Then all the Israelites
This phrase signifies a unified response from the entire nation of Israel. The Hebrew word for "all" (כָּל, kol) emphasizes the totality and inclusiveness of the tribes. Historically, this unity is significant as it shows a collective consciousness and shared identity among the tribes, which was often challenged by internal divisions. The Israelites coming together reflects a moment of national solidarity, driven by a common cause or crisis.

from Dan to Beersheba
This expression is a merism, a figure of speech that uses two extremes to indicate the whole. Dan was located in the far north of Israel, while Beersheba was in the southernmost part. This phrase underscores the comprehensive nature of the gathering, indicating that representatives from the entire land of Israel were present. It highlights the geographical breadth of the nation and the widespread concern that prompted this assembly.

and from the land of Gilead
Gilead was a region east of the Jordan River, known for its balm and rugged terrain. Mentioning Gilead alongside Dan and Beersheba emphasizes the inclusion of the Transjordan tribes, showing that the call to assemble transcended geographical barriers. This reflects the unity of the Israelites not just within the traditional boundaries of Canaan but also in the territories beyond the Jordan.

came out as one
The phrase "as one" (כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד, ke'ish echad) conveys a powerful image of unity and singular purpose. In the Hebrew context, this unity is not merely physical but also spiritual and emotional. It suggests a collective resolve and shared commitment to address the issue at hand. This unity is crucial in the biblical narrative, as it often precedes significant actions or decisions by the nation.

and the congregation assembled
The term "congregation" (עֵדָה, edah) refers to the assembly of the people, often used in the context of a formal gathering for decision-making or worship. This assembly is not just a casual meeting but a solemn gathering with a purpose. Historically, such assemblies were central to Israelite society, serving as a means for communal decision-making and covenant renewal.

before the LORD
This phrase indicates that the assembly was held in a religious context, acknowledging the presence and authority of God. The Hebrew term for "before" (לִפְנֵי, lifnei) implies being in the presence of or standing before someone of higher authority. This setting underscores the theocratic nature of Israelite society, where God was recognized as the ultimate judge and leader.

at Mizpah
Mizpah, meaning "watchtower" in Hebrew, was a significant site for gatherings and covenant renewals. It served as a strategic location for assemblies due to its elevated position, which provided a natural vantage point. Archaeologically, Mizpah is identified with several sites, but its exact location is debated. Historically, it was a place where Israel sought divine guidance and made critical decisions, reinforcing the solemnity of the assembly described in this verse.

The leaders of all the people
This phrase refers to the tribal leaders or elders of Israel, who were responsible for guiding and making decisions for their respective tribes. In the Hebrew context, the word for "leaders" is often "nesi'im," which can mean princes or chiefs. These individuals held significant authority and were expected to act in accordance with God's laws. Historically, the role of leaders was crucial in maintaining the unity and spiritual direction of the nation, especially during times of crisis.

of all the tribes of Israel
This emphasizes the collective nature of the assembly, representing the entire nation of Israel. Each tribe had its own identity and territory, yet they were united under the covenant with God. The twelve tribes descended from the sons of Jacob, and their unity was essential for the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham. This gathering signifies a moment of national importance, where the tribes come together to address a grave issue.

took their place
This phrase suggests a formal assembly or council, where the leaders assume their positions of authority. The Hebrew root "ya'ats" can imply taking counsel or deliberating. This indicates a structured and serious meeting, reflecting the gravity of the situation they were about to address. It underscores the order and respect for leadership within the community.

in the assembly of the people of God
The term "assembly" in Hebrew is "qahal," which refers to a congregation or gathering, often for religious or judicial purposes. This assembly is not just a political gathering but a spiritual one, as they are identified as "the people of God." This highlights their identity as a covenant community, chosen and set apart by God to live according to His statutes and to be a light to the nations.

four hundred thousand men on foot
This number indicates the large scale of the assembly, with a significant military presence. The mention of "men on foot" suggests infantry, highlighting the readiness for potential conflict. In the historical context, this reflects the seriousness of the situation and the willingness of the tribes to take decisive action. The large number also demonstrates the unity and collective strength of Israel when they come together for a common cause.

armed with swords
The mention of swords signifies preparation for battle, indicating that the assembly was not merely for discussion but also for potential military action. In the ancient Near Eastern context, swords were a primary weapon of warfare, symbolizing power and readiness to defend or execute justice. This preparedness underscores the severity of the issue at hand and the determination of the Israelites to address it with the necessary force.

Now the Benjamites heard that the Israelites had gone up to Mizpah
Now
The use of "Now" serves as a transitional word, indicating a shift in the narrative. It connects the previous events with the current situation, emphasizing the continuity of the unfolding story. In the context of Judges, this transition marks a pivotal moment in the escalating conflict between the tribes of Israel and the tribe of Benjamin. It underscores the immediacy and urgency of the situation, as the narrative moves from the heinous crime committed in Gibeah to the collective response of the Israelite tribes.

the Benjamites
The Benjamites, descendants of Benjamin, the youngest son of Jacob and Rachel, are one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Historically, the tribe of Benjamin held a strategic position in the land of Israel, often caught between larger tribes. Their mention here highlights the internal strife within the nation of Israel, as the Benjamites are set apart from the other tribes due to their defense of the perpetrators in Gibeah. This sets the stage for a tragic civil conflict, illustrating the consequences of moral decay and disunity among God's people.

heard
The word "heard" implies that the Benjamites were informed or became aware of the actions of the other Israelite tribes. This suggests a communication network among the tribes, despite the decentralized nature of Israel during the time of the Judges. The act of hearing also carries a deeper significance in biblical literature, often associated with understanding and response. In this context, the Benjamites' hearing of the Israelites' assembly at Mizpah foreshadows their decision to either align with or oppose their fellow Israelites.

that the Israelites
The term "Israelites" refers to the collective tribes of Israel, descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob. In this verse, it emphasizes the unity of the tribes in response to the atrocity committed in Gibeah. The Israelites' gathering signifies a rare moment of national solidarity, driven by a shared sense of justice and moral outrage. This collective identity is crucial in understanding the dynamics of the ensuing conflict, as it contrasts with the isolation of the Benjamites.

had gone up
The phrase "had gone up" indicates movement, often used in the Bible to describe a journey towards a place of significance, such as a city or a place of worship. In this context, it suggests a purposeful ascent to Mizpah, a location of historical and spiritual importance. The act of going up can also symbolize a call to action or a response to a higher moral or divine imperative, as the Israelites seek to address the sin that has occurred within their nation.

to Mizpah
Mizpah, meaning "watchtower" or "lookout," is a significant location in biblical history, often serving as a gathering place for the Israelites. It is a site associated with covenant renewal and communal decision-making. The choice of Mizpah as the meeting place underscores the gravity of the situation and the desire for divine guidance and justice. It reflects the Israelites' recognition of the need for collective repentance and action in the face of moral corruption, seeking to restore righteousness and order within their community.

So the Levite, the husband of the murdered woman, answered
So the Levite
The term "Levite" refers to a member of the tribe of Levi, set apart for religious duties in Israel. The Levites were not given a specific territory like the other tribes but were scattered throughout Israel to serve in various religious capacities. This particular Levite's involvement in the narrative highlights the moral and spiritual decline in Israel during the time of the Judges. The Levites were meant to be spiritual leaders, yet this Levite's actions and circumstances reflect the chaos and lawlessness prevalent in the period.

the husband of the murdered woman
This phrase identifies the Levite as the husband, or more accurately, the concubine's master, as the Hebrew term used can imply a lesser status than a full wife. The tragic reference to "the murdered woman" underscores the gravity of the crime committed against her, which serves as a catalyst for the ensuing conflict. The murder of the concubine is a stark illustration of the societal breakdown and the lack of justice and protection for the vulnerable, which were supposed to be upheld by the covenant community.

answered
The act of answering implies a response to a preceding inquiry or accusation. In this context, the Levite is responding to the assembly of the Israelites who have gathered to address the heinous crime committed in Gibeah. His answer is not just a personal defense but a call to the nation to recognize and rectify the moral decay that has led to such an atrocity. The Levite's response is pivotal, as it sets the stage for the collective action of the tribes of Israel, highlighting the communal responsibility to uphold justice and righteousness according to God's law.

And the leaders of Gibeah
The term "leaders" here refers to the prominent men or elders of the city of Gibeah, a town in the territory of Benjamin. In Hebrew, the word used is "ba'alei," which can mean "masters" or "lords," indicating those with authority and responsibility. Historically, Gibeah was a significant city, and its leaders were expected to uphold justice and righteousness. However, their actions in this narrative reveal a deep moral and spiritual corruption, highlighting the period's chaotic and lawless nature, as described in Judges: "In those days there was no king in Israel; everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25).

rose up against me
This phrase indicates an act of aggression and hostility. The Hebrew root "qum" means to rise or stand up, often used in contexts of confrontation or rebellion. The Levite, who is recounting this event, emphasizes the deliberate and violent nature of the leaders' actions. This rising up against him symbolizes a broader rebellion against God's covenant and order, reflecting the spiritual decline of Israel during the time of the Judges.

and surrounded the house at night
The act of surrounding the house at night suggests a premeditated and cowardly attack, taking advantage of the cover of darkness. In ancient times, night was often associated with evil deeds and danger, as it provided concealment for malicious activities. This imagery evokes a sense of impending doom and highlights the vulnerability of the Levite and his concubine. It also serves as a metaphor for the spiritual darkness that had enveloped Israel, where justice and righteousness were overshadowed by sin and lawlessness.

intending to kill me
The intention to kill underscores the severity of the threat faced by the Levite. The Hebrew word "harag" means to slay or murder, indicating a deliberate and malicious intent. This reflects the extreme moral decay in Gibeah, where human life was devalued, and violence was rampant. In a broader biblical context, this mirrors the consequences of turning away from God's commandments, leading to a society where life is not cherished, and evil prevails.

and they raped my concubine
This phrase reveals the horrific and brutal nature of the crime committed. The Hebrew word "anah" means to afflict or oppress, often used in contexts of sexual violence. The concubine's suffering is a tragic consequence of the leaders' depravity and the community's failure to protect the vulnerable. This act of violence is not only a personal tragedy but also a national disgrace, highlighting the need for repentance and a return to God's righteous standards.

and she died
The death of the concubine is the tragic culmination of the events in Gibeah. Her death serves as a powerful indictment of the moral and spiritual state of Israel. In the Hebrew text, the word "muth" means to die, emphasizing the finality and seriousness of the crime. This event becomes a catalyst for the subsequent civil war between the tribes of Israel and Benjamin, illustrating the destructive consequences of sin and the urgent need for justice and reconciliation in the community.

I took my concubine
The term "concubine" in the Hebrew context refers to a woman who lives with a man but has lower status than his wife or wives. In ancient Israel, concubines were often considered part of the household and had certain rights, though not equal to those of a wife. The Hebrew word used here is "pilegesh," which indicates a recognized relationship, albeit one that reflects the patriarchal structure of the society. This phrase sets the stage for the gravity of the situation, as the concubine was under the protection of her partner, yet she became a victim of a heinous crime.

cut her into pieces
This phrase is shocking and gruesome, reflecting the severity of the crime committed against the concubine. The act of dismemberment was not only a response to the atrocity but also a symbolic gesture meant to provoke a reaction from the tribes of Israel. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such acts were sometimes used to communicate urgency and demand justice. The Hebrew verb "nathach" implies a deliberate and methodical action, underscoring the Levite's desperation and the seriousness of the call to action.

and sent her throughout the land of Israel’s inheritance
The phrase "throughout the land of Israel’s inheritance" refers to the territories allotted to the tribes of Israel. The act of sending the pieces of the concubine to each tribe was a call for national assembly and judgment. It was a dramatic and unprecedented appeal to the collective conscience of Israel. The term "inheritance" (Hebrew: "nachalah") emphasizes the covenantal relationship between God and Israel, reminding the tribes of their shared identity and responsibility to uphold justice and righteousness in the land given to them by God.

because they had committed a lewd and disgraceful act in Israel
The words "lewd and disgraceful act" translate the Hebrew "zimmah," which denotes a heinous crime, often of a sexual nature, and "nebalah," meaning folly or outrage. This phrase highlights the moral and social corruption that had infiltrated the tribe of Benjamin, where the crime occurred. The use of these terms indicates not only a violation of social norms but also an affront to the holiness expected of God's people. The phrase serves as a moral indictment, calling the nation to recognize the depth of the sin and the need for communal repentance and justice.

Behold
The word "behold" is often used in the Bible to draw attention to something significant. In Hebrew, it is "הִנֵּה" (hinneh), which serves as a call to focus on what follows. It is a divine imperative to pause and consider the gravity of the situation. Here, it underscores the urgency and importance of the assembly's decision-making process. The use of "behold" invites the Israelites to recognize the seriousness of the moral and communal crisis they face.

all you Israelites
This phrase emphasizes the collective identity and responsibility of the people of Israel. The Hebrew term for Israelites, "יִשְׂרָאֵל" (Yisra'el), refers to the descendants of Jacob, who was renamed Israel after wrestling with God. This collective address underscores the unity and shared covenantal obligations of the tribes. It is a call to national solidarity in addressing the sin that has occurred within the community, reminding them of their shared history and divine calling.

give your advice and counsel
The call to "give your advice and counsel" is an invitation for communal discernment and decision-making. In Hebrew, "עֵצָה" (etsah) means advice or counsel, often associated with wisdom and prudence. This reflects the biblical principle that in the multitude of counselors there is safety (Proverbs 11:14). It highlights the importance of seeking collective wisdom and guidance in times of crisis, ensuring that decisions are made with careful consideration and alignment with God's will.

here and now
The phrase "here and now" conveys immediacy and urgency. The Hebrew context suggests a pressing need for action without delay. This urgency is due to the moral outrage and the need for justice following the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. It is a call to not only deliberate but to act decisively, reflecting the biblical theme that justice should not be postponed. The immediacy of the situation demands a response that aligns with God's righteousness and the covenantal laws that govern the community.

Then all the people
This phrase indicates a collective unity among the Israelites. The Hebrew word for "people" here is "עָם" (am), which often refers to a nation or community bound by common identity and purpose. In the context of Judges, this unity is significant as it contrasts with the frequent disunity and moral decline seen throughout the book. Historically, this moment of unity is rare and underscores the gravity of the situation they are addressing.

stood as one man
The phrase "stood as one man" is a powerful image of solidarity and unanimity. The Hebrew word "אִישׁ" (ish) for "man" emphasizes individuality, yet here it is used to describe a collective action, highlighting the miraculous nature of their unity. This unity is reminiscent of other biblical moments where God's people come together for a common cause, such as the building of the Tabernacle or the conquest of Canaan. It suggests divine intervention or inspiration, as such unity is often seen as a sign of God's presence and blessing.

saying, 'We will not go to our tents
The decision "We will not go to our tents" reflects a commitment to action and a refusal to return to normal life until justice is served. The tent, or "אֹהֶל" (ohel) in Hebrew, symbolizes personal and familial life. By choosing not to return to their tents, the Israelites are prioritizing communal justice over personal comfort. This decision is a call to sacrificial action, reminiscent of the Israelites' journey through the wilderness, where they lived in tents and relied on God's guidance.

nor will we return to our homes
The phrase "nor will we return to our homes" further emphasizes their resolve. The Hebrew word for "homes" is "בַּיִת" (bayit), which can also mean household or family. This decision underscores the seriousness of their commitment, as they are willing to leave behind their families and daily lives to address the sin within their community. It reflects a deep sense of responsibility and accountability, aligning with the biblical principle that justice and righteousness must be pursued even at personal cost.

We will do this to Gibeah
This phrase indicates a collective decision made by the tribes of Israel. The Hebrew root for "do" (עָשָׂה, asah) implies action and execution, suggesting a determined and unified response. Gibeah, a city in the territory of Benjamin, had become infamous due to the grievous sin committed there, as recounted in Judges 19. The historical context reveals a time of moral decay and lawlessness in Israel, where "everyone did what was right in his own eyes" (Judges 21:25). This phrase underscores the necessity of justice and the communal responsibility to address sin within the nation.

We will go against it
The phrase "go against" (נַעֲלֶה, na'aleh) conveys a sense of military action and confrontation. The Hebrew root suggests an upward movement, often used in the context of going up to battle or to a place of significance. This reflects the Israelites' resolve to confront the sin in Gibeah directly. Historically, this was a period when tribal confederations acted together to address issues that threatened the moral and social fabric of the nation. The phrase emphasizes the seriousness with which the Israelites approached the need for justice and the eradication of evil from among them.

as the lot dictates
The use of "lot" (גּוֹרָל, goral) in decision-making reflects an ancient practice of seeking divine guidance. The casting of lots was a common method in Israel for discerning God's will, as seen in other scriptural instances like the division of the Promised Land (Joshua 18:10) and the selection of Saul as king (1 Samuel 10:20-21). This practice underscores the belief in God's sovereignty and the desire to align human actions with divine purposes. In this context, it highlights the Israelites' dependence on God to guide their actions against Gibeah, ensuring that their response was not merely human retribution but divinely sanctioned justice.

We will take ten men out of a hundred
This phrase indicates a systematic and organized approach to addressing the crisis at hand. The selection of "ten men out of a hundred" suggests a tithe-like proportion, reflecting a principle of giving or dedicating a portion for a specific purpose. In the Hebrew context, the number ten often symbolizes completeness or a whole unit, indicating that the Israelites were committed to a complete and unified response. This reflects the seriousness with which they approached the sin in Gibeah, emphasizing the need for collective responsibility and action.

from all the tribes of Israel
The inclusion of "all the tribes of Israel" underscores the unity and collective responsibility of the nation. Historically, the tribes of Israel were often fragmented, but this crisis called for a united front. This unity is significant, as it demonstrates the importance of communal integrity and justice in the face of moral corruption. Theologically, it reflects the biblical principle that the people of God are called to stand together against sin and injustice.

and a hundred out of a thousand, and a thousand out of ten thousand
This escalating ratio further emphasizes the scale and seriousness of the response. The repetition of these numbers highlights the thoroughness and dedication required to address the sin in Gibeah. It also reflects the biblical theme of proportional justice and the need for adequate resources to confront evil. The structured mobilization of resources and manpower signifies the importance of preparation and commitment in the pursuit of righteousness.

to get provisions for the army
The phrase "to get provisions for the army" indicates the practical and logistical considerations necessary for the campaign. In ancient warfare, securing provisions was crucial for sustaining an army. This detail highlights the importance of preparation and foresight in any endeavor, especially when confronting sin and injustice. It also reflects the biblical principle of stewardship, ensuring that resources are wisely managed to achieve God's purposes.

so that when they come to Gibeah in Benjamin
The specific mention of "Gibeah in Benjamin" identifies the location of the atrocity and the tribe responsible. Gibeah's infamy is rooted in the grievous sin committed there, which necessitated a response from the entire nation. Theologically, this highlights the concept of accountability, where even a single tribe's sin can affect the whole community. It serves as a reminder of the pervasive nature of sin and the need for vigilance and correction within the body of believers.

they may deal with them according to the atrocity they have committed in Israel
This phrase underscores the principle of justice and retribution. The term "atrocity" conveys the gravity of the sin, warranting a decisive and appropriate response. Biblically, justice is a central theme, and this passage reflects the need for sin to be addressed in a manner that upholds righteousness and deters future transgressions. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the necessity of upholding God's standards within the community.

So all the men of Israel
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective action of the Israelite tribes. In the Hebrew text, "all the men of Israel" (כָּל־אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל) underscores the national identity and solidarity among the tribes. Historically, this unity was crucial in times of crisis, reflecting the covenantal bond that held the tribes together as God's chosen people. The phrase reminds us of the importance of unity in the body of Christ, as believers are called to stand together in faith and purpose.

assembled as one man
The expression "as one man" (כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד) signifies complete unanimity and shared purpose. This unity is not merely physical but also spiritual and moral, indicating that the tribes were of one heart and mind in addressing the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. In a broader scriptural context, this unity prefigures the New Testament call for the Church to be united in Christ, reflecting the oneness of the body of believers.

against the city
The city in question is Gibeah, a Benjamite city where a heinous crime had occurred. The phrase "against the city" (עַל־הָעִיר) indicates a directed and purposeful action to address the sin and injustice that had taken place. This reflects the biblical principle of justice and the need to confront sin within the community. Archaeologically, Gibeah has been identified with Tell el-Ful, providing a tangible connection to the biblical narrative.

joined together
The Hebrew root for "joined together" (חָבַר) conveys the idea of binding or allying oneself with others. This term highlights the commitment and determination of the Israelite tribes to act in concert. It serves as a reminder of the power of collective action in pursuing righteousness and justice, echoing the biblical call for believers to be united in their mission and purpose.

as allies
The term "allies" (חֲבֵרִים) suggests a formal agreement or covenantal relationship. In the context of ancient Israel, alliances were often formed for mutual protection and support. This phrase underscores the seriousness of the tribes' commitment to address the sin in Gibeah, reflecting the biblical theme of covenant loyalty and the responsibility to uphold God's standards within the community. It serves as an inspiration for believers to form strong, godly alliances in their pursuit of justice and righteousness.

And the tribes of Israel
The phrase refers to the collective body of the twelve tribes, descendants of the sons of Jacob. In the context of Judges, this unity is significant as it demonstrates a rare moment of collective action among the tribes, which were often fragmented and at odds. Historically, the tribes were meant to function as a unified nation under God's covenant, yet the period of the Judges is marked by disunity and moral decline. This moment of unity underscores the gravity of the situation and the communal responsibility to uphold God's law.

sent men throughout the tribe of Benjamin
This action indicates a formal and deliberate approach to addressing the sin within the tribe of Benjamin. The sending of men can be seen as an attempt at diplomacy and reconciliation before resorting to conflict. In ancient Israelite culture, such an approach reflects the seriousness with which communal sin was regarded and the desire to resolve issues within the framework of God's law. The tribe of Benjamin, being one of the smaller tribes, is here being held accountable by the larger community, emphasizing the principle that no tribe or individual is above God's law.

saying, 'What is this wickedness
The term "wickedness" in Hebrew is "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which conveys a sense of evil or moral corruption. This inquiry is not merely about a breach of social norms but a violation of divine law. The use of the word highlights the severity of the crime committed and the moral outrage it has provoked among the other tribes. It reflects the biblical principle that sin is not just a personal failing but a communal concern that affects the entire covenant community.

that has occurred among you?'
This phrase points to the accountability of the tribe of Benjamin for the actions that have taken place within its borders. It suggests a communal responsibility for sin, where the entire tribe is implicated in the wrongdoing of its members. In the historical context of Israel, this reflects the interconnectedness of the tribes and the belief that sin within one part of the community can bring judgment upon the whole. It serves as a reminder of the need for vigilance and righteousness within the community of God's people.

But now
This phrase marks a pivotal moment of decision and action. In the context of Judges 20, the Israelites are at a crossroads, having deliberated over the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. The Hebrew word for "now" (עַתָּה, 'attah) often signifies an urgent call to action, emphasizing the immediacy and necessity of the response. It reflects a shift from contemplation to decisive movement, urging the Israelites to address the moral and communal crisis at hand.

hand over
The phrase "hand over" (תּוֹצִיאוּ, totsi'u) implies a demand for justice and accountability. In ancient Israelite society, communal responsibility was paramount, and this demand underscores the collective obligation to uphold righteousness. The act of handing over the guilty parties is not merely punitive but serves to restore communal integrity and divine favor. It reflects the biblical principle that sin must be confronted and dealt with to maintain holiness within the community.

the wicked men
The term "wicked men" (בְּנֵי בְלִיָּעַל, benei beliyaal) is a strong denunciation, indicating individuals who are worthless or lawless. The Hebrew word "beliyaal" conveys a sense of utter depravity and rebellion against God's order. In the biblical narrative, such individuals are often seen as threats to the covenant community, embodying moral corruption that must be purged to preserve the sanctity of God's people.

of Gibeah
Gibeah, a city of the tribe of Benjamin, becomes infamous due to the heinous crime committed within its walls. Archaeological findings suggest Gibeah was a significant settlement during the period of the Judges. Its mention here highlights the gravity of the situation, as the sin of a single city has ramifications for the entire nation. The narrative underscores the interconnectedness of the tribes of Israel and the impact of sin on the collective identity.

so that we may put them to death
This phrase reflects the severity of the crime and the corresponding demand for capital punishment. In the ancient Near Eastern context, such a response was seen as necessary to uphold justice and deter further transgressions. The biblical law, as outlined in the Torah, often prescribes death for certain offenses to maintain the holiness of the community. This action is not taken lightly but is seen as a last resort to cleanse the land of egregious sin.

and purge this evil from Israel
The concept of purging evil (וּנְבַעֲרָה רָעָה, u'neva'arah ra'ah) is central to maintaining the covenant relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew verb "ba'ar" implies a thorough removal or burning away, signifying the complete eradication of sin. This reflects the biblical mandate for Israel to be a holy nation, set apart for God's purposes. The phrase underscores the necessity of dealing decisively with sin to preserve the spiritual and moral health of the nation.

Instead
This word marks a contrast to the expected response of the Benjamites. In the context of the preceding verses, the Israelites had demanded justice for the heinous crime committed in Gibeah. The use of "instead" indicates a deliberate choice by the Benjamites to reject reconciliation or justice, highlighting their stubbornness and pride. This decision sets the stage for the ensuing conflict and reflects a broader theme in Judges of Israel's cyclical disobedience and moral decline.

the Benjamites
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is central to this narrative. Historically, the Benjamites were known for their warrior skills and fierce independence. The Hebrew root for Benjamin, "Binyamin," means "son of the right hand," symbolizing strength and favor. However, in this context, their strength is misused, leading to tragic consequences. This serves as a cautionary tale about the misuse of God-given gifts and the importance of aligning strength with righteousness.

gathered together
This phrase indicates a unification of the Benjamites, suggesting a strong tribal loyalty that overrides their moral obligations. The Hebrew word "asaph" implies a purposeful assembly, often used in military contexts. This gathering is not for peace or justice but for war, reflecting a collective decision to defend their own rather than uphold God's law. It underscores the dangers of misplaced loyalty and the consequences of prioritizing kinship over divine commandments.

from their cities
The Benjamites came from various cities, indicating a widespread support for the decision to go to battle. This mobilization from multiple locations suggests a deep-seated tribal unity and a shared identity that transcends individual cities. It also highlights the pervasive nature of sin and rebellion within the tribe, as the entire community is complicit in the decision to fight against their fellow Israelites.

to Gibeah
Gibeah is the focal point of the conflict, the city where the atrocity occurred. Archaeologically, Gibeah has been identified with Tell el-Ful, providing historical context to the narrative. The city's name means "hill," and it becomes a symbol of moral decline and judgment. Gibeah's role in this account serves as a reminder of the consequences of unchecked sin and the importance of justice in maintaining communal holiness.

to go out for battle
This phrase emphasizes the aggressive stance of the Benjamites. The Hebrew word "yatsa" means to go forth, often used in military contexts. Their decision to go out for battle rather than seek peace or justice reveals a hardened heart and a willingness to escalate conflict. It serves as a warning about the dangers of pride and the destructive nature of sin when left unrepented.

against the Israelites
The Benjamites' decision to fight against their fellow Israelites highlights the tragic division within God's chosen people. This internal conflict is a microcosm of the larger spiritual battles faced by Israel throughout the book of Judges. It underscores the theme of disunity and the consequences of turning away from God's covenant. The phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the importance of unity and obedience to God's law in maintaining peace and righteousness within the community.

On that day
This phrase sets the immediate context and urgency of the events. The Hebrew word for "day" is "yom," which can signify a literal day or a period of time. Here, it emphasizes the swift mobilization and the seriousness of the situation. Historically, this reflects the rapid response required in ancient warfare, where decisions and actions were often made quickly due to the pressing nature of tribal conflicts.

the Benjamites
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is central to this narrative. The Hebrew root "Binyamin" means "son of the right hand," indicating a position of favor or strength. The Benjamites were known for their fierce warriors and skilled archers, as seen in other biblical accounts. This tribe's involvement in the conflict highlights the internal strife within Israel and the complexities of tribal loyalties.

mobilized
The act of mobilization indicates preparation for battle. The Hebrew word "paqad" can mean to muster or to number, suggesting an organized and deliberate gathering of forces. This reflects the structured nature of ancient Israelite military practices, where tribes would rally their men for defense or aggression, often in response to a call to arms.

26,000 swordsmen
The specific number of swordsmen underscores the significant military capability of the Benjamites. The use of "swordsmen" (Hebrew "ish chereb") highlights the importance of the sword as a primary weapon in ancient warfare. This detail not only provides a sense of the scale of the conflict but also emphasizes the readiness and determination of the Benjamites to defend their cause.

from their cities
This phrase indicates that the mobilization was widespread, involving multiple cities within the territory of Benjamin. The Hebrew word "ir" for city suggests established settlements, each contributing to the collective defense. This reflects the decentralized nature of Israelite society, where each city had its own leadership but could unite for common causes.

in addition to the 700 choice men of Gibeah
The "700 choice men" signifies an elite group of warriors, possibly selected for their skill and bravery. The Hebrew word "bachur" for choice implies a selection based on merit or excellence. Gibeah, a city within Benjamin, is notorious for the events leading to this conflict, as described earlier in Judges. The mention of these men highlights the strategic importance of Gibeah and the heightened stakes of the battle. This detail serves as a reminder of the moral and social decay that had permeated Israel, necessitating divine intervention and judgment.

Among all these soldiers
This phrase sets the stage by indicating that the men being described are part of a larger military assembly. The context here is a gathering of the Israelite tribes, preparing for battle against the tribe of Benjamin. Historically, this reflects the tribal confederation of Israel during the period of the Judges, a time characterized by decentralized leadership and frequent internal conflicts. The soldiers are part of a collective effort to address a grave moral and social crisis within the nation.

there were seven hundred chosen men
The number "seven hundred" signifies a select group, emphasizing their distinction and skill. In biblical numerology, the number seven often symbolizes completeness or perfection, suggesting that these men were perfectly suited for their task. The term "chosen" indicates that these men were specifically selected for their exceptional abilities, highlighting the importance of skill and divine providence in the unfolding narrative.

who were left-handed
The mention of left-handedness is significant, as it was relatively uncommon and often seen as a unique trait. In Hebrew, the term used can also imply being ambidextrous. This characteristic would have given these men a tactical advantage in battle, as opponents would be less accustomed to defending against left-handed attacks. Theologically, this detail underscores the theme of God using unexpected means and people to achieve His purposes.

each of whom could sling a stone at a hair
The imagery here is vivid, illustrating the precision and skill of these warriors. The sling was a common weapon in ancient warfare, requiring great dexterity and practice. The ability to hit a target as small as a hair speaks to their extraordinary accuracy. This phrase highlights the importance of preparation and skill in fulfilling one's God-given role, as well as the potential for human excellence when empowered by divine purpose.

and not miss
This final phrase emphasizes the reliability and effectiveness of these men in battle. The Hebrew root for "miss" is related to the concept of sin, which means "to miss the mark." In this context, it underscores their ability to achieve their intended goal without failure. Spiritually, it serves as a metaphor for the believer's call to live a life of precision and purpose, aiming to fulfill God's will without deviation. This reflects the broader biblical theme of striving for righteousness and faithfulness in one's walk with God.

The Israelites, apart from Benjamin
This phrase sets the stage for the internal conflict within the tribes of Israel. The Hebrew term for "Israelites" is "בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל" (B'nei Yisrael), meaning "sons of Israel," which emphasizes their shared heritage and covenant with God. The exclusion of Benjamin highlights the gravity of the situation, as the tribe of Benjamin is part of the twelve tribes of Israel. Historically, this division underscores the severity of the moral and social decay that had infiltrated the nation, leading to civil strife. It serves as a reminder of the importance of unity and righteousness within the community of believers.

mustered
The Hebrew word used here is "וַיִּתְפָּקְדוּ" (vayitpakdu), which implies a formal gathering or assembling for a specific purpose, often military. This term indicates a deliberate and organized effort by the Israelites to address the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. It reflects the seriousness with which they approached the situation, recognizing the need for justice and the restoration of order according to God's law. This action can inspire believers today to be intentional and organized in addressing sin and injustice within their communities.

four hundred thousand swordsmen
The sheer number of "four hundred thousand" indicates the magnitude of the response from the Israelite tribes. This large assembly of "swordsmen" (Hebrew: "אִישׁ חֶרֶב" - ish cherev) signifies a formidable force prepared for battle. The sword, a common weapon in ancient warfare, symbolizes readiness and the willingness to fight for righteousness. This gathering reflects the collective responsibility of God's people to stand against evil and uphold His standards, even when it requires great sacrifice.

all men of war
The phrase "all men of war" (Hebrew: "כָּל אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה" - kol ish milchamah) emphasizes the preparedness and capability of these men. They were not just ordinary citizens but trained warriors, skilled in battle. This detail highlights the seriousness of the conflict and the need for experienced individuals to lead the charge. Spiritually, it serves as a call for believers to be equipped and ready to engage in spiritual warfare, standing firm in their faith and convictions.

The Israelites set out
This phrase indicates a decisive action taken by the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "set out" is "נָסַע" (nasa), which often implies a journey or a purposeful movement. Historically, this reflects the Israelites' collective resolve to address the grievous sin committed in Gibeah, demonstrating their commitment to justice and unity as a nation under God.

went up to Bethel
"Bethel," meaning "House of God" in Hebrew, was a significant spiritual center for the Israelites. Archaeologically, Bethel is identified with the modern-day site of Beitin. It was a place where patriarchs like Abraham and Jacob had encountered God, making it a fitting location for seeking divine guidance. This highlights the Israelites' desire to align their actions with God's will.

and inquired of God
The act of inquiring of God underscores the Israelites' dependence on divine guidance. The Hebrew word "שָׁאַל" (sha'al) means to ask or consult, indicating a formal seeking of God's will. This reflects a theocratic society where decisions, especially those involving warfare, were made with divine consultation, emphasizing the importance of spiritual discernment in leadership.

'Who of us shall go up first to fight against the Benjamites?'
This question reveals the Israelites' strategic and spiritual approach to warfare. The phrase "go up" (עָלָה, alah) often implies ascending to a place of significance or battle. The context here is a civil war within Israel, highlighting the gravity of internal conflict and the need for divine direction in resolving such disputes.

And the LORD replied
The direct response from the LORD signifies the active communication between God and His people. The Hebrew term "אָמַר" (amar) for "replied" suggests a definitive and authoritative answer. This interaction underscores the belief in a personal God who guides His people, reinforcing the covenant relationship between God and Israel.

'Judah shall go first.'
Judah, meaning "praise" in Hebrew, was the tribe from which leadership and kingship would eventually emerge, as prophesied in Genesis 49:10. The choice of Judah to lead reflects God's sovereign plan and foreshadows the tribe's future prominence. This decision also serves as a reminder of the importance of obedience and trust in God's strategic purposes, even in times of conflict.

The next morning
This phrase indicates a new beginning, a fresh start after a night of deliberation and preparation. In the Hebrew context, mornings often symbolize hope, renewal, and divine mercy, as seen in Lamentations 3:22-23, where God's mercies are described as new every morning. The Israelites, having sought the Lord's guidance the previous day, are now ready to act on His direction. This reflects the importance of seeking divine guidance before embarking on any significant endeavor.

the Israelites
This term refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel, and highlights their identity as God's chosen people. The Israelites were a covenant community, bound by their relationship with Yahweh. In the context of Judges, they are often depicted as struggling to remain faithful to God amidst the challenges of the Promised Land. Their actions in this chapter are part of a larger narrative of seeking justice and maintaining the holiness of the community.

set out
The Hebrew root for this phrase often implies a deliberate and purposeful action. It suggests that the Israelites were not acting impulsively but were following a considered plan. This action is a response to the grievous sin committed in Gibeah, and it underscores the seriousness with which they approached the situation. It is a reminder of the importance of taking decisive action in the face of injustice.

and camped
Camping in the ancient Near Eastern context was not merely a temporary lodging but often a strategic move in preparation for battle. The Israelites' decision to camp near Gibeah indicates their readiness to confront the Benjamites. It also reflects a communal aspect, as the tribes of Israel came together in unity for a common cause. This unity is crucial in the biblical narrative, as it often precedes divine intervention and victory.

near Gibeah
Gibeah was a city in the territory of Benjamin, and its mention here is significant due to the events that transpired there, which led to the civil conflict. Archaeologically, Gibeah has been identified with Tell el-Ful, and its strategic location is noted in historical records. The proximity of the Israelite camp to Gibeah signifies their intent to address the atrocity committed there, emphasizing the biblical theme of justice and the need to purge evil from among God's people.

And the men of Israel
This phrase refers to the collective tribes of Israel, excluding the tribe of Benjamin. The Hebrew word for "men" here is "אִישׁ" (ish), which can mean man or husband, but in this context, it signifies the warriors or fighting men of Israel. Historically, this reflects a time when the tribes of Israel were a loose confederation, often acting independently but uniting for common causes. The unity of the tribes against Benjamin underscores the gravity of the internal conflict and the moral outrage that had been provoked by the events leading up to this battle.

went out to fight
The Hebrew verb "יָצָא" (yatsa) means to go out or come forth, often used in military contexts to describe going out to battle. This action signifies a deliberate and organized response to the atrocity committed in Gibeah, as described in the preceding chapters. The Israelites' decision to fight indicates their commitment to justice and the seriousness with which they viewed the sin of the Benjamites. It also reflects the broader biblical theme of God’s people being called to stand against evil.

against Benjamin
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is now the adversary. This internal conflict is significant as it highlights the deep divisions and moral decay within the nation. The Hebrew name "בִּנְיָמִין" (Binyamin) means "son of the right hand," often associated with strength and favor. The tragic irony here is that a tribe known for its strength is now in opposition to the rest of Israel due to its defense of grievous sin. This serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of tribal loyalty superseding righteousness.

and took up their battle positions
The phrase indicates strategic military preparation. The Hebrew root "עָרַךְ" (arak) means to arrange or set in order, often used in the context of preparing for battle. This preparation underscores the seriousness and the organized nature of the conflict. It reflects the Israelites' determination to address the sin in their midst, aligning with the biblical principle of confronting and purging evil to maintain holiness among God’s people.

at Gibeah
Gibeah, a city within the territory of Benjamin, is central to the narrative. The Hebrew "גִּבְעָה" (Giv'ah) means "hill," indicating its geographical setting. Archaeologically, Gibeah has been identified with Tell el-Ful, providing historical context to the narrative. The city is infamous for the heinous crime committed there, which catalyzed the conflict. Gibeah's mention serves as a reminder of the consequences of sin and the need for justice, echoing throughout the biblical narrative as a place of moral failure and divine judgment.

The Benjamites
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is central to this narrative. Historically, the Benjamites were known for their fierce warrior skills and were often depicted as a small but formidable tribe. The Hebrew root for Benjamin, "Binyamin," means "son of the right hand," indicating strength and favor. This tribe's involvement in the conflict highlights the internal strife within Israel, as they chose to defend their own against the collective judgment of the other tribes.

came out of Gibeah
Gibeah was a city within the territory of Benjamin, notorious for the grievous sin that led to this conflict. Archaeological evidence suggests Gibeah was a fortified city, which would have given the Benjamites a strategic advantage. The phrase "came out" indicates a proactive and aggressive stance, as the Benjamites did not wait for the battle to come to them but took the initiative to confront the Israelites.

and cut down
The Hebrew verb used here, "nakah," conveys a sense of striking or smiting with deadly force. This phrase underscores the severity and brutality of the battle. The Benjamites' ability to "cut down" such a large number of Israelites demonstrates their military prowess and the intensity of the conflict.

twenty-two thousand Israelites
The number "twenty-two thousand" is significant, illustrating the magnitude of the loss suffered by the Israelites. In biblical numerology, numbers often carry symbolic meaning. The large number of casualties reflects the seriousness of the sin that led to this civil war and the heavy cost of disunity among God's people.

on the battlefield that day
The battlefield is a place of conflict and decision, where the fate of nations and tribes is determined. The phrase "that day" emphasizes the immediacy and the tragic outcome of the battle. It serves as a somber reminder of the consequences of sin and the importance of seeking God's guidance in times of conflict. Historically, this battle is a pivotal moment in Israel's history, illustrating the need for repentance and unity under God's covenant.

But the Israelites encouraged one another
This phrase highlights the unity and resilience of the Israelite community. The Hebrew root for "encouraged" is "חָזַק" (chazaq), which means to strengthen or make firm. In the context of ancient Israel, this encouragement was not merely emotional support but a call to fortify their resolve and faith in God. Historically, the Israelites often faced overwhelming odds, and their strength came from their collective faith and adherence to God's commandments. This moment of encouragement reflects their understanding that their strength lies in unity and divine support.

and again took their positions
The phrase "took their positions" indicates a strategic and organized approach to the battle. The Hebrew word "עָמַד" (amad) means to stand or take a stand, suggesting a deliberate and prepared stance. This reflects the Israelites' readiness to confront their challenges head-on, trusting in God's guidance. In the broader scriptural context, taking one's position often implies standing firm in faith and righteousness, as seen in Ephesians 6:13, where believers are called to stand firm against evil.

where they had stationed themselves the first day
Returning to their original positions signifies a commitment to their initial strategy and a refusal to be deterred by previous setbacks. The historical context here is crucial; the Israelites were engaged in a civil conflict with the tribe of Benjamin, and their return to the same positions underscores their determination to seek justice and uphold God's law. This persistence is a testament to their faith and conviction, reminding believers today of the importance of perseverance in the face of adversity. The phrase also suggests a reliance on God's plan, trusting that their initial positioning was divinely inspired and would ultimately lead to victory.

They went up and wept before the LORD until evening
This phrase captures the deep sorrow and desperation of the Israelites. The act of going up signifies an approach to a higher place, both physically and spiritually, as they sought the presence of God. The Hebrew word for "wept" (בָּכָה, bakah) indicates a profound expression of grief and repentance. Historically, this reflects the Israelites' recognition of their need for divine guidance after suffering defeat. The mention of "until evening" suggests a prolonged period of lamentation, emphasizing their earnestness and the gravity of the situation.

inquiring of the LORD
This phrase highlights the Israelites' dependence on divine direction. The Hebrew root for "inquiring" (שָׁאַל, sha'al) implies seeking counsel or asking for guidance. In the context of ancient Israel, this often involved consulting the Urim and Thummim or a prophet. This act of inquiry underscores the importance of seeking God's will in times of crisis, a principle that remains central in conservative Christian thought.

'Should we again fight against our brothers, the Benjamites?'
The use of "brothers" here is significant, as it underscores the familial relationship between the tribes of Israel, including Benjamin. This internal conflict was not just a political or military issue but a deeply personal and spiritual one. The question reflects a moral and ethical dilemma, as they grapple with the idea of fighting against their own kin. Historically, this internal strife illustrates the consequences of sin and disobedience within the covenant community.

And the LORD answered
This phrase is pivotal, as it demonstrates God's responsiveness to His people's cries. The Hebrew word for "answered" (עָנָה, anah) conveys a sense of reply or response, indicating that God is not distant or indifferent. In the conservative Christian perspective, this affirms the belief in a personal God who hears and responds to the prayers of His people.

'Go up against them.'
God's directive to "go up" is both a command and an assurance. The repetition of "go up" from earlier in the verse reinforces the idea of ascending to a challenge with divine backing. This command, despite the familial ties, indicates the necessity of justice and the eradication of sin from among God's people. It serves as a reminder of the seriousness with which God views sin and the lengths to which His people must go to uphold righteousness.

On the second day
This phrase indicates a continuation of events, suggesting persistence and determination. In the Hebrew context, the "second day" (יוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי, yom ha-sheni) signifies a renewed effort after an initial setback. The Israelites' resolve to confront the Benjamites again reflects a deeper spiritual lesson about perseverance in the face of adversity. Biblically, the number two often symbolizes confirmation and witness, suggesting that this second attempt is a divinely sanctioned effort to bring justice and order.

the Israelites
The term "Israelites" (בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל, b'nei Yisrael) refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This collective identity underscores their covenant relationship with God, who chose them as His people. Historically, the Israelites were a confederation of tribes, each with its own distinct identity, yet united under the banner of God's promises. This unity is crucial in understanding their actions and motivations, as they seek to uphold the moral and legal standards given to them by God.

advanced
The word "advanced" (עָלָה, alah) in Hebrew conveys the idea of going up or ascending, often used in military contexts to describe moving forward in battle. This action implies not only physical movement but also a spiritual ascent, as the Israelites are engaging in what they perceive as a righteous cause. The use of this term suggests a proactive stance, emphasizing the importance of taking initiative in the pursuit of justice and righteousness.

against the Benjamites
The phrase "against the Benjamites" (עַל בִּנְיָמִין, al Binyamin) highlights the internal conflict within the nation of Israel. The Benjamites, one of the twelve tribes, are in a state of rebellion due to their defense of the wickedness in Gibeah. This internal strife serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the breakdown of communal harmony. Theologically, it underscores the need for accountability and the difficult decisions that sometimes must be made to restore holiness and order within God's people.

That same day
This phrase indicates the immediacy and continuity of the events described. The Hebrew word for "day" is "yom," which can signify a literal day or a period of time. Here, it underscores the relentless nature of the conflict between the Israelites and the Benjamites. Historically, this reflects the intense and ongoing civil strife within the tribes of Israel, a period marked by moral and social chaos as described in the Book of Judges.

the Benjamites
The tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, is central to this narrative. The Hebrew root "Binyamin" means "son of the right hand," symbolizing strength and favor. Despite their small size, the Benjamites were known for their fierce warriors. This historical context highlights the internal divisions within Israel, as the Benjamites were fighting against their fellow Israelites, showcasing the deep-seated issues of unity and faithfulness to God’s covenant.

came out from Gibeah
Gibeah was a city within the territory of Benjamin. The Hebrew root "Giv'ah" means "hill," indicating its geographical setting. Archaeological findings suggest Gibeah was a fortified city, which would have provided strategic advantages in battle. The mention of Gibeah is significant as it was the site of the grievous sin that led to this conflict, emphasizing the consequences of moral decay and the need for justice.

cut down another 18,000 Israelites
The phrase "cut down" is translated from the Hebrew "nakah," meaning to strike or smite. This indicates the severity and decisiveness of the Benjamites' actions. The number 18,000 is significant, symbolizing a large-scale defeat and loss. In the biblical narrative, numbers often carry symbolic weight, and this large number underscores the magnitude of the tragedy and the cost of disobedience to God.

all of whom were armed with swords
The Israelites being "armed with swords" indicates their preparedness for battle, yet despite their readiness, they suffered defeat. The Hebrew word for "sword" is "chereb," a common weapon in ancient warfare. This detail highlights the futility of relying solely on human strength and military might without seeking divine guidance and favor. It serves as a reminder of the spiritual battles believers face and the necessity of relying on God’s strength rather than our own.

Then all the Israelites
This phrase emphasizes the unity and collective action of the Israelite tribes. In the Hebrew context, "Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This collective identity is crucial, as it underscores the covenant relationship between God and His chosen people. Historically, the tribes often acted independently, but here, they come together in a unified response to a national crisis, reflecting a deep sense of communal responsibility and shared faith.

the whole army
The term "army" in this context refers to the assembled fighting men of Israel. The Hebrew word often used for "army" is "חַיִל" (chayil), which can also mean strength or valor. This highlights not just the physical presence of the soldiers but also their moral and spiritual resolve. The army's gathering at Bethel signifies a moment of national repentance and seeking divine guidance, recognizing that their strength alone is insufficient without God's favor.

went up to Bethel
Bethel, meaning "House of God" in Hebrew, holds significant historical and spiritual importance. It was a place where patriarchs like Abraham and Jacob encountered God. By going up to Bethel, the Israelites are returning to a sacred site, seeking divine intervention. Archaeologically, Bethel is identified with the modern-day site of Beitin, and its historical significance as a center of worship underscores the Israelites' desire to reconnect with their spiritual roots.

where they wept
Weeping here is an expression of deep sorrow and repentance. In the Hebrew tradition, weeping is often associated with mourning and a sincere plea for mercy. The Israelites' tears reflect their recognition of sin and failure, both in their military endeavors and in their relationship with God. This act of weeping is a precursor to genuine repentance and a desire for reconciliation with the Lord.

and sat before the LORD
Sitting before the LORD indicates a posture of humility and submission. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, sitting was often a position of waiting and expectancy. The Israelites' decision to sit before the LORD signifies their willingness to listen and wait for His guidance. It is a moment of introspection and acknowledgment of God's sovereignty over their lives and circumstances.

They fasted that day until evening
Fasting is a spiritual discipline that denotes self-denial and earnest seeking of God's will. In the Hebrew context, fasting is often associated with repentance and prayer. By fasting until evening, the Israelites demonstrate their desperation and earnestness in seeking God's favor. This act of fasting is a physical manifestation of their spiritual hunger and dependence on God.

and presented burnt offerings and peace offerings
Burnt offerings and peace offerings are significant in the sacrificial system of Israel. The burnt offering, or "olah" in Hebrew, symbolizes complete surrender to God, as the entire offering is consumed by fire. The peace offering, or "shelamim," represents fellowship and reconciliation with God. By presenting these offerings, the Israelites seek to restore their covenant relationship with God, acknowledging their need for atonement and divine peace.

to the LORD
The use of "LORD" in all capital letters indicates the Hebrew name "YHWH," the covenant name of God. This highlights the personal and relational aspect of the Israelites' worship. They are not merely performing rituals but are engaging with the living God who has revealed Himself to them. This covenantal relationship is central to their identity and their hope for deliverance and guidance in their time of need.

And the Israelites inquired of the LORD
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative, emphasizing the Israelites' dependence on divine guidance. The Hebrew word for "inquired" is "שָׁאַל" (sha'al), which implies seeking counsel or asking for direction. This act of inquiry reflects a posture of humility and recognition of God's sovereignty. Historically, the Israelites often sought God's will through the Urim and Thummim, sacred lots used by the high priest. This practice underscores the importance of seeking divine wisdom in times of crisis, a principle that remains relevant for believers today.

The ark of the covenant of God was there
The presence of the "ark of the covenant" is significant, as it symbolizes God's presence among His people. The Hebrew term for "ark" is "אֲרוֹן" (aron), which denotes a chest or container. The ark contained the tablets of the Law, Aaron's rod, and a pot of manna, serving as a tangible reminder of God's covenant and faithfulness. Its presence in this narrative highlights the seriousness of the situation and the need for divine intervention. Archaeologically, the ark is a central element in Israelite worship, representing God's throne on earth and His commitment to His covenant people.

in those days
This phrase situates the events within a specific historical context, often characterized by the refrain "In those days there was no king in Israel" (Judges 21:25). This period was marked by moral and social chaos, as the Israelites struggled with faithfulness to God amidst external pressures and internal strife. The absence of centralized leadership led to a cycle of sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance. Understanding this context helps readers appreciate the gravity of the Israelites' inquiry and their need for divine guidance in a time of national crisis.

Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, was ministering before it
Phinehas, a significant priestly figure, is highlighted here. His lineage is traced back to Aaron, the first high priest, underscoring the continuity of the priestly office. The Hebrew name "פִּינְחָס" (Pinchas) means "mouth of brass," suggesting strength and boldness. Phinehas is known for his zealousness for God's holiness, as seen in Numbers 25, where he stopped a plague among the Israelites. His presence in this narrative reinforces the seriousness of the inquiry and the need for righteous leadership. It also serves as a reminder of the importance of godly leaders who uphold divine standards in guiding God's people.

and Phinehas son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, was ministering before it
This phrase introduces Phinehas, a significant figure in Israel's history. Phinehas, the grandson of Aaron, the first high priest, represents a direct link to the priestly lineage established by God. His presence underscores the continuity of the priestly office and the importance of seeking divine guidance. The Hebrew root for "ministering" (שָׁרַת, sharath) implies service and attendance, highlighting Phinehas's role in mediating between God and the people. Historically, Phinehas is known for his zealousness for God's holiness (Numbers 25:7-13), which adds weight to his involvement in this critical moment.

They asked, 'Shall we again go out to battle against the Benjamites our brothers, or should we stop?'
The Israelites' inquiry reflects a moment of deep introspection and reliance on divine direction. The phrase "our brothers" emphasizes the familial bond between the tribes of Israel, making the conflict with Benjamin particularly painful and complex. The Hebrew word for "brothers" (אָח, ach) conveys not just kinship but also a covenantal relationship, reminding the Israelites of their shared heritage and responsibilities. This question reveals their struggle between justice and unity, seeking God's will in a situation where human wisdom falls short.

The LORD answered, 'Go, for tomorrow I will deliver them into your hands.'
God's response is both a command and a promise. The assurance "I will deliver" (נָתַן, nathan) signifies God's sovereign control over the outcome, providing the Israelites with confidence and direction. The use of "tomorrow" indicates a specific divine timing, teaching the Israelites patience and trust in God's perfect plan. This promise of victory is not just a military assurance but a reaffirmation of God's covenant faithfulness. It serves as a reminder that, despite the internal strife, God remains committed to His people and His purposes for them.

So Israel
The phrase "So Israel" refers to the collective tribes of Israel, who have united for a common cause. In the Hebrew text, "Israel" is "יִשְׂרָאֵל" (Yisra'el), which means "God prevails" or "He who struggles with God." This name is significant as it reflects the identity and destiny of the people chosen by God. Historically, the tribes of Israel were often fragmented, but here they are united, demonstrating a rare moment of national solidarity. This unity is crucial in the narrative, as it underscores the seriousness of the situation and the collective moral outrage against the atrocity committed in Gibeah.

set up an ambush
The strategy of setting up an ambush indicates a tactical approach to warfare, suggesting that the Israelites were not only relying on brute force but also on strategic planning. The Hebrew word for "ambush" is "אָרַב" (arav), which implies lying in wait or setting a trap. This tactic is reminiscent of earlier biblical battles, such as the conquest of Ai in Joshua 8, where God instructed Joshua to use an ambush. The use of an ambush here may suggest divine guidance or approval, as it aligns with previous successful military strategies sanctioned by God.

around Gibeah
Gibeah, identified as "גִּבְעָה" (Giv'ah) in Hebrew, means "hill" and was a city in the territory of Benjamin. It is historically significant as the site of a grievous sin that led to civil war within Israel. Archaeological evidence suggests that Gibeah was a fortified city, which would have made a direct assault challenging. The decision to set an ambush around Gibeah indicates a strategic encirclement, aiming to cut off escape routes and ensure a decisive victory. This setting highlights the gravity of the conflict, as Gibeah was not just any city but a symbol of the moral and spiritual decay that had infiltrated the nation. The ambush around Gibeah serves as a physical manifestation of the Israelites' desire to root out sin and restore righteousness within their community.

On the third day
The phrase "on the third day" is significant throughout Scripture, often symbolizing a period of trial followed by deliverance or revelation. In Hebrew culture, the third day can represent divine intervention or a turning point. This timing echoes other biblical events, such as Jonah's deliverance from the fish and Jesus' resurrection, both occurring on the third day. Here, it suggests a pivotal moment in the conflict between the Israelites and the Benjamites, indicating that God’s plan is unfolding according to His divine timing.

the Israelites
The term "the Israelites" refers to the descendants of Jacob, also known as Israel. This collective identity is crucial, as it underscores their covenant relationship with God. The Israelites are portrayed as God's chosen people, tasked with upholding His laws and demonstrating His sovereignty. In this context, their actions against the Benjamites are seen as an attempt to restore justice and righteousness within the nation, reflecting their role as enforcers of divine law.

went up against the Benjamites
The phrase "went up against the Benjamites" indicates a military confrontation. The Benjamites, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, had become embroiled in sin and violence, necessitating this conflict. Historically, this internal strife highlights the challenges of maintaining unity and holiness within the covenant community. The Israelites' decision to confront their brethren underscores the seriousness of sin and the need for accountability among God's people.

and took their battle positions
"Taking battle positions" implies strategic preparation and readiness for conflict. This phrase suggests a disciplined and organized approach to warfare, reflecting the Israelites' determination and resolve. Spiritually, it can be seen as a metaphor for the believer's need to be prepared and equipped to face spiritual battles, standing firm in faith and righteousness.

against Gibeah
Gibeah was a city within the territory of Benjamin, notorious for the grievous sin committed there, which led to this conflict. The mention of Gibeah serves as a reminder of the consequences of moral decay and the importance of communal purity. Archaeologically, Gibeah has been identified with Tell el-Ful, providing tangible evidence of its historical existence and significance.

as they had done before
This phrase indicates a repeated action, suggesting persistence and determination. The Israelites' previous attempts to confront the Benjamites had ended in failure, yet they continued to seek justice. This persistence can inspire believers to remain steadfast in their pursuit of righteousness, even when faced with setbacks, trusting in God's ultimate plan and timing.

And the Benjamites came out
The Benjamites, descendants of Benjamin, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, are central to this narrative. The Hebrew root for "came out" (יָצָא, yatsa) implies a deliberate action, suggesting the Benjamites' readiness and willingness to engage in battle. Historically, the tribe of Benjamin was known for its fierce warriors, and this phrase sets the stage for their aggressive confrontation with the other Israelite tribes.

against the people
The phrase "against the people" indicates a direct opposition. Here, "the people" refers to the collective tribes of Israel, excluding Benjamin. This internal conflict among the Israelites highlights the severe moral and social breakdown within the nation, as brother turns against brother. The Hebrew word for "people" (עַם, am) often denotes a community bound by shared identity, emphasizing the tragedy of this civil strife.

and were drawn away from the city
The strategy of drawing the Benjamites away from the city suggests a tactical maneuver by the Israelites. The Hebrew root for "drawn away" (נָשַׁךְ, nashak) can imply being lured or enticed, indicating a planned ambush. This reflects the Israelites' strategic thinking in warfare, aiming to exploit the Benjamites' confidence and draw them into a vulnerable position.

And they began to inflict casualties on the Israelites as before
This phrase underscores the initial success of the Benjamites in the battle. The word "inflict" (נָגַף, nagaph) in Hebrew conveys a sense of striking or smiting, indicating the intensity of the conflict. The reference to "as before" suggests a repeated pattern of victory for the Benjamites, highlighting their formidable prowess in battle and the Israelites' struggle to overcome them.

on the roads—one of which goes up to Bethel and the other to Gibeah
The mention of roads leading to Bethel and Gibeah provides geographical context, emphasizing the strategic importance of these locations. Bethel, meaning "House of God," was a significant religious site, while Gibeah was the Benjamite stronghold. The roads symbolize the pathways of conflict and the interconnectedness of these key locations in the narrative.

in the open country
The "open country" refers to the battlefield setting, away from the fortified city. The Hebrew term for "open country" (מִשְׂדֶּה, misdeh) suggests a broad, exposed area, which would have been advantageous for certain military tactics. This setting contrasts with the security of the city, highlighting the vulnerability and exposure of the combatants.

about thirty Israelites were slain
The specific number "thirty" indicates the scale of the initial casualties suffered by the Israelites. In Hebrew culture, numbers often carry symbolic meaning, and while thirty is not a significant symbolic number, its mention here underscores the tangible cost of the conflict. The word "slain" (נָפַל, naphal) conveys a sense of falling or being struck down, emphasizing the gravity and loss of life in this fratricidal war.

We are defeating them as before
This phrase reflects the initial confidence of the Benjamites, who believed they were winning against the Israelites just as they had in previous encounters. The Hebrew root for "defeating" is "נָגַף" (nagaph), which means to strike or smite. Historically, this confidence was based on their earlier victories, which had emboldened them. However, this overconfidence would soon lead to their downfall, illustrating the biblical principle that pride often precedes a fall (Proverbs 16:18).

the Benjamites said
The Benjamites, one of the twelve tribes of Israel, were speaking here. Their statement reveals their mindset and the tribal dynamics at play. The tribe of Benjamin was known for its fierce warriors, as seen in Judges 20:16, where it mentions 700 left-handed slingers who could hit a target without missing. This historical context highlights the Benjamites' reliance on their military prowess rather than seeking divine guidance.

But the Israelites said
In contrast, the Israelites, representing the other tribes, were engaged in a strategic battle plan. The Hebrew word for "said" is "אָמַר" (amar), which can also mean to think or intend. This suggests that the Israelites were not just speaking but also planning and strategizing. Their approach was more thoughtful and reliant on divine guidance, as they had sought the Lord's counsel before the battle (Judges 20:18, 23, 28).

Let us retreat and draw them away from the city
This phrase indicates a tactical maneuver by the Israelites. The strategy was to feign retreat, a common military tactic to lure the enemy into a vulnerable position. The Hebrew root for "retreat" is "נָסַג" (nasag), meaning to withdraw or pull back. This tactic required discipline and trust in the overall plan, reflecting the Israelites' reliance on God's guidance and wisdom in warfare, as opposed to the Benjamites' reliance on their own strength.

onto the roads
The roads were crucial in ancient warfare for movement and supply lines. By drawing the Benjamites onto the roads, the Israelites aimed to control the battlefield and cut off the Benjamites' escape or reinforcement routes. This strategic move underscores the importance of preparation and foresight, aligning with biblical teachings on the value of wisdom and planning (Proverbs 21:31). The roads symbolize the path of life choices, where one must choose between self-reliance and reliance on God.

So all the men of Israel
This phrase refers to the collective unity and determination of the Israelite tribes. In Hebrew, "all the men" (כָּל־אִישׁ) emphasizes the totality and inclusiveness of the Israelite forces. Historically, this unity was significant as it demonstrated a rare moment of cohesion among the tribes, often marked by internal strife. The context of this verse is a civil war against the tribe of Benjamin, highlighting the gravity of the situation that necessitated such unity.

got up from their places
The Hebrew root for "got up" (קוּם) implies a decisive action, a rising to the occasion. This movement signifies readiness and resolve, a physical and spiritual preparation for battle. Archaeologically, this reflects the strategic military practices of ancient Israel, where positioning and surprise were crucial elements of warfare.

and took their positions
The phrase indicates a strategic military maneuver. The Hebrew word for "positions" (עָרַךְ) can also mean to arrange or set in order, suggesting a well-organized and deliberate plan. This reflects the Israelites' tactical approach, contrasting with the often chaotic nature of ancient battles, and underscores the seriousness with which they approached this conflict.

at Baal-tamar
Baal-tamar is a location of uncertain exactness, but its mention here is significant. The name "Baal" often refers to a Canaanite deity, indicating that this place might have been a site of previous pagan worship. The Israelites' positioning here could symbolize a reclaiming of territory for Yahweh, turning a place of idolatry into a site of divine justice.

while the Israelites in ambush
The use of ambush (מַאֲרָב) indicates a tactical surprise attack, a common military strategy in ancient warfare. This reflects the cunning and strategic planning of the Israelites, who were not just relying on brute force but also on wisdom and strategy. Scripturally, it underscores the theme of divine guidance in battle, as God often directed Israel's military strategies.

charged out of their positions
The phrase "charged out" (פָּרַץ) conveys a sudden and forceful action, indicative of the intensity and urgency of the battle. This reflects the Israelites' commitment to executing their plan with vigor and determination, a physical manifestation of their inner resolve to uphold justice.

west of Gibeah
Gibeah, a Benjaminite city, is central to the narrative of Judges 19-21. The geographical reference "west of Gibeah" situates the ambush in a specific location, highlighting the strategic encirclement of the city. Historically, this reflects the importance of geographical knowledge in ancient warfare, where terrain could determine the outcome of battles. Theologically, it underscores the theme of divine justice being enacted in specific, tangible ways.

Then 10,000 choice men from all Israel
The phrase "10,000 choice men" indicates a select group of warriors, chosen for their skill and valor. In the Hebrew context, the word for "choice" (בָּחוּר, bachur) often refers to young men in their prime, suggesting that these were elite soldiers. This reflects the seriousness with which Israel approached the battle, emphasizing the gravity of the conflict against Gibeah. Historically, the selection of such men underscores the unity and determination of the tribes of Israel to address the moral and social crisis posed by the events in Gibeah.

came against Gibeah
The city of Gibeah, belonging to the tribe of Benjamin, is central to this narrative. Archaeological evidence places Gibeah in the region of modern-day Tell el-Ful, near Jerusalem. The phrase "came against" indicates a strategic military approach, suggesting that the Israelites were not merely reacting in anger but had planned a calculated assault. This reflects the broader biblical theme of justice and the need to confront sin within the community.

and the battle was fierce
The word "fierce" (קָשֶׁה, qasheh) in Hebrew conveys intensity and severity. This battle was not just a skirmish but a significant and brutal confrontation. The fierceness of the battle highlights the deep divisions and the high stakes involved, as the tribes of Israel sought to purge evil from among them. It serves as a reminder of the cost of sin and the lengths to which God's people must sometimes go to restore righteousness.

But the Benjamites did not realize
This phrase suggests a lack of awareness or understanding on the part of the Benjamites. The Hebrew root (יָדַע, yada) for "realize" implies knowledge or perception. The Benjamites' failure to perceive the impending disaster reflects a spiritual blindness or arrogance, often seen in biblical narratives where individuals or groups are resistant to God's will. It serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of pride and the importance of spiritual discernment.

that disaster was upon them
The term "disaster" (רָעָה, ra'ah) in Hebrew can mean evil, calamity, or misfortune. This word choice underscores the severity of the consequences facing the Benjamites due to their actions and the actions of the men of Gibeah. Theologically, it reflects the principle of divine justice, where sin leads to inevitable judgment. The phrase "was upon them" indicates the immediacy and certainty of this judgment, serving as a sobering reminder of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

The LORD defeated
The phrase "The LORD defeated" underscores the divine intervention and sovereignty of God in the affairs of Israel. The Hebrew root for "defeated" is "נָגַף" (nagaph), which means to strike, smite, or plague. This indicates that the victory was not merely a result of human strategy or might but was orchestrated by God Himself. In the broader biblical narrative, this reflects the recurring theme that God fights for His people and that victory comes from Him, not from human strength or numbers.

Benjamin
The tribe of Benjamin was one of the twelve tribes of Israel, descended from Jacob's youngest son. Historically, the Benjamites were known for their skill in battle, particularly their left-handed warriors (Judges 20:16). The conflict with Benjamin arose from a grievous sin committed in Gibeah, a Benjamite city, leading to a civil war within Israel. This highlights the severe consequences of sin and the importance of justice and righteousness within the community of God's people.

in the presence of Israel
This phrase indicates that the defeat of Benjamin was witnessed by the entire assembly of Israel. The Hebrew word for "presence" is "פָּנִים" (panim), often translated as "face" or "before." It suggests a public and undeniable demonstration of God's judgment and justice. The communal aspect of this event emphasizes the unity and collective responsibility of the Israelite tribes in addressing sin and maintaining covenant faithfulness.

on that day
The specificity of "on that day" points to a particular moment in time when God's judgment was executed. It serves as a reminder of the immediacy and certainty of God's actions. In the biblical context, such phrases often mark significant events where God's will is decisively enacted, reinforcing the idea that God's timing is perfect and His purposes are fulfilled in due course.

the Israelites struck down
The action of the Israelites "struck down" reflects their role as instruments of God's judgment. The Hebrew root "נָכָה" (nakah) means to smite or kill, indicating a decisive and forceful action. This phrase illustrates the seriousness with which God views sin and the lengths to which He will go to purify His people. It also serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of disobedience and the need for repentance and alignment with God's will.

25,100 men of Benjamin
The specific number "25,100" highlights the scale of the defeat and the thoroughness of God's judgment. Numbers in the Bible often carry symbolic significance, and while this number is literal, it also underscores the completeness of the victory. The mention of "men of Benjamin" reiterates the focus on the tribe that had fallen into sin, serving as a cautionary tale for all of Israel about the dangers of moral and spiritual compromise.

all armed with swords
The detail "all armed with swords" emphasizes the preparedness and capability of the Benjamite warriors, making their defeat even more remarkable. The sword, a symbol of power and warfare, contrasts with the ultimate power of God, who grants victory regardless of human armament. This serves as a powerful reminder that no earthly strength can stand against the purposes of God, and that true security and victory are found in Him alone.

So the Benjamites realized they had been defeated
So
The word "so" serves as a conjunction, linking the events that have transpired with the realization of the Benjamites. It indicates a turning point in the narrative, a moment of clarity and consequence. In the broader context of Judges 20, this word marks the culmination of a series of battles between the tribe of Benjamin and the other Israelite tribes. The use of "so" suggests an inevitable outcome, a divine orchestration of justice following the grievous sin committed in Gibeah.

the Benjamites
The Benjamites, descendants of Benjamin, the youngest son of Jacob, are one of the twelve tribes of Israel. Historically, the tribe of Benjamin was known for its fierce warriors and strategic prowess. However, in this context, they are depicted as a tribe that has strayed from righteousness, defending the wickedness of Gibeah. The Benjamites' involvement in the conflict highlights the internal strife and moral decay within Israel, serving as a cautionary tale of the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

realized
The Hebrew root for "realized" is often associated with perception and understanding. This moment of realization is not merely intellectual but deeply experiential. The Benjamites come to a profound awareness of their defeat, both physically and spiritually. It is a moment of reckoning, where the reality of their situation becomes undeniable. This realization is a pivotal moment, inviting reflection on the importance of aligning one's actions with divine will and the dangers of pride and stubbornness.

they had been defeated
The phrase "they had been defeated" signifies the outcome of the battle, but it also carries a deeper spiritual implication. The defeat of the Benjamites is not just a military loss but a divine judgment against their actions. In the Hebrew context, defeat often implies a loss of divine favor and protection. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and the importance of repentance and humility before God. The defeat of the Benjamites is a call to the entire nation of Israel to return to righteousness and to seek God's guidance in all their endeavors.

The ambush
The Hebrew word for "ambush" is "מַאֲרָב" (ma'arav), which refers to a hidden or secret attack. In the context of ancient warfare, an ambush was a strategic military tactic used to surprise and overpower the enemy. This reflects the cunning and strategic planning of the Israelites in their battle against the Benjamites. The use of an ambush demonstrates the importance of wisdom and strategy in overcoming challenges, a theme that resonates throughout the Bible.

quickly
The word "quickly" emphasizes the swiftness and urgency of the action taken by the ambush. In Hebrew, the concept of speed is often associated with decisiveness and the need to act in accordance with God's timing. This highlights the importance of being prepared and responsive to God's leading, as well as the necessity of acting promptly when the moment is right.

charged
The term "charged" conveys a sense of forceful and determined action. In the Hebrew context, this word would imply a vigorous and aggressive movement towards the objective. It reflects the courage and resolve of the Israelites as they executed their plan. This can inspire believers to approach their spiritual battles with the same determination and reliance on God's strength.

out of their position
This phrase indicates that the ambush was strategically placed and hidden until the right moment. The idea of being "out of their position" suggests a sudden and unexpected emergence, catching the enemy off guard. It underscores the element of surprise and the effectiveness of God's guidance in orchestrating events for His purposes.

advanced
The word "advanced" suggests progress and forward movement. In the context of this battle, it indicates the Israelites' movement towards victory. Spiritually, it can symbolize the believer's journey of faith, moving forward in trust and obedience to God's commands, advancing His kingdom on earth.

at Geba
Geba was a town in the territory of Benjamin, and its mention here provides a geographical context for the battle. The historical and archaeological significance of Geba adds depth to the narrative, reminding readers of the real places and events that form the backdrop of biblical history. It serves as a reminder of God's involvement in the specific details of our lives and His sovereignty over all places and times.

and deployed
The word "deployed" indicates the strategic arrangement of forces in preparation for battle. In Hebrew, this concept involves careful planning and positioning. It reflects the importance of being organized and ready for the tasks God sets before us, emphasizing the need for preparation and readiness in spiritual warfare.

to attack the entire city
This phrase highlights the comprehensive nature of the Israelites' assault. The focus on the "entire city" suggests a thorough and complete action, leaving no part untouched. It serves as a metaphor for the believer's call to fully commit to God's purposes, ensuring that every area of life is surrendered to His will and influence.

The men of Israel
This phrase refers to the collective tribes of Israel, who were united in their cause against the tribe of Benjamin. Historically, this unity among the tribes was significant, as it demonstrated a rare moment of collective action in the often fragmented period of the Judges. The Hebrew term for "men" here is "ish," which can denote not just individual men but also a collective group, emphasizing the communal nature of their decision.

had agreed
The Hebrew root for "agreed" is "ya'ad," which implies a formal appointment or a set plan. This indicates that the Israelites had a premeditated strategy, showcasing their tactical planning in warfare. It reflects a level of organization and unity in their approach, which was crucial for their success in the battle.

when they saw
This phrase indicates a conditional action based on observation. The Hebrew verb "ra'ah" means to see or perceive, suggesting that the Israelites were to be vigilant and responsive to the signs around them. This vigilance is a recurring theme in Scripture, where God's people are often called to be watchful and discerning.

a great cloud of smoke
The "great cloud of smoke" served as a signal for the Israelites. In ancient warfare, such signals were common for communication over distances. The smoke would have been visible from afar, serving as a clear and unmistakable sign. Biblically, smoke often symbolizes God's presence or judgment, as seen in the smoke on Mount Sinai (Exodus 19:18). Here, it signifies a turning point in the battle, a divine intervention in the conflict.

they would retreat
The Hebrew word for "retreat" is "nasa," which means to pull up or depart. This strategic withdrawal was not a sign of defeat but a tactical maneuver. It reflects the wisdom in knowing when to advance and when to pull back, a principle that can be applied to spiritual battles as well.

from the city
The city in question is Gibeah, the stronghold of the Benjamites. Historically, cities were fortified centers of power, and capturing or retreating from a city was a significant military action. The Israelites' retreat from the city was part of a larger strategy to draw the Benjamites out, demonstrating the importance of strategic planning in achieving victory.

the men of Israel
This phrase refers to the collective tribes of Israel, excluding Benjamin, who had gathered to address the grievous sin committed in Gibeah. Historically, the tribes of Israel were often united in purpose, especially when confronting internal sin or external threats. The Hebrew term for "men" here is "ish," which can denote individuals or a collective group, emphasizing the unity and shared identity of the Israelites as God's chosen people.

would turn in the battle
The phrase indicates a strategic maneuver by the Israelites. The Hebrew root "panah" means to turn or face, suggesting a deliberate tactic rather than a retreat. This reflects the wisdom and cunning sometimes necessary in warfare, even among God's people, to achieve justice and righteousness.

and Benjamin had begun to strike them down
The tribe of Benjamin, though smaller, was known for its fierce warriors. The Hebrew word "nakah" means to strike or smite, indicating the intensity and effectiveness of Benjamin's initial assault. This highlights the tragic reality of civil strife within Israel, where brother fought against brother, a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and disunity.

and kill about thirty men
The specific number "thirty" underscores the tangible cost of conflict. In biblical numerology, numbers often carry symbolic weight. Thirty can represent a period of testing or judgment, as seen in other scriptural contexts. This loss serves as a reminder of the gravity of the situation and the need for divine intervention.

and they said, 'They are defeated before us'
This statement reflects the confidence and perhaps overconfidence of the Benjamites. The Hebrew word "naphal" means to fall or be defeated, indicating their perception of victory. It serves as a cautionary tale about pride and presumption, reminding believers to remain humble and reliant on God, even in apparent success.

as in the first battle
This phrase recalls the initial encounter between the Israelites and Benjamites, where the latter had been victorious. The repetition of history serves as a narrative device to emphasize the cyclical nature of sin and the need for repentance and redemption. It also highlights the importance of learning from past experiences to avoid repeating mistakes.

But when the column of smoke
The phrase "column of smoke" signifies a signal or a sign of destruction. In the Hebrew context, the word for "column" (עַמּוּד, 'ammud) can also mean a pillar, often used to describe something that stands firm and is visible from afar. This imagery is reminiscent of the pillar of cloud and fire that guided the Israelites in the wilderness (Exodus 13:21-22), symbolizing divine presence and guidance. Here, however, it marks a moment of judgment and calamity for the city of Gibeah, indicating the fulfillment of a strategic plan by the Israelites.

began to rise from the city
The rising smoke is a visual confirmation of the city's destruction. In ancient warfare, smoke was often used as a signal, and its rising would have been a clear indication of the city's fall. The Hebrew verb used here for "rise" (עָלָה, 'alah) often conveys the idea of something ascending or going up, which in this context, underscores the totality of the destruction as the smoke ascends to the heavens, visible to all.

the Benjamites looked behind them
This phrase captures a moment of realization and impending doom for the Benjamites. The act of looking behind suggests a sudden awareness and a shift in focus from their immediate battle to the broader consequences of their actions. In the Hebrew narrative, turning to look back often signifies a moment of reckoning or realization, as seen in the account of Lot's wife (Genesis 19:26).

and saw the whole city going up in smoke
The phrase "going up in smoke" is a vivid depiction of total destruction. The Hebrew word for "whole" (כָּל, kol) emphasizes the completeness of the devastation. This imagery is not just about physical destruction but also symbolizes the end of a community and its way of life. The smoke rising is a testament to the thoroughness of the judgment executed upon the city.

to the sky
The phrase "to the sky" indicates the magnitude of the destruction, with the smoke reaching up to the heavens. In biblical literature, the sky often represents the realm of the divine, and the smoke reaching it can symbolize the cries of the city reaching God, or the visibility of the destruction to the divine realm. This upward movement of smoke serves as a stark reminder of the consequences of sin and disobedience, echoing the biblical theme of divine justice.

Then the men of Israel turned back
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the battle narrative. The Hebrew root for "turned back" is "שׁוּב" (shuv), which often implies a return or a change in direction. In the context of Judges 20, it signifies a strategic maneuver by the Israelites, who had initially feigned retreat. This tactic is reminiscent of other Biblical battles where God’s people employ cunning strategies, underscoring the theme of divine wisdom guiding Israel. Historically, this reflects the military practices of ancient Near Eastern warfare, where deception was a common tactic.

and the men of Benjamin were terrified
The Hebrew word for "terrified" is "חָרַד" (charad), which conveys a deep, visceral fear. This fear is not merely a reaction to the physical threat but also a recognition of divine judgment. The Benjaminites, once confident in their strength, now face the reality of their impending defeat. This moment of terror is a turning point, illustrating the consequences of moral and spiritual failure. Theologically, it serves as a reminder of the fear of the Lord, which is the beginning of wisdom (Proverbs 9:10).

for they realized
The realization here is more than intellectual acknowledgment; it is an awakening to the truth of their situation. The Hebrew root "יָדַע" (yada) implies an intimate understanding or knowledge. This moment of clarity for the Benjaminites is akin to the prodigal son’s realization in the parable told by Jesus (Luke 15:17). It is a moment of truth that often precedes repentance, though tragically, in this case, it leads to their destruction.

that disaster had come upon them
The word "disaster" is translated from the Hebrew "רָעָה" (ra'ah), which can mean evil, calamity, or misfortune. This disaster is not merely a military defeat but a divine judgment upon the tribe of Benjamin for their grievous sin, as recounted earlier in Judges 19. The phrase "had come upon them" suggests an inevitability, a fulfillment of divine justice. In the broader scriptural context, it echoes the principle that sin leads to destruction, a theme prevalent throughout the Bible, from the fall in Genesis to the warnings in Revelation.

So they retreated
The Hebrew root for "retreated" is "נָסוּ" (nasu), which conveys the idea of fleeing or escaping. This word paints a vivid picture of the desperation and urgency of the Benjamites as they attempt to escape the overwhelming force of the Israelite army. Historically, this retreat signifies a turning point in the battle, where the Benjamites, once confident, are now in a state of panic and disarray. It serves as a reminder of the consequences of sin and rebellion against God's commandments, as the tribe of Benjamin faced judgment for their actions.

before the men of Israel
The phrase "before the men of Israel" emphasizes the unity and collective strength of the Israelite tribes. In the Hebrew context, "before" (לִפְנֵי, lifnei) can also imply being in the presence of or facing someone. This highlights the confrontation between the Benjamites and the rest of Israel, underscoring the gravity of the civil conflict within God's chosen people. It serves as a sobering reflection on the importance of unity and righteousness within the community of believers.

toward the wilderness
The "wilderness" (מִדְבָּר, midbar) in biblical terms often represents a place of desolation, testing, and divine encounter. The Benjamites' retreat toward the wilderness symbolizes their movement away from the safety and order of their cities into a place of chaos and uncertainty. This can be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual desolation that results from turning away from God's laws and the ensuing consequences of such actions.

but the battle overtook them
The phrase "the battle overtook them" indicates the relentless pursuit and inevitable defeat of the Benjamites. The Hebrew root "הִשִּׂיג" (hissig) for "overtook" suggests catching up with or reaching someone. This relentless pursuit by the Israelites can be seen as a representation of divine justice, where the consequences of sin are inescapable. It serves as a powerful reminder of the certainty of God's judgment and the importance of repentance and obedience.

and the men of Israel who came out of the cities
This phrase highlights the mobilization and determination of the Israelite forces. The mention of "cities" (עָרִים, arim) indicates that the Israelites were not just a nomadic group but a settled people with established communities. Their coming out from the cities signifies a collective effort to address the sin within their nation, demonstrating the importance of communal responsibility and action in upholding God's standards.

struck them down there
The act of striking down (הִכּוּ, hikkû) the Benjamites is a decisive and final action. It reflects the fulfillment of divine justice against the tribe of Benjamin for their grievous sin. This phrase serves as a sobering reminder of the seriousness with which God views sin and the lengths to which He will go to purify His people. It underscores the need for holiness and the consequences of failing to adhere to God's commands.

They surrounded the Benjamites
The phrase "They surrounded the Benjamites" indicates a strategic military maneuver by the Israelite forces. The Hebrew root for "surrounded" is "סָבַב" (sabab), which conveys the idea of encircling or encompassing. This tactic was often used in ancient warfare to cut off escape routes and ensure a decisive victory. Historically, this reflects the intense conflict within the tribes of Israel, highlighting the gravity of civil strife and the consequences of moral and spiritual decline within a community. The Benjamites, once a proud tribe, find themselves encircled due to their refusal to surrender the perpetrators of a grievous sin, illustrating the biblical principle that sin can lead to isolation and downfall.

pursued them
The action "pursued them" suggests relentless determination by the Israelite forces. The Hebrew word "רָדַף" (radaph) means to chase or follow after with intent to capture or destroy. This pursuit signifies the seriousness with which the Israelites sought to address the sin within their midst, emphasizing the biblical theme of justice. In a spiritual sense, it serves as a reminder of the relentless pursuit of righteousness that believers are called to embody, as well as the consequences of unrepentant sin.

easily overtook them
The phrase "easily overtook them" indicates the swiftness and decisiveness of the Israelite victory. The ease of the overtaking suggests that the Benjamites were overwhelmed and unable to mount a significant defense. This can be seen as a divine intervention, where God allows the forces of justice to prevail over those who have strayed from His commandments. It serves as a sobering reminder of the power of God to bring about His purposes, even through human conflict, and the importance of aligning oneself with His will.

in the vicinity of Gibeah
The location "in the vicinity of Gibeah" is significant, as Gibeah was the hometown of the Levite's concubine whose tragic death sparked the conflict. The Hebrew name "גִּבְעָה" (Giv'ah) means "hill," and it was a place of both historical and moral significance. The events at Gibeah serve as a cautionary tale of how far a community can fall when it turns away from God's laws. Archaeologically, Gibeah has been identified with Tell el-Ful, providing a tangible connection to the biblical narrative. This setting underscores the theme of accountability and the need for communities to uphold justice and righteousness.

on the east
The directional phrase "on the east" may seem minor, but it holds symbolic meaning in biblical literature. The east often represents beginnings, as the sun rises in the east, and can symbolize a new dawn or a fresh start. However, in this context, it may also indicate the direction of retreat or defeat for the Benjamites. This directional note serves as a reminder of the consequences of sin and the hope for renewal and repentance. It calls believers to reflect on their own spiritual direction and the importance of aligning with God's path.

And 18,000 Benjamites fell
This phrase marks a significant moment in the narrative of the Israelite civil war against the tribe of Benjamin. The number "18,000" is not just a statistic but a testament to the severity of the conflict and the judgment that befell Benjamin. In Hebrew, numbers often carry symbolic weight, and here, the large number underscores the magnitude of the loss and the seriousness of the sin that led to such a divine judgment. The tribe of Benjamin, once a symbol of strength and valor, is now depicted in a state of defeat, highlighting the consequences of turning away from God's commandments.

all men of valor
The term "men of valor" is translated from the Hebrew word "חַיִל" (chayil), which denotes strength, efficiency, and ability. This phrase emphasizes that those who fell were not ordinary soldiers but elite warriors, skilled and courageous. Historically, the Benjamites were known for their prowess in battle, as seen earlier in the book of Judges. The loss of such formidable fighters signifies not only a military defeat but also a moral and spiritual decline. It serves as a sobering reminder that human strength and valor are insufficient without adherence to God's will. The fall of these valiant men is a call to the reader to place trust not in human might but in divine guidance and righteousness.

Then the Benjamites turned and fled
The phrase "turned and fled" indicates a decisive moment of retreat. In Hebrew, the word for "fled" is "נָסוּ" (nasu), which conveys a sense of urgency and desperation. This reflects the dire situation of the Benjamites, who, despite their initial resistance, found themselves overwhelmed by the Israelite forces. Historically, this retreat marks a significant turning point in the battle, illustrating the consequences of internal strife within the tribes of Israel.

toward the wilderness
The "wilderness" in biblical terms often represents a place of refuge but also of desolation and testing. The Hebrew word "מִדְבָּר" (midbar) can mean a desert or uninhabited land. This choice of direction underscores the Benjamites' desperation, seeking safety in isolation, away from the wrath of their fellow Israelites. It also symbolizes a return to a place of humility and potential renewal, reminiscent of Israel's own wilderness wanderings.

to the rock of Rimmon
The "rock of Rimmon" serves as a geographical landmark and a place of refuge. In Hebrew, "רִמּוֹן" (Rimmon) can mean "pomegranate," a symbol of fruitfulness and blessing, which contrasts with the current plight of the Benjamites. Archaeologically, such rocks or high places were often used as defensive positions. This location becomes a temporary sanctuary for the Benjamites, highlighting the theme of seeking refuge in times of distress.

And the Israelites cut down 5,000 men on the highways
The phrase "cut down" is translated from the Hebrew "הִכּוּ" (hikku), meaning to strike or smite. This indicates the severity and decisiveness of the Israelite pursuit. The "highways" refer to the main roads or routes, suggesting that the Benjamites were caught in a vulnerable position during their flight. This action reflects the relentless nature of the conflict and the determination of the Israelites to bring justice and resolution to the civil strife.

and they pursued them as far as Gidom
The pursuit "as far as Gidom" shows the extent of the Israelites' determination. The location "Gidom" is not well-documented archaeologically, but its mention signifies the thoroughness of the pursuit. This relentless chase underscores the seriousness with which the Israelites sought to address the sin within their community, emphasizing the importance of righteousness and accountability.

and struck down 2,000 more men
The phrase "struck down" again uses the Hebrew "הִכּוּ" (hikku), reinforcing the idea of decisive action. The additional "2,000 more men" highlights the heavy toll of the conflict and the tragic loss of life resulting from internal discord. This serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of sin and division within the people of God, calling for reflection and a return to unity and faithfulness.

That day
The phrase "that day" signifies a specific moment in time, a culmination of events that had been building up. In the context of Judges 20, this refers to the day of battle between the Israelites and the tribe of Benjamin. Historically, this was a period of great turmoil and moral decline in Israel, as the tribes were not united under a single king. The phrase underscores the immediacy and the gravity of the events that transpired, marking a decisive and tragic moment in Israel's history.

25,000 Benjamite swordsmen fell
The number "25,000" is significant, indicating a substantial loss for the tribe of Benjamin. The Benjamites were known for their skill in battle, and the loss of such a large number of warriors would have been devastating. The term "swordsmen" highlights their role as warriors, emphasizing the martial culture of the time. The Hebrew root for "fell" (נָפַל, naphal) often implies a violent death in battle, underscoring the severity of the conflict. This phrase reflects the consequences of internal strife and the cost of disobedience to God's covenant.

all men of valor
The description "men of valor" (אִישׁ חָיִל, ish chayil) denotes bravery and strength. These were not ordinary men; they were elite warriors, respected and feared for their prowess in battle. The loss of such men would have been a significant blow to the tribe of Benjamin, both in terms of military capability and morale. This phrase serves as a reminder of the tragic waste of potential and the sorrow that accompanies civil conflict. It also highlights the irony of valor being expended in a fratricidal war, rather than in defense of the nation against external enemies.

But six hundred men turned and fled into the wilderness to the rock of Rimmon, where they stayed four months
But six hundred men
This phrase highlights the remnant of the tribe of Benjamin after a devastating civil war with the other Israelite tribes. The number "six hundred" signifies a small fraction of the original fighting force, emphasizing the severe judgment and near annihilation they faced. In Hebrew, the word for "six hundred" (שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת, shesh me'ot) underscores completeness in judgment, as the number six often symbolizes imperfection or incompleteness, contrasting with the divine perfection of seven. This remnant represents God's mercy, preserving a seed for future restoration.

turned and fled
The Hebrew root for "turned" (פָּנָה, panah) implies a change of direction or repentance. In this context, it is a physical turning away from battle, but it can also symbolize a spiritual turning or repentance. "Fled" (נָס, nas) indicates a hurried escape, driven by fear and desperation. This action reflects the dire circumstances and the instinct for survival, yet it also opens the door for future redemption and reconciliation.

into the wilderness
The "wilderness" (מִדְבָּר, midbar) in biblical terms often represents a place of testing, purification, and encounter with God. It is a place of desolation but also of divine provision and revelation, as seen in the Israelites' journey during the Exodus. For the Benjaminites, the wilderness becomes a refuge and a place of reflection, away from the immediate threat of their brethren, allowing for a period of regrouping and spiritual renewal.

to the rock of Rimmon
The "rock of Rimmon" serves as a natural fortress and a place of safety. In Hebrew, "rock" (צוּר, tsur) symbolizes strength, stability, and protection, often associated with God Himself as a "rock" of refuge. "Rimmon" may refer to a location known for its rocky terrain, providing a strategic advantage for defense. This setting underscores God's provision of a safe haven amidst judgment, pointing to His enduring faithfulness even in times of severe discipline.

where they stayed four months
The duration of "four months" (אַרְבָּעָה חֳדָשִׁים, arba'ah chadashim) signifies a complete cycle of time, allowing for healing and reflection. The number four often represents universality or completeness in the earthly realm, suggesting a period sufficient for the Benjaminites to contemplate their actions and the consequences. This time of seclusion prepares them for reintegration into the community of Israel, highlighting themes of repentance, restoration, and the hope of reconciliation with God and their fellow Israelites.

And the men of Israel
This phrase refers to the collective tribes of Israel, excluding the tribe of Benjamin. Historically, the tribes of Israel were united in a confederation, often coming together for common causes. The Hebrew term for "men" here is "ish," which can denote not just males but also warriors or representatives of the tribes. This highlights the gravity of the situation, as it was not just a small group but the collective might of Israel acting in unison.

turned back against the Benjamites
The phrase "turned back" indicates a decisive and deliberate action. The Hebrew root "shuv" implies a return or a change in direction, suggesting that the Israelites, after initial battles, regrouped and launched a renewed offensive against the Benjamites. This reflects the seriousness of the conflict and the determination of the Israelites to address the sin within their own nation, as the Benjamites had refused to surrender the perpetrators of a grievous crime.

and struck them down with the sword
The use of the sword symbolizes judgment and warfare. In the ancient Near Eastern context, the sword was a primary weapon of battle, representing both physical and divine judgment. The Hebrew word "nakah" for "struck" conveys a sense of inflicting a decisive blow, indicating the thoroughness of the Israelites' actions against the Benjamites.

city by city
This phrase underscores the systematic and comprehensive nature of the campaign. The Israelites did not merely attack a single location but went through each city within the territory of Benjamin. This methodical approach reflects the seriousness with which they sought to purge the evil from among them, as each city was held accountable.

the people and animals and everything they found
The inclusion of "people and animals" indicates the totality of the destruction. In ancient warfare, such complete devastation was often a means of ensuring that no remnant of the enemy could rise again. The Hebrew word "kol" for "everything" emphasizes the completeness of the action, suggesting a form of herem, or devotion to destruction, which was sometimes commanded by God in the Old Testament as a means of purifying the land from sin.

And they set on fire all the cities they came across
Setting cities on fire was a common practice in ancient warfare to signify total conquest and destruction. Fire, in biblical symbolism, often represents purification and judgment. The act of burning the cities can be seen as a final act of judgment against the Benjamites, ensuring that the sin that had brought about this conflict was utterly removed. The Hebrew word "saraph" for "set on fire" conveys a sense of consuming completely, leaving nothing behind.