung cancer. During early clinical development this mAb was obtained in vivo from mice ascites fluid. Currently, the production process of 1E10 is being transferred from the in vivo to a bioreactor-based method. Results: Here, we present a comprehensive molecular and immunological characterization of 1E10 produced by the two different production processes in order to determine the impact of the manufacturing process in vaccine performance. We observed differences in glycosylation pattern, charge heterogeneity and structural stability between in vivo-produced 1E10 and bioreactor-obtained 1E10. Interestingly, these modifications had no significant impact on the immune responses elicited in two different animal models. Conclusions: Changes in 1E10 primary structure like glycosylation; asparagine deamidation and oxidation affected 1E10 structural stability but did not affect the immune response elicited in mice and chickens when compared to 1E10 produced in mice.
The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking wit... more The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking with ethylene glycol di methacrylic acid (EGDMA). The synthesis of hydrogel was confirmed by characterization through 13C NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM micrography, thermo-gravimetric analysis and water absorption studies under different solutions. Synthesized hydrogel (GG-AA-EGDMA) was confirmed to be biodegradable with half-life period of 77 days through soil burial biodegradation studies. The effects of hydrogel treatment on soil were evaluated by studying various physico-chemical properties of soil like bulk density, porosity, water absorption and retention capacity etc. The hydrogel which could absorb up to 800 ml water per gram, after addition to soil, improved its porosity, moisture absorption and retention capacity significantly. Water holding capacity of water increased up to 54% of its original and porosity also increased up to 9% of its original. The synthesized hydrogel revealed tremendous potential as soil conditioning material for agricultural applications.
With the aim to explore new adsorbents for water purification, guar gum based hydrogels were synt... more With the aim to explore new adsorbents for water purification, guar gum based hydrogels were synthesized by cross-linking with borax at different percentage. The cross-linking was confirmed through characterization by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM morphology, thermal studies and water absorption capacity. To examine the adsorption/absorption performance of different grades of hydrogels, their flocculation efficiency was studied in kaolin suspension at different pH by standard jar test procedure. The floccu-lation efficiency of the test materials was compared with the commercially used coagulant, alum and also residues of Al and K left in the treated water were comparatively studied. The synthesized hydrogels were also tested for their efficiency of removing Aniline Blue dye by UV–vis spectrophotometer study. The best grade hydrogel outperformed alum, at extremely low concentration and also showed dye removing efficiency up to 94%. The single step synthesized green products thus exhibited great potential as water purifying agents.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Guar gum was grafted with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by microwave initiated method. The synthe... more Guar gum was grafted with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by microwave initiated method. The synthesis was optimized for highest percentage grafting, by varying the microwave irradiation time and monomer (methyl methacrylate) concentration. The various grades of grafted product (GG-g-PMMA) were characterized through standard physicochemical characterization techniques (intrinsic viscosity measurement, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy & SEM morphology study). Further, flocculation efficacy of this grafted polysaccharide was studied by standard 'Jar test' procedure in 0.5% kaolin suspension, to assess its application as flocculating agent for wastewater treatment and mineral ore beneficiation. Correlation between percentage grafting and intrinsic viscosity was also studied for the possibility of using it as a tool to control the intrinsic viscosity in the final product. This leads to the possibility of application of the grafted product as superior viscosifier than guar gum.
An environmentally benign and efficient route of synthesis of polyacrylic acid grafted carboxymet... more An environmentally benign and efficient route of synthesis of polyacrylic acid grafted carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-g-PAA) is developed using microwave radiation alone to initiate the grafting reaction. The synthesis is optimized in terms of percentage grafting and intrinsic viscosity, by varying the microwave irradiation time and monomer (acrylic acid) concentration. The grafted product has been characterized by various physicochemical characterization techniques (intrinsic viscosity measurement, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM morphology study and elemental analysis). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that free radicals are formed on polysaccharide backbone by cleavage of 1°–OH bond, indicating microwave effect and not thermal decomposition as the cause of free radical generation. The application of the grafted product as flocculant for river water clarification, towards augmentation of drinking water supply has been investigated.► CMC-g-PAA was synthesized by ‘microwave initiated method’. ► FTIR spectroscopy provided experimental proof of the proposed mechanism of synthesis. ► Synthesized grades were studied for efficacy as flocculant for river water clarification. ► CMC-g-PAA showed higher flocculation efficacy than CMC as well as alum. ► higher the percentage grafting of CMC-g-PAA, higher is its flocculation efficacy.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted me... more Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted method. The grafting of the PAM chains on the polysaccharide backbone was confirmed through intrinsic viscosity study, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (C, H & N) and SEM morphology study. The intrinsic viscosity of gum ghatti appreciably improved on grafting of PAM chains, thus resulting grafted product with potential application as superior viscosifier. Further, flocculation efficacy of the graft copolymer was studied initially in kaolin suspension and then in municipal wastewater through 'Jar test' procedure, toward possible application as flocculant for wastewater treatment.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted me... more Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted method. The grafting of the PAM chains on the polysaccharide backbone was confirmed through intrinsic viscosity study, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (C, H & N) and SEM morphology study. The intrinsic viscosity of gum ghatti appreciably improved on grafting of PAM chains, thus resulting grafted product with potential application as superior viscosifier. Further, flocculation efficacy of the graft copolymer was studied initially in kaolin suspension and then in municipal wastewater through 'Jar test' procedure, toward possible application as flocculant for wastewater treatment.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2010
This paper details the study of applicability of microwave initiated synthesized polyacrylamide g... more This paper details the study of applicability of microwave initiated synthesized polyacrylamide grafted guar gum (GG-g-PAM) as matrix for controlled release of 5-amino salicylic acid (a drug used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis). In vitro release of this drug from various grades of GG-g-PAM has been studied by USP dissolution method (paddle type). The effect of percentage grafting on the rate of drug release has been investigated. The power of the microwave oven and other factors being kept constant, the percentage grafting in turn is dependent on the net time of exposure to microwave irradiation; thus a correlation can be drawn between net time of irradiation and rate of drug release (from the matrix). This holds the promise of a tailor-made matrix, with the rate of drug release being precisely programmed at the molecular level. Further, the drug release study was carried out in different pH medium, to investigate the possibility of pH triggered release for colon targeted drug delivery (where the pH is alkaline).
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Nov 30, 2012
In India, the present management practice of handling coal combustion residue (CCR) 1tvolves a co... more In India, the present management practice of handling coal combustion residue (CCR) 1tvolves a combination of two strategies. The first one involves maximum possible utilization in all the avenues :•.olio' ed by the disposal of unutilized CCR as waste in landfill sites. In this study, CCR samples were collected from four dofferent thermal power plants and analyzed for their leaching behavior by short and long term leaching studies. The leachates were found to exist in neutral to slightly alkaline range during the major course of study. Amongst the total twenty-three elements studied for leaching only nine like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, iron, zinc and lead were observed in leachates. For all the nine leached elements high concentrations were observed initially which reduced considerably with time. Chromium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, selenium, aluminum, silver, arsenic, boron, barium, vanadium, antimony, molybdenum and mercury were observed to be present below the detection limit (0.01 ppm) during the entire study period of 1100 days. The results obtained further suggest that leaching from CCRs as such do not pose any significant environmental impacts to the water disposal system.
A boron loaded super‐absorbent hydrogel (BLSAH) was developed through in situ incorporation of bo... more A boron loaded super‐absorbent hydrogel (BLSAH) was developed through in situ incorporation of boron (B) in a guar gum‐based hydrogel and characterized with FTIR, thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and swelling studies, showing maximum absorption up to 356 g/g. The release pattern of B from the BLSAH and its kinetics was studied in water as well as soil. The B release pattern of the BLSAH was also compared with the commercial B fertilizer, boronated single super phosphate (bSSP). The BLSAH, following the Fickian mechanism, released 38% B, as compared with 51% of the bSSP, during the incubation period of 30 days in soil. The half‐life period for the BLSAH (96.25 days) in soil was almost triple that of the bSSP's half‐life (33.32 days), which is indicative of the slow and controlled release of B from the BLSAH. Thus, owing to its sustained nutrient release ability, the synthesized BLSAH exhibited wide potential for applications in agriculture se...
The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking wit... more The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking with ethylene glycol di methacrylic acid (EGDMA). The synthesis of hydrogel was confirmed by characterization through C NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM micrography, thermo-gravimetric analysis and water absorption studies under different solutions. Synthesized hydrogel (GG-AA-EGDMA) was confirmed to be biodegradable with half-life period of 77 days through soil burial biodegradation studies. The effects of hydrogel treatment on soil were evaluated by studying various physico-chemical properties of soil like bulk density, porosity, water absorption and retention capacity etc. The hydrogel which could absorb up to 800 ml water per gram, after addition to soil, improved its porosity, moisture absorption and retention capacity significantly. Water holding capacity of water increased up to 54% of its original and porosity also increased up to 9% of its original. The synthesized hydrogel revealed tre...
Synthesis of borax cross-linked guar gum hydrogels and its optimization Characterization with... more Synthesis of borax cross-linked guar gum hydrogels and its optimization Characterization with FTIR, surface morphology, thermal and water absorption studies Evaluation of flocculation efficiency at different pH, cross checked with floc size Comparison with commercial coagulant alum and evaluation of Al & K residues by ICP-OES
International journal of biological macromolecules, 2016
Guar gum is the powdered endosperm of the seeds of the Cyamopsis tetragonolobus which is a legumi... more Guar gum is the powdered endosperm of the seeds of the Cyamopsis tetragonolobus which is a leguminous crop. The endosperm contains a complex polysaccharide called galactomannan, which is a polymer of d-galactose and d-mannose. This hydroxyl group rich polymer when added to water forms hydrogen bonding imparting significant viscosity and thickening to the solution. Due to its thickening, emulsifying, binding and gelling properties, quick solubility in cold water, wide pH stability, film forming ability and biodegradability, it finds applications in large number of industries. In last few decades a lot of research has been done on guar gum to fit it in to particular application, as such or by its structural modifications. This review gives an overview of the nature, chemistry and properties of guar gum and discusses recent developments in its modifications and applications in major industries like hydraulic fracturing, explosives, food, agriculture, textile, paper, cosmetics, bioremed...
The article reports on an investigation into the ability of zirconium (IV)-loaded carboxylated or... more The article reports on an investigation into the ability of zirconium (IV)-loaded carboxylated orange peel to remove the fluoride ion from drinking water and the parameters involved in this process. Various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques were used to characterize the adsorbent. The results suggested that the adsorbent exhibited reasonably significant fluoride removal over a wide range of pH value (3.0-8.0). The kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherm has been modeled by the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and DR equation. The adsorption isotherm was well described by DR equation. The negative value of ΔG˚and positive value of ΔH˚revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The presence of NO À 3 , Cl − , and SO 2À 4 ions have negligible effect, whereas PO 3À 4 and HCO À 3 retarded the fluoride removal capacity to some extent. The reuse study of the adsorbent resulted in retention of 83% capacity in 8th cycle. Desorption studies showed that the fluoride can easily be desorbed by using 0.1 N NaOH solution. The wide pH range, second-order kinetics, operation at normal temperature, high adsorption capacity, and good recycle potential of the new adsorbent would make it an ideal material for the removal of fluoride from drinking water.
Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Jharkhand, India E-mail : ... more Centre of Mining Environment, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad-826 004, Jharkhand, India E-mail : [email protected] Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-835 215, Jharkhand, India Manuscript received 8 August 2007, revised 7 January 2008, accepted 10 January 2008 The study was conducted to assess the leaching of coal combustion residues (<strong>CCRs</strong>) from Balco Captive Power Plant, Korba, India through five different standard techniques. The leaching procedures included acid digestion, short term (24-hour shake test, <strong>TCLP</strong>) and long term leaching (Open column percolation experiments, <strong>ASTM</strong> column experiments) studies for a period of more than three years. The physico-chemical characteristics (pH, conductivity and<strong> TDS</strong>) were observed within the permissible limits. The leachates were analysed for twenty-three elements like <strong>Na,...
The present studies report the synthesis of a novel graft copolymer "polymethyl methacrylate-graf... more The present studies report the synthesis of a novel graft copolymer "polymethyl methacrylate-grafted oatmeal" (OAT-g-PMMA) using "conventional" technique. Grafting of PMMA chains on the backbone of parent biopolymer (oatmeal) was confirmed through various physicochemical techniques like intrinsic viscosity, FTIR, elemental analysis (C, H, N, S and O), scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, number-average molecular weight, solubility, 13 C-CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy and P-XRD. The intrinsic viscosity of oatmeal substantially improved after grafting of PMMA chains. The grafted biopolymers were assessed for its implication as a potential flocculant by standard "jar test" and "settling test" protocol. Flocculation characteristics of the synthesized OAT-g-PMMA were compared with parent biopolymer (oatmeal) and alum in 0.25 wt.% kaolin suspension and then in municipal wastewater through standard "jar test" protocol which showed encouraging results.
Research reports synthesis of eight different sets of OAT-g-PAM-cl-NN′-mba hydrogels via 'convent... more Research reports synthesis of eight different sets of OAT-g-PAM-cl-NN′-mba hydrogels via 'conventional' technique. Synthesis of novel hydrogels was optimized by varying monomer (acrylamide) and cross-linker (NN′-methylenebisacrylamide) concentrations along with fixed concentration of CAN (ceric ammonium nitrate). Confirmation of reaction was done using different physicochemical techniques namely 13 C-CP/MAS solid-state NMR spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM and swelling study. Extensive swelling studies of novel hydrogels were recorded at different pH media (pH 2, 7 and 10), temperature conditions (25 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C), saline solution (5% NaCl, 10% NaCl and 15% NaCl) as well as w.r.to different time interval (12 h study in deionised water) up to achieving their equilibrium state. Reduction in the concentration of heavy metals and dye via absorption mechanism was also reported. As observed, with decreases in cross-linker concentration, there is an increase in percentage cross-linking of hydrogels and its water absorbance capacity was also found to be increased. Results suggest that synthesized hydrogels may be used commercially for environmental, industrial and agricultural applications.
Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric network having substantial affinity for wa... more Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric network having substantial affinity for water. Classes of hydrogels which are derived from biopolymers have been widely used in number of industries because of their biocompatibility and environmental safety. In agricultural sector, they are extensively used as soil conditioners, water retainers, and bio-remediating agents. Their recent application claims customized diffusion of different materials such as fertilizers and pesticides into surrounding soil matrix. They are proving very useful for crops in efficient distribution of water with minimum wastage, and utilization of fertilizer nutrients and pesticides in targeted zones. This chapter covers the recent advances on biopolymeric gels and different aspects of their usage with respect to agricultural sector.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Polyacrylamide grafted starch (St-g-PAM) was made by a novel method of synthesis, involving combi... more Polyacrylamide grafted starch (St-g-PAM) was made by a novel method of synthesis, involving combination of microwave radiation and a chemical free radical initiator (ceric ammonium nitrate) to initiate grafting reaction. This method (microwave assisted synthesis) is quick, highly reliable, reproducible and yields high quality product as compared to the conventional method (which uses a chemical free radical initiator alone to
Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-G... more Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-GM3 gangliosides. This antibody has been tested as an anti-idiotypic cancer vaccine, adjuvated in Al(OH) 3 , in several clinical trials for melanoma, breast, and lung cancer. During early clinical development this mAb was obtained in vivo from mice ascites fluid. Currently, the production process of 1E10 is being transferred from the in vivo to a bioreactor-based method. Results: Here, we present a comprehensive molecular and immunological characterization of 1E10 produced by the two different production processes in order to determine the impact of the manufacturing process in vaccine performance. We observed differences in glycosylation pattern, charge heterogeneity and structural stability between in vivo-produced 1E10 and bioreactor-obtained 1E10. Interestingly, these modifications had no significant impact on the immune responses elicited in two different animal models. Conclusions: Changes in 1E10 primary structure like glycosylation; asparagine deamidation and oxidation affected 1E10 structural stability but did not affect the immune response elicited in mice and chickens when compared to 1E10 produced in mice.
Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-G... more Background: 1E10 monoclonal antibody is a murine anti-idiotypic antibody that mimics N-glycolyl-GM3 gangliosides. This antibody has been tested as an anti-idiotypic cancer vaccine, adjuvated in Al(OH) 3 , in several clinical trials for melanoma, breast, and lung cancer. During early clinical development this mAb was obtained in vivo from mice ascites fluid. Currently, the production process of 1E10 is being transferred from the in vivo to a bioreactor-based method. Results: Here, we present a comprehensive molecular and immunological characterization of 1E10 produced by the two different production processes in order to determine the impact of the manufacturing process in vaccine performance. We observed differences in glycosylation pattern, charge heterogeneity and structural stability between in vivo-produced 1E10 and bioreactor-obtained 1E10. Interestingly, these modifications had no significant impact on the immune responses elicited in two different animal models. Conclusions: Changes in 1E10 primary structure like glycosylation; asparagine deamidation and oxidation affected 1E10 structural stability but did not affect the immune response elicited in mice and chickens when compared to 1E10 produced in mice.
The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking wit... more The novel hydrogels were synthesized by grafting guar gum with acrylic acid and cross-linking with ethylene glycol di methacrylic acid (EGDMA). The synthesis of hydrogel was confirmed by characterization through 13C NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM micrography, thermo-gravimetric analysis and water absorption studies under different solutions. Synthesized hydrogel (GG-AA-EGDMA) was confirmed to be biodegradable with half-life period of 77 days through soil burial biodegradation studies. The effects of hydrogel treatment on soil were evaluated by studying various physico-chemical properties of soil like bulk density, porosity, water absorption and retention capacity etc. The hydrogel which could absorb up to 800 ml water per gram, after addition to soil, improved its porosity, moisture absorption and retention capacity significantly. Water holding capacity of water increased up to 54% of its original and porosity also increased up to 9% of its original. The synthesized hydrogel revealed tremendous potential as soil conditioning material for agricultural applications.
With the aim to explore new adsorbents for water purification, guar gum based hydrogels were synt... more With the aim to explore new adsorbents for water purification, guar gum based hydrogels were synthesized by cross-linking with borax at different percentage. The cross-linking was confirmed through characterization by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM morphology, thermal studies and water absorption capacity. To examine the adsorption/absorption performance of different grades of hydrogels, their flocculation efficiency was studied in kaolin suspension at different pH by standard jar test procedure. The floccu-lation efficiency of the test materials was compared with the commercially used coagulant, alum and also residues of Al and K left in the treated water were comparatively studied. The synthesized hydrogels were also tested for their efficiency of removing Aniline Blue dye by UV–vis spectrophotometer study. The best grade hydrogel outperformed alum, at extremely low concentration and also showed dye removing efficiency up to 94%. The single step synthesized green products thus exhibited great potential as water purifying agents.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Guar gum was grafted with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by microwave initiated method. The synthe... more Guar gum was grafted with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) by microwave initiated method. The synthesis was optimized for highest percentage grafting, by varying the microwave irradiation time and monomer (methyl methacrylate) concentration. The various grades of grafted product (GG-g-PMMA) were characterized through standard physicochemical characterization techniques (intrinsic viscosity measurement, elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy & SEM morphology study). Further, flocculation efficacy of this grafted polysaccharide was studied by standard 'Jar test' procedure in 0.5% kaolin suspension, to assess its application as flocculating agent for wastewater treatment and mineral ore beneficiation. Correlation between percentage grafting and intrinsic viscosity was also studied for the possibility of using it as a tool to control the intrinsic viscosity in the final product. This leads to the possibility of application of the grafted product as superior viscosifier than guar gum.
An environmentally benign and efficient route of synthesis of polyacrylic acid grafted carboxymet... more An environmentally benign and efficient route of synthesis of polyacrylic acid grafted carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-g-PAA) is developed using microwave radiation alone to initiate the grafting reaction. The synthesis is optimized in terms of percentage grafting and intrinsic viscosity, by varying the microwave irradiation time and monomer (acrylic acid) concentration. The grafted product has been characterized by various physicochemical characterization techniques (intrinsic viscosity measurement, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM morphology study and elemental analysis). FTIR spectroscopy confirmed that free radicals are formed on polysaccharide backbone by cleavage of 1°–OH bond, indicating microwave effect and not thermal decomposition as the cause of free radical generation. The application of the grafted product as flocculant for river water clarification, towards augmentation of drinking water supply has been investigated.► CMC-g-PAA was synthesized by ‘microwave initiated method’. ► FTIR spectroscopy provided experimental proof of the proposed mechanism of synthesis. ► Synthesized grades were studied for efficacy as flocculant for river water clarification. ► CMC-g-PAA showed higher flocculation efficacy than CMC as well as alum. ► higher the percentage grafting of CMC-g-PAA, higher is its flocculation efficacy.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted me... more Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted method. The grafting of the PAM chains on the polysaccharide backbone was confirmed through intrinsic viscosity study, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (C, H & N) and SEM morphology study. The intrinsic viscosity of gum ghatti appreciably improved on grafting of PAM chains, thus resulting grafted product with potential application as superior viscosifier. Further, flocculation efficacy of the graft copolymer was studied initially in kaolin suspension and then in municipal wastewater through 'Jar test' procedure, toward possible application as flocculant for wastewater treatment.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2011
Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted me... more Polyacrylamide chains (PAM) were grafted onto the backbone of gum ghatti by microwave assisted method. The grafting of the PAM chains on the polysaccharide backbone was confirmed through intrinsic viscosity study, FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis (C, H & N) and SEM morphology study. The intrinsic viscosity of gum ghatti appreciably improved on grafting of PAM chains, thus resulting grafted product with potential application as superior viscosifier. Further, flocculation efficacy of the graft copolymer was studied initially in kaolin suspension and then in municipal wastewater through 'Jar test' procedure, toward possible application as flocculant for wastewater treatment.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2010
This paper details the study of applicability of microwave initiated synthesized polyacrylamide g... more This paper details the study of applicability of microwave initiated synthesized polyacrylamide grafted guar gum (GG-g-PAM) as matrix for controlled release of 5-amino salicylic acid (a drug used for the treatment of ulcerative colitis). In vitro release of this drug from various grades of GG-g-PAM has been studied by USP dissolution method (paddle type). The effect of percentage grafting on the rate of drug release has been investigated. The power of the microwave oven and other factors being kept constant, the percentage grafting in turn is dependent on the net time of exposure to microwave irradiation; thus a correlation can be drawn between net time of irradiation and rate of drug release (from the matrix). This holds the promise of a tailor-made matrix, with the rate of drug release being precisely programmed at the molecular level. Further, the drug release study was carried out in different pH medium, to investigate the possibility of pH triggered release for colon targeted drug delivery (where the pH is alkaline).
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Papers by sumit mishra
glycol di methacrylic acid (EGDMA). The synthesis of hydrogel was confirmed by characterization through 13C
NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM micrography, thermo-gravimetric analysis and water absorption studies under
different solutions. Synthesized hydrogel (GG-AA-EGDMA) was confirmed to be biodegradable with half-life
period of 77 days through soil burial biodegradation studies. The effects of hydrogel treatment on soil were
evaluated by studying various physico-chemical properties of soil like bulk density, porosity, water absorption
and retention capacity etc. The hydrogel which could absorb up to 800 ml water per gram, after addition to soil,
improved its porosity, moisture absorption and retention capacity significantly. Water holding capacity of water
increased up to 54% of its original and porosity also increased up to 9% of its original. The synthesized hydrogel
revealed tremendous potential as soil conditioning material for agricultural applications.
glycol di methacrylic acid (EGDMA). The synthesis of hydrogel was confirmed by characterization through 13C
NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM micrography, thermo-gravimetric analysis and water absorption studies under
different solutions. Synthesized hydrogel (GG-AA-EGDMA) was confirmed to be biodegradable with half-life
period of 77 days through soil burial biodegradation studies. The effects of hydrogel treatment on soil were
evaluated by studying various physico-chemical properties of soil like bulk density, porosity, water absorption
and retention capacity etc. The hydrogel which could absorb up to 800 ml water per gram, after addition to soil,
improved its porosity, moisture absorption and retention capacity significantly. Water holding capacity of water
increased up to 54% of its original and porosity also increased up to 9% of its original. The synthesized hydrogel
revealed tremendous potential as soil conditioning material for agricultural applications.