Now King David was old and well along in years
King David, the second king of Israel, is now in the twilight of his life. His reign has been marked by significant achievements, including the unification of Israel and Judah and the establishment of Jerusalem as the capital. David's age signifies a transition period for Israel, as leadership will soon pass to the next generation. This phrase sets the stage for the events that follow, highlighting the need for a successor. David's age is also a reminder of the human condition and the inevitability of aging, even for a man after God's own heart (1 Samuel 13:14).

and though they covered him with blankets
The mention of blankets indicates an attempt to provide physical comfort to the aging king. In ancient Near Eastern culture, the use of blankets or garments was a common method to provide warmth. This detail underscores David's frailty and vulnerability, contrasting with his earlier years of strength and vigor. It also reflects the care and concern of those around him, possibly his servants or family, who are attending to his needs.

he could not keep warm
David's inability to stay warm despite being covered with blankets suggests a decline in his health, possibly due to poor circulation or other age-related issues. This physical weakness is symbolic of the waning of his earthly power and influence. It foreshadows the political maneuvering and struggles for succession that will soon unfold, as seen in the subsequent chapters. The imagery of David's coldness can also be seen as a metaphor for the spiritual and moral challenges that Israel will face in the absence of strong leadership.

So his servants said to him
In the context of 1 Kings 1, King David is advanced in years and his health is failing. The servants mentioned here are likely his royal attendants or advisors, who are concerned about the king's well-being. This reflects the common practice in ancient Near Eastern courts where servants played a significant role in the daily life and care of the king. The servants' initiative indicates their loyalty and the importance of maintaining the king's health for the stability of the kingdom.

“Let us search for a young virgin
The search for a young virgin was a customary practice in ancient times, often for reasons of purity and health. Virgins were considered to have a certain vitality and purity that could be beneficial in therapeutic contexts. This practice is not unique to Israel and can be seen in other ancient cultures. The emphasis on her being a virgin also underscores the cultural importance of purity and the role of women in royal service.

for our lord the king,
Referring to David as "our lord the king" highlights the respect and reverence his servants have for him, despite his old age and frailty. This title underscores David's continued authority and the loyalty of his subjects. It also reflects the hierarchical structure of the society, where the king was seen as God's anointed and held a central role in the nation's identity and governance.

to attend to him and care for him
The role of attending and caring for the king was crucial, especially in his old age. This care would include providing physical warmth, companionship, and possibly medical attention. The mention of care indicates the servants' concern for David's comfort and well-being, which was essential for the stability of the kingdom. This also reflects the broader biblical theme of serving and caring for others, as seen in the New Testament teachings of Jesus.

and lie by his side to keep him warm.”
In the ancient Near East, body heat was a practical method for providing warmth, especially in the absence of modern heating. The act of lying beside the king was not intended for sexual purposes but rather for health and comfort. This practice is indicative of the intimate, yet non-sexual, service roles that women could hold in royal courts. The need to keep David warm also symbolizes his frailty and the transition of power that is about to occur, setting the stage for Solomon's rise to the throne.

Then they searched throughout Israel for a beautiful girl
This phrase indicates a deliberate and extensive search across the nation of Israel, highlighting the importance of the task. The search for a "beautiful girl" was not merely for aesthetic purposes but was culturally significant, as beauty was often associated with favor and blessing. The context here is King David's old age and declining health, and the search was for a young woman to serve and care for him, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This search reflects the royal court's concern for the king's well-being and the lengths they would go to ensure his comfort.

and they found Abishag the Shunammite
Abishag's identification as a "Shunammite" provides geographical context, linking her to the town of Shunem in the territory of Issachar. Shunem was located in the Jezreel Valley, a fertile and strategically significant area. The mention of her name and origin suggests her prominence and the importance of her role. Abishag's introduction here foreshadows her involvement in later political events, as her association with King David becomes a point of contention in the succession narrative. Her presence in the royal court also connects to the broader biblical theme of God's providence and the unfolding of His plans through seemingly ordinary individuals.

and brought her to the king
The act of bringing Abishag to King David signifies her acceptance into the royal household and her role as a caregiver. This reflects the cultural practice of providing for the needs of a king, especially in his old age. The phrase underscores the transition of Abishag from her previous life to a position of influence and responsibility within the palace. Her role, while initially one of service, becomes significant in the political dynamics of the kingdom, as seen in later chapters. This action also highlights the theme of loyalty and service to God's anointed king, a recurring motif in the narrative of Israel's monarchy.

The girl was unsurpassed in beauty;
This phrase introduces Abishag the Shunammite, highlighting her exceptional beauty. In biblical times, physical beauty was often noted as a significant attribute, as seen with figures like Sarah, Rebekah, and Esther. Abishag's beauty is emphasized to underscore her suitability for the role she was to play in King David's court. The mention of her beauty also sets the stage for later events involving Adonijah's request to marry her, which Solomon interprets as a political maneuver (1 Kings 2:22). The Shunammite origin suggests she was from Shunem, a town in the territory of Issachar, which is in the northern part of Israel, indicating the widespread recognition of her beauty.

she cared for the king and served him,
Abishag's role was to care for King David in his old age, providing warmth and companionship. This reflects the cultural practices of the time, where a young woman might be brought in to serve an elderly or ailing king. Her service was likely multifaceted, involving personal care and attending to the king's needs. This role is reminiscent of the care provided by Ruth to Naomi, highlighting themes of loyalty and service. The use of the term "served" indicates a position of humility and dedication, which is a recurring theme in Scripture, pointing to the ideal of servanthood exemplified by Jesus Christ (Mark 10:45).

but he had no relations with her.
This clarifies that the relationship between David and Abishag was not sexual, which is significant given the cultural context where kings often had multiple wives and concubines. The statement preserves David's integrity in his final days and distinguishes Abishag's role from that of a concubine. This detail is crucial in understanding the later political implications when Adonijah seeks to marry Abishag, as it would have been seen as a claim to the throne. The restraint shown by David here can be contrasted with his earlier life, where his relationships with women led to significant personal and political turmoil (2 Samuel 11). This phrase underscores the theme of purity and the importance of intentions in relationships, aligning with biblical teachings on sexual morality.

At that time Adonijah, David’s son by Haggith,
Adonijah was the fourth son of King David, born to him by Haggith. His older brothers Amnon and Absalom were dead, and Chileab is not mentioned as a contender for the throne, making Adonijah the eldest surviving son. This context sets the stage for his ambition. The mention of Haggith highlights the multiple wives of David, a common practice for kings of that era, which often led to familial strife and competition among siblings.

began to exalt himself,
Adonijah's self-exaltation reflects a common theme in the Bible where individuals seek to elevate themselves without divine sanction. This act of self-promotion contrasts with the biblical principle that God exalts the humble (James 4:10). Adonijah's actions can be seen as a parallel to Absalom's earlier rebellion, where he also sought to take the throne by force.

saying, “I will be king!”
Adonijah's declaration reveals his ambition and presumption. Unlike Solomon, who was chosen by David and anointed by the prophet Nathan, Adonijah's claim lacks divine endorsement. This statement foreshadows the conflict that will arise as he attempts to seize the throne without God's blessing, reminiscent of other biblical figures who sought power without divine approval.

And he acquired chariots and horsemen and fifty men to run ahead of him.
The acquisition of chariots and horsemen signifies a display of military power and royal authority, common in ancient Near Eastern cultures. The fifty men running ahead were likely forerunners, a sign of royal procession, intended to impress and gain support from the people. This act of gathering military resources and public display is reminiscent of Absalom's earlier attempt to usurp David's throne (2 Samuel 15:1). It also contrasts with the biblical ideal of kingship, where reliance on God is paramount over military might (Psalm 20:7).

His father had never once reprimanded him by saying, “Why do you act this way?”
This phrase highlights King David's failure to discipline his son Adonijah. In the biblical context, parental discipline is emphasized as a crucial aspect of raising children (Proverbs 13:24, 22:6). David's lack of correction may have contributed to Adonijah's sense of entitlement and ambition, as seen in his attempt to seize the throne. This failure to discipline is reminiscent of David's earlier parenting issues with Absalom, suggesting a pattern of indulgence or neglect. The absence of discipline can lead to rebellion, as seen in the broader narrative of David's family.

Adonijah was also very handsome,
The mention of Adonijah's appearance is significant in biblical narratives, where physical attractiveness often correlates with favor or leadership potential (1 Samuel 9:2, 16:12). However, it can also be a source of pride and downfall, as seen with Absalom (2 Samuel 14:25-26). The emphasis on Adonijah's handsomeness may indicate his charismatic appeal and the potential for influence, yet it also serves as a warning that external appearances do not equate to inner righteousness or divine favor.

born next after Absalom.
This phrase situates Adonijah within the family hierarchy, highlighting his position as the next eldest surviving son after Absalom's death. In the cultural and historical context of ancient Israel, primogeniture often determined succession, but divine choice could override this custom, as seen with Solomon (1 Kings 1:17, 1 Chronicles 28:5). Adonijah's birth order may have fueled his ambition for the throne, believing it was his right. The reference to Absalom also recalls the previous rebellion against David, suggesting a recurring theme of familial strife and the consequences of David's earlier failures as a father and king.

So Adonijah conferred with Joab son of Zeruiah
Adonijah, the fourth son of King David, sought to establish himself as king during David's old age. Joab, a seasoned military commander and nephew of David, had been a key figure in David's reign, known for his military prowess and sometimes ruthless actions. His support for Adonijah indicates a significant political maneuver, as Joab's influence and military experience could lend credibility and strength to Adonijah's claim. This alliance reflects the complex power dynamics within David's court, where loyalty was often divided, and personal ambition could lead to political intrigue.

and with Abiathar the priest
Abiathar was a high priest during David's reign and had been loyal to David during Absalom's rebellion. His support for Adonijah is notable, as it represents a significant religious endorsement. Abiathar's involvement suggests that Adonijah's claim to the throne was not only a political move but also had religious implications. This alliance with a high-ranking religious figure could have been intended to legitimize Adonijah's claim in the eyes of the people, as the priesthood held considerable influence in Israelite society.

who supported him
The support of Joab and Abiathar for Adonijah highlights the division within David's kingdom as his reign neared its end. Their backing suggests that Adonijah's bid for the throne was not a mere personal ambition but had substantial support from key figures in the military and religious sectors. This division foreshadows the eventual conflict over the succession, as Solomon, David's chosen heir, would later face opposition from those who had aligned with Adonijah. The narrative underscores the theme of divine providence and the fulfillment of God's promises, as Solomon's eventual accession to the throne aligns with God's covenant with David, pointing to the establishment of a kingdom that would ultimately lead to the coming of the Messiah.

But Zadok the priest
Zadok was a descendant of Aaron, serving as a high priest during King David's reign. His loyalty to David and Solomon is significant, as he represents the legitimate priestly line. Zadok's support for Solomon aligns with God's covenantal promises to David, ensuring the continuation of the Davidic line. His role is later affirmed when he anoints Solomon as king, symbolizing divine approval and continuity of God's plan.

Benaiah son of Jehoiada
Benaiah was a valiant warrior and leader of David's bodyguard. His father, Jehoiada, was a priest, indicating Benaiah's strong religious and military background. Benaiah's loyalty to David and Solomon highlights the importance of faithfulness and courage in leadership. His later role as commander of Solomon's army underscores the transition of power and the establishment of Solomon's reign.

Nathan the prophet
Nathan was a trusted prophet and advisor to King David. He played a crucial role in confronting David about his sin with Bathsheba and later in supporting Solomon's claim to the throne. Nathan's involvement underscores the prophetic voice in guiding and correcting Israel's leadership, ensuring alignment with God's will. His actions reflect the importance of prophetic truth in governance.

Shimei
Shimei's identity in this context is less clear, as there are multiple individuals named Shimei in the Bible. However, his inclusion among those loyal to David suggests a figure of some influence or authority. This Shimei's allegiance to David and Solomon contrasts with the Shimei who cursed David, highlighting themes of repentance and loyalty.

Rei
Rei is a relatively obscure figure, mentioned only in this passage. His presence among David's supporters indicates the diverse group of individuals who remained faithful to David's house. This inclusion suggests that loyalty to God's chosen leader transcends social and political status.

and David’s mighty men
David's mighty men were a group of elite warriors who supported him throughout his reign. Their loyalty and military prowess were instrumental in establishing and maintaining David's kingdom. Their refusal to join Adonijah emphasizes the importance of steadfastness and loyalty to God's anointed king. This group symbolizes the strength and unity required to uphold God's covenant promises.

would not join Adonijah
Adonijah's attempt to usurp the throne represents a challenge to God's ordained plan for Solomon's kingship. The refusal of these key figures to support Adonijah underscores the theme of divine sovereignty and the importance of aligning with God's will. This moment foreshadows the eventual establishment of Solomon's reign, fulfilling God's promise to David and ensuring the continuation of the messianic line.

And Adonijah sacrificed sheep, oxen, and fattened calves
Adonijah's actions reflect the common practice of offering sacrifices to seek divine favor or legitimize a claim to power. Sacrifices of sheep, oxen, and fattened calves were significant, indicating a grand event, possibly to gain support and allegiance. This mirrors the practices of other biblical figures who offered sacrifices during significant transitions or events, such as Solomon's later sacrifices at Gibeon (1 Kings 3:4).

near the stone of Zoheleth
The stone of Zoheleth, meaning "serpent" or "crawling thing," is a specific landmark, suggesting a well-known location for gatherings or significant events. Its mention indicates the historical and geographical accuracy of the narrative. The stone's location near Jerusalem would have been strategic for Adonijah, as it was accessible to those he sought to influence.

which is next to En-rogel
En-rogel, a spring near Jerusalem, served as a boundary marker between the tribes of Judah and Benjamin. Its proximity to the city made it a practical location for a gathering. The spring's mention highlights the importance of water sources in ancient settlements and their role in community gatherings and rituals.

He invited all his royal brothers
Adonijah's invitation to his royal brothers, excluding Solomon, was a political move to consolidate power and gain legitimacy. This act reflects the tension and rivalry within David's family, reminiscent of Absalom's earlier rebellion (2 Samuel 15). The exclusion of Solomon foreshadows the divine choice of Solomon as king, as later confirmed by Nathan and Bathsheba's intervention (1 Kings 1:11-31).

and all the men of Judah who were servants of the king
By inviting the men of Judah, Adonijah sought the support of his father's tribe, which held significant influence. This move was strategic, as securing the loyalty of Judah's leaders would strengthen his claim to the throne. The reference to "servants of the king" indicates those loyal to David, highlighting the political maneuvering and division within the kingdom. This gathering contrasts with the later anointing of Solomon, who was supported by key figures like Nathan the prophet and Benaiah (1 Kings 1:32-40).

But he did not invite Nathan the prophet
Nathan was a key prophet during the reign of King David, known for his role in confronting David about his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12:1-15). His absence from Adonijah's gathering indicates a deliberate exclusion of those loyal to David and God's chosen successor, Solomon. Nathan's prophetic authority and influence would have posed a threat to Adonijah's claim to the throne, as Nathan had previously supported Solomon's anointing (1 Kings 1:32-34).

Benaiah
Benaiah was a valiant warrior and leader of David's bodyguard (2 Samuel 23:20-23). His loyalty to David and later to Solomon made him a significant military figure. Excluding Benaiah suggests Adonijah's awareness of Benaiah's allegiance to Solomon, which would have undermined Adonijah's attempt to secure the throne. Benaiah's later role in executing justice on behalf of Solomon (1 Kings 2:25, 34) underscores his importance in the transition of power.

the mighty men
David's mighty men were a group of elite warriors who had been with him through many battles (2 Samuel 23:8-39). Their loyalty to David and his chosen successor was well-known. By not inviting them, Adonijah was attempting to avoid opposition from those who had been instrumental in establishing and maintaining David's kingdom. This exclusion highlights the division within the kingdom and the political maneuvering taking place.

or his brother Solomon
Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, was the divinely appointed successor to David's throne (1 Chronicles 22:9-10). His exclusion from Adonijah's feast was a clear indication of Adonijah's intent to usurp the throne. Solomon's eventual anointing and reign fulfilled God's promise to David regarding his lineage (2 Samuel 7:12-16). Solomon's wisdom and building of the temple would later become central themes in Israel's history, foreshadowing the peace and prosperity associated with the Messianic kingdom.

Then Nathan said to Bathsheba the mother of Solomon
Nathan the prophet plays a crucial role in the transition of power from David to Solomon. His involvement underscores the importance of prophetic guidance in Israel's monarchy. Bathsheba, as Solomon's mother, is a key figure in ensuring her son's succession, highlighting the influence of women in biblical narratives. Nathan's approach to Bathsheba indicates a strategic alliance, as both have vested interests in Solomon's kingship. This moment reflects the fulfillment of God's promise to David that Solomon would succeed him (1 Chronicles 22:9-10).

Have you not heard that Adonijah son of Haggith has become king
Adonijah, the fourth son of David, attempts to seize the throne, echoing the earlier rebellion of Absalom. His self-proclamation as king occurs without David's blessing, illustrating the political instability and familial strife within David's household. This act of usurpation is significant as it challenges the divine promise regarding Solomon's kingship. Adonijah's actions are reminiscent of Absalom's rebellion (2 Samuel 15), highlighting recurring themes of ambition and conflict in David's lineage.

and our lord David does not know it?
David's ignorance of Adonijah's actions suggests his weakened state, both physically and politically, as he nears the end of his reign. This lack of awareness may also reflect the isolation of the aging king, who is no longer fully in control of his kingdom. The phrase underscores the urgency of Nathan's message to Bathsheba, as it is imperative to inform David and secure Solomon's rightful place as king. This situation sets the stage for the subsequent anointing of Solomon, ensuring the continuation of the Davidic line as promised by God (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

Now please, come and let me advise you.
This phrase is spoken by Nathan the prophet to Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon. Nathan's role as a prophet is significant, as he is a trusted advisor and spiritual leader in Israel. His approach to Bathsheba is urgent and respectful, indicating the gravity of the situation. The context here is the political intrigue surrounding the succession of King David. Nathan's intervention is crucial, as it aligns with God's earlier promise to David that Solomon would succeed him (1 Chronicles 22:9-10). This moment underscores the importance of prophetic guidance in the governance of Israel and the fulfillment of divine promises.

Save your own life and the life of your son Solomon.
Nathan's warning highlights the potential danger to Bathsheba and Solomon if Adonijah, David's other son, succeeds in his attempt to claim the throne. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a new king often eliminated rivals to secure his position, which could include executing potential claimants and their families. This phrase emphasizes the urgency and peril of the situation. Solomon's life is particularly significant because he is the chosen successor, as indicated in 2 Samuel 7:12-13, where God promises David that his offspring will establish his kingdom. Solomon is also a type of Christ, representing peace and wisdom, foreshadowing the ultimate reign of Jesus, the Prince of Peace. Nathan's counsel is not only a political maneuver but also a step towards the fulfillment of God's covenant with David.

Go at once to King David and say
This phrase indicates urgency and the need for immediate action. King David, nearing the end of his life, is the central authority in Israel. The urgency reflects the political tension and the need to address the succession issue promptly. The phrase also highlights the role of Nathan the prophet, who is orchestrating this intervention to ensure God's will is fulfilled regarding Solomon's kingship.

‘My lord the king, did you not swear to your maidservant
This phrase underscores the personal relationship and trust between King David and Bathsheba, Solomon's mother. The use of "maidservant" reflects humility and respect. The oath mentioned is significant, as oaths were binding and sacred in ancient Israelite culture, often invoking God's name as a witness. This appeal to David's promise is a strategic move to remind him of his commitment.

“Surely your son Solomon will reign after me, and he will sit on my throne”?
This statement is a direct reference to the divine promise and David's intention for Solomon to succeed him. Solomon's future reign is not just a political decision but is seen as part of God's plan, as indicated in 1 Chronicles 22:9-10, where God promises David that Solomon will build the temple. The throne symbolizes legitimate authority and continuity of David's dynasty, which is central to the Davidic Covenant.

Why then has Adonijah become king?’
This question highlights the conflict and the challenge to the rightful succession. Adonijah, another son of David, has declared himself king without David's approval, reflecting the political intrigue and ambition within the royal family. This situation parallels Absalom's earlier rebellion (2 Samuel 15), showing recurring themes of familial strife and the struggle for power. The question serves to alert David to the immediate threat to Solomon's promised kingship and to prompt him to take decisive action.

Then, while you are still there speaking with the king,
This phrase occurs during a critical moment in Israel's history. King David is old and frail, and the succession of the throne is uncertain. Nathan the prophet is speaking to Bathsheba, Solomon's mother, about approaching King David to ensure Solomon's succession. The urgency in Nathan's plan reflects the political tension and the need for swift action to prevent Adonijah, David's other son, from seizing the throne. This highlights the importance of divine guidance and prophetic intervention in the leadership of Israel, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

I will come in after you
Nathan's strategy involves a coordinated effort with Bathsheba to influence King David's decision. This reflects the cultural and historical context where royal decisions were often influenced by close advisors and family members. The role of prophets like Nathan was crucial in guiding the king according to God's will. This also underscores the theme of divine providence working through human actions, a recurring theme in the biblical narrative.

and confirm your words.”
Nathan's promise to confirm Bathsheba's words emphasizes the importance of establishing truth and legitimacy in the royal court. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the testimony of multiple witnesses was often required to confirm a matter, as seen in Deuteronomy 19:15. This reflects the biblical principle of establishing truth through the testimony of two or three witnesses, which is echoed in the New Testament (Matthew 18:16). Nathan's role as a prophet also points to the need for divine confirmation in matters of leadership and succession, prefiguring the ultimate confirmation of Jesus Christ as the rightful King and Messiah.

So Bathsheba went to see the king in his bedroom.
Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon, plays a crucial role in the succession narrative of David's kingdom. Her visit to King David in his private quarters signifies the urgency and importance of her mission. The bedroom setting indicates a personal and intimate context, highlighting the gravity of the situation as David's health declines. This moment is pivotal in ensuring Solomon's rightful place as king, fulfilling God's promise to David (2 Samuel 7:12-13). Bathsheba's approach to David also reflects the cultural norms of the time, where women, even of high status, needed to navigate the male-dominated court with care and strategy.

Since the king was very old,
David's advanced age is emphasized to underscore his frailty and the pressing need for a clear succession plan. His old age is a reminder of the human condition and the inevitable transition of leadership. This context sets the stage for the political maneuvering that follows, as Adonijah, another of David's sons, attempts to claim the throne (1 Kings 1:5). The mention of David's age also serves as a backdrop for the fulfillment of God's covenant with David, as the promise of an everlasting dynasty is about to be realized through Solomon.

Abishag the Shunammite was serving him.
Abishag's role as a caregiver to King David highlights the customs of the time, where a young woman might be brought in to provide warmth and care for an aging king. Her presence is not only practical but also symbolic, representing the transition from the old to the new. Abishag's Shunammite origin connects her to the region of Shunem, a place known for its beauty and fertility, which may also symbolize the vitality and renewal that Solomon's reign would bring. Her service to David, while not romantic, places her in a unique position within the royal household, later becoming a point of contention in the struggle for the throne (1 Kings 2:13-25).

And Bathsheba bowed down in homage to the king
Bathsheba's act of bowing down signifies respect and submission to King David, reflecting the cultural norms of the time where subjects showed reverence to their monarch. This gesture is significant as it underscores the hierarchical structure of ancient Israelite society. Bathsheba, as the mother of Solomon, is advocating for her son's rightful place as king, aligning with the promise David made to her. This moment is pivotal in the narrative of 1 Kings, as it sets the stage for Solomon's eventual anointing as king, fulfilling God's plan for Israel's leadership. Bathsheba's approach to David also highlights the role of women in biblical narratives, where they often play crucial roles in the unfolding of God's purposes.

who asked, “What is your desire?”
King David's question to Bathsheba demonstrates his willingness to listen and respond to her request, indicating his awareness of the importance of her petition. This interaction reflects the biblical theme of seeking justice and fulfilling promises, as David had previously vowed that Solomon would succeed him. The king's inquiry also shows his openness to counsel and the influence of those close to him, a characteristic that is both a strength and a weakness in his reign. This moment can be seen as a type of Christ, who invites believers to present their requests to Him, echoing the New Testament invitation to approach God with our desires and needs.

“My lord,” she replied,
In this phrase, Bathsheba addresses King David with respect and submission, acknowledging his authority. This reflects the cultural norms of the time, where addressing a king or someone in authority with honorifics was customary. Bathsheba's approach is strategic, as she seeks to remind David of his promise regarding Solomon's succession.

“you yourself swore to your maidservant by the LORD your God:”
Bathsheba refers to a solemn oath made by David, invoking the name of the LORD, which underscores the seriousness and binding nature of the promise. In ancient Israel, swearing by the LORD was a way to ensure the truthfulness and commitment to one's word, as seen in other biblical instances (e.g., Genesis 21:23-24). This highlights the covenantal relationship between God and His people, where oaths were not taken lightly.

‘Surely your son Solomon will reign after me,
This phrase indicates the specific promise that Solomon, Bathsheba's son, would succeed David as king. The context here is crucial, as there was potential for conflict over the succession, with Adonijah, another of David's sons, attempting to claim the throne (1 Kings 1:5). The promise to Solomon aligns with God's plan, as later confirmed in 1 Chronicles 22:9-10, where God designates Solomon as the builder of the temple and the one to continue David's dynasty.

and he will sit on my throne.’”
The throne symbolizes the authority and continuity of David's lineage. This promise is significant in the broader biblical narrative, as it points to the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7:12-16), where God promises David that his throne will be established forever. This covenant is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the "Son of David" (Matthew 1:1), establishing an eternal kingdom. Solomon's reign is a type of Christ's future reign, marked by peace and wisdom, prefiguring the ultimate fulfillment in the Messiah.

But now, behold,
This phrase indicates a sense of urgency and immediacy. The word "behold" is often used in Scripture to draw attention to something significant or surprising. In the context of 1 Kings 1, the urgency is due to the political and dynastic implications of Adonijah's actions. The transition of power in ancient Israel was a critical moment, often fraught with tension and potential conflict.

Adonijah has become king,
Adonijah, the fourth son of King David, sought to establish himself as king despite not being the chosen successor. This act of self-exaltation mirrors the actions of Absalom, another of David's sons, who also attempted to usurp the throne. Adonijah's actions were contrary to God's plan, as Solomon was the divinely appointed successor (1 Chronicles 22:9-10). This highlights the recurring biblical theme of human ambition conflicting with divine will.

and you, my lord the king,
The phrase "my lord the king" is a respectful address to King David, acknowledging his authority and position. It reflects the hierarchical structure of ancient Israelite society, where the king was seen as God's anointed leader. This address also underscores the loyalty and respect Bathsheba and Nathan the prophet have for David, as they seek to inform him of the situation.

do not know it.
This indicates that King David, due to his advanced age and declining health, was unaware of Adonijah's actions. It suggests a lapse in communication and control within the royal court. The phrase also highlights the importance of vigilance and awareness in leadership. In a broader biblical context, it serves as a reminder of the need for spiritual discernment and the dangers of complacency.

And he has sacrificed an abundance of oxen, fattened calves, and sheep
This phrase indicates a significant and lavish offering, which was a common practice in ancient Israel to celebrate important events or to seek divine favor. Sacrifices of oxen, calves, and sheep were typical in royal and religious ceremonies, symbolizing wealth and the ability to provide abundantly. The act of sacrificing animals was deeply rooted in the cultural and religious practices of the time, often associated with covenant-making and thanksgiving. The abundance of the sacrifice suggests an attempt to gain support and legitimacy, possibly reflecting the political maneuvering of Adonijah as he sought to establish his claim to the throne.

and has invited all the other sons of the king
Adonijah's invitation to all the other sons of King David, except Solomon, highlights the political strategy of consolidating support among potential rivals. By including David's other sons, Adonijah aimed to present a united front and gain legitimacy. This move reflects the complex dynamics of royal succession in ancient Israel, where the king's sons were often seen as potential heirs. The exclusion of Solomon is significant, as it underscores the tension and rivalry within the royal family, setting the stage for the eventual conflict over the throne.

as well as Abiathar the priest and Joab the commander of the army
Abiathar and Joab were influential figures in King David's reign. Abiathar, a priest, had served David faithfully and was a key religious leader, while Joab, as the commander of the army, held significant military power. Their support would have been crucial for Adonijah's claim to the throne, as it would lend both religious and military legitimacy to his cause. The inclusion of these figures indicates Adonijah's strategic efforts to secure the backing of powerful allies, reflecting the importance of religious and military endorsement in ancient Near Eastern politics.

But he has not invited your servant Solomon
The exclusion of Solomon from the gathering is a deliberate and telling omission. Solomon, who had been chosen by David and promised the throne, represents the divinely sanctioned line of succession. This phrase highlights the tension and impending conflict between Adonijah and Solomon. The use of "your servant" emphasizes Solomon's loyalty to David and his rightful claim to the throne, as well as the divine favor that would later be affirmed through the prophet Nathan and Bathsheba's intervention. This exclusion sets the stage for the fulfillment of God's promise to David regarding Solomon's kingship, as seen in 1 Chronicles 22:9-10, where Solomon is designated as the future king who would build the temple.

And as for you, my lord the king
This phrase addresses King David, who is in the final days of his reign. David is a central figure in Israel's history, known for uniting the tribes and establishing Jerusalem as the capital. His leadership is seen as divinely appointed, and he is often referenced as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the eternal kingship of Jesus. The use of "my lord" signifies respect and acknowledgment of David's authority.

the eyes of all Israel are upon you
This highlights the nation's focus on David during a critical transition period. Israel, a united kingdom under David, is looking to him for guidance and stability. The phrase underscores the importance of leadership and the expectation that David will make a wise decision regarding his successor. It reflects the biblical theme of God's people looking to their leaders for direction, as seen in other instances like Moses and Joshua.

to tell them who will sit on the throne
The throne symbolizes royal authority and governance. In ancient Israel, the throne was not just a seat of power but also a representation of God's covenant with David, promising that his descendants would rule Israel. This moment is pivotal as it concerns the continuation of the Davidic line, which is prophetically significant in the context of the Messiah, who is to come from David's lineage.

of my lord the king after him
This phrase emphasizes the succession issue at hand. The question of who will succeed David is crucial, as it affects the nation's future and the fulfillment of God's promises. The historical context involves Adonijah's attempt to claim the throne, while Solomon, chosen by David and endorsed by the prophet Nathan and Bathsheba, is God's intended successor. This decision is not just political but also spiritual, as it aligns with God's plan for Israel and the eventual coming of Christ, the ultimate King.

Otherwise, when my lord the king rests with his fathers
This phrase refers to the death of King David, a significant event in Israel's history. The expression "rests with his fathers" is a common biblical euphemism for death, indicating burial in the family tomb. This reflects the cultural practice of honoring ancestors and maintaining family lineage. The phrase also underscores the transition of leadership and the importance of securing the succession to the throne. David's impending death creates urgency for Bathsheba and Nathan to ensure Solomon's rightful place as king, as promised by David (1 Chronicles 22:9-10).

I and my son Solomon will be counted as criminals.
Bathsheba expresses concern for her and Solomon's safety, highlighting the political tension and potential for violence during royal successions. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, it was common for new rulers to eliminate rivals to secure their reign. Adonijah, another of David's sons, was attempting to claim the throne, which posed a direct threat to Solomon's life and Bathsheba's status. This situation reflects the broader biblical theme of God's sovereignty in establishing leaders, as seen in Solomon's eventual anointing and reign, fulfilling God's promise to David. Solomon's kingship also prefigures the peace and wisdom associated with the future reign of Christ, the ultimate King in the line of David (Isaiah 9:6-7).

And just then
This phrase indicates a precise moment in time, suggesting urgency and divine timing. The events in 1 Kings 1 occur during a critical transition period in Israel's monarchy. The phrase underscores the providential nature of the unfolding events, as God orchestrates the circumstances to ensure His chosen king, Solomon, ascends to the throne.

while Bathsheba was still speaking with the king
Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon, is advocating for her son's right to the throne. Her presence before King David highlights her influential role in the royal court. This moment reflects the cultural practice of a queen mother having significant sway in political matters. Bathsheba's advocacy is crucial, as it aligns with God's promise to David regarding Solomon's kingship (1 Chronicles 22:9-10).

Nathan the prophet arrived
Nathan is a key prophetic figure in David's reign, known for his role in confronting David about his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12). His arrival at this moment is significant, as prophets were seen as God's mouthpieces, providing divine guidance and correction. Nathan's involvement underscores the legitimacy of Solomon's claim to the throne, as he acts in accordance with God's will. This event also prefigures the role of prophets in affirming God's chosen leaders, a theme seen throughout the Old Testament.

So the king was told
This phrase indicates a formal announcement to King David, who was nearing the end of his reign. The context is a time of political tension as Adonijah, David's son, was attempting to seize the throne. The king being informed suggests the importance of Nathan's visit, as Nathan was a trusted prophet and advisor to David. This reflects the protocol and respect for the king's authority in ancient Israel.

“Nathan the prophet is here.”
Nathan was a significant figure in David's life, known for delivering God's messages, including the rebuke for David's sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12:1-15). His presence here underscores the gravity of the situation. Prophets in Israel were seen as God's mouthpieces, and Nathan's involvement highlights the divine interest in the succession of the throne. This moment is pivotal in ensuring Solomon's rightful kingship, aligning with God's covenant with David (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

And Nathan went in
Nathan's entrance into the king's presence signifies his role as an intermediary between God and the king. It also reflects the court protocol, where only certain individuals could approach the king directly. Nathan's access to David underscores his high status and the trust David placed in him.

and bowed facedown before the king.
Bowing facedown was a customary act of deep respect and submission in ancient Near Eastern cultures. This gesture by Nathan, despite his prophetic authority, shows his acknowledgment of David's royal position. It also reflects the cultural norms of showing deference to a king, which was expected in the hierarchical society of ancient Israel. This act of humility by Nathan sets the stage for his important message regarding the succession of the throne.

“My lord the king,” said Nathan,
Nathan the prophet addresses King David with respect, acknowledging his authority and position. Nathan is a key figure in David's court, known for his role in confronting David about his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12:1-14). His approach here is diplomatic, reflecting the courtly protocol of addressing a reigning monarch. Nathan's involvement underscores the importance of prophetic voices in guiding Israel's leadership, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

“did you say,
Nathan's question is strategic, designed to clarify David's intentions regarding the succession. This reflects the importance of clear communication in leadership transitions, especially in a monarchy where ambiguity can lead to conflict. The question also implies that Nathan is aware of the political maneuvering by Adonijah and seeks to confirm the king's official stance.

‘Adonijah will reign after me,
Adonijah, David's fourth son, is attempting to claim the throne without David's explicit endorsement. This phrase highlights the tension and potential for division within the royal family. Adonijah's actions parallel those of Absalom, another of David's sons who previously attempted to usurp the throne (2 Samuel 15). The issue of succession is critical, as it affects the stability of the kingdom and the fulfillment of God's promises to David's lineage (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

and he will sit on my throne’?
The throne symbolizes legitimate authority and the continuation of David's dynasty. Nathan's inquiry points to the need for divine guidance in choosing a successor, as seen in the anointing of David himself (1 Samuel 16:1-13). The throne of David is also significant in biblical prophecy, as it is linked to the messianic promise that Jesus Christ, a descendant of David, will ultimately reign (Isaiah 9:7, Luke 1:32-33). Nathan's question thus not only addresses immediate political concerns but also touches on the broader theological implications of God's covenant with David.

For today he has gone down and sacrificed an abundance of oxen, fattened calves, and sheep
This phrase indicates a significant event, as sacrifices of this magnitude were typically associated with important religious or royal occasions. The act of sacrificing animals was a common practice in ancient Israel, symbolizing dedication and seeking favor from God. The abundance of sacrifices suggests an attempt to legitimize Adonijah's claim to the throne, as such offerings were often used to gain public support and divine approval. This mirrors other instances in the Bible where sacrifices are used to mark significant transitions or covenants, such as Solomon's later dedication of the temple (1 Kings 8).

and has invited all the sons of the king, the commanders of the army, and Abiathar the priest
Adonijah's invitation list is strategic, aiming to gather influential support for his claim to kingship. The "sons of the king" refers to David's other sons, who could be potential rivals or allies. By including them, Adonijah seeks to consolidate his power and prevent opposition. The "commanders of the army" are crucial for military backing, reflecting the importance of securing the loyalty of the armed forces in ancient Near Eastern politics. Abiathar the priest's presence is significant, as he was a high-ranking religious leader, and his support would lend religious legitimacy to Adonijah's claim. This mirrors the political maneuvering seen in other biblical narratives, such as Absalom's rebellion (2 Samuel 15).

And behold, they are eating and drinking before him
The act of eating and drinking together signifies a covenant or agreement, often used to seal alliances in the ancient world. This communal meal indicates acceptance and celebration of Adonijah's self-proclaimed kingship. In biblical culture, shared meals were significant social and religious events, symbolizing unity and fellowship. This scene contrasts with the Last Supper in the New Testament, where Jesus shares a meal with His disciples, symbolizing a new covenant and foreshadowing His sacrificial death.

saying, ‘Long live King Adonijah!’
The acclamation "Long live King Adonijah!" is a public declaration of support and recognition of his claim to the throne. This phrase is a traditional expression of loyalty and allegiance to a new ruler. However, the context reveals the premature nature of this proclamation, as David had not yet declared his successor. This highlights the tension and conflict within the royal family and the kingdom. The phrase also foreshadows the eventual failure of Adonijah's bid for kingship, as God's plan for Solomon to succeed David is ultimately fulfilled, reflecting the biblical theme of divine sovereignty over human affairs.

But me your servant he has not invited
This phrase is spoken by Nathan the prophet, who is addressing Bathsheba, Solomon's mother. Nathan refers to himself as "your servant," indicating his loyalty to King David and his household. The context here is the political maneuvering surrounding the succession of King David. Adonijah, David's son, has declared himself king without David's approval. Nathan's exclusion from Adonijah's feast signifies a deliberate attempt to sideline those loyal to David and Solomon. This reflects the tension and division within the royal court. Nathan's role as a prophet underscores the importance of divine guidance in leadership decisions, as seen in other instances where prophets anoint kings, such as Samuel with Saul and David.

nor Zadok the priest
Zadok was a high priest during King David's reign and remained loyal to him. His exclusion from Adonijah's gathering indicates a significant religious and political statement, as priests played crucial roles in legitimizing kingship through religious rites. Zadok's loyalty to David and Solomon is later rewarded when he anoints Solomon as king, fulfilling God's promise to David about his lineage. This highlights the theme of divine providence and the rightful succession of leadership, as seen in the anointing of kings throughout Israel's history.

nor Benaiah son of Jehoiada
Benaiah was a distinguished warrior and leader of David's bodyguard, known for his loyalty and valor. His exclusion from Adonijah's circle suggests a strategic move by Adonijah to consolidate power by excluding those who might oppose him. Benaiah's later actions in supporting Solomon and executing Adonijah's followers demonstrate the importance of military support in securing a throne. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's chosen leaders being supported by faithful and courageous individuals, as seen in the stories of Joshua and Caleb.

nor your servant Solomon
Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, was the divinely chosen successor to David's throne, as promised by God. His exclusion from Adonijah's feast is a direct challenge to God's will and David's intentions. This phrase underscores the tension between human ambition and divine purpose. Solomon's eventual anointing and reign fulfill the Davidic Covenant, which promised an everlasting dynasty through David's line. Solomon's wisdom and temple-building further typify Christ, who is the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises to David, establishing an eternal kingdom.

Has my lord the king let this happen
This phrase reflects the concern and surprise of Nathan the prophet regarding the actions taking place without King David's explicit approval. In the context of 1 Kings 1, Adonijah, David's son, has declared himself king without David's consent. This situation highlights the importance of divine and royal authority in Israel's monarchy. The phrase underscores the expectation that the king, as God's anointed, should be the one to make such significant decisions. It also reflects the political tension and uncertainty during the transition of power.

without informing your servant
Nathan's use of "your servant" indicates his loyalty and service to King David. It also emphasizes the expectation of communication and transparency within the king's court. In the ancient Near Eastern context, prophets often served as advisors to kings, and their role was crucial in maintaining the covenant relationship between God and Israel. Nathan's inquiry suggests a breach in protocol and the potential for disorder if the king's intentions are not clearly communicated.

who should sit on the throne
The question of succession is central to this passage. The throne of Israel is not just a political seat but a symbol of God's covenant with David, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:12-16, where God promises David that his lineage will endure. The rightful heir to the throne is a matter of divine promise and national stability. This phrase points to the importance of legitimate succession in maintaining the Davidic line, which is ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, as referenced in the genealogies of Matthew 1 and Luke 3.

after my lord the king?
The phrase "after my lord the king" indicates the concern for the future leadership of Israel. It reflects the uncertainty and potential for conflict during a time of transition. The question of who will succeed David is not only a matter of political importance but also of spiritual significance, as the king is seen as God's chosen leader for His people. This concern for succession is echoed in the broader biblical narrative, where the anticipation of a future king, the Messiah, is a recurring theme.

Then King David said
King David, nearing the end of his life, is a central figure in Israel's history. His reign established Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Israel. This moment occurs during a time of political tension, as Adonijah, David's son, has declared himself king without David's approval. David's decision-making here is crucial for the future of the Davidic line, which is significant in biblical prophecy concerning the Messiah (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

“Call in Bathsheba for me.”
Bathsheba, the wife of David and mother of Solomon, plays a pivotal role in the succession narrative. Her relationship with David began controversially (2 Samuel 11), but she is now a key figure in ensuring Solomon's rightful place as king. This request signifies David's recognition of Bathsheba's influence and the importance of securing Solomon's succession, aligning with God's promise that Solomon would succeed David (1 Chronicles 22:9-10).

So she came into the king’s presence
Bathsheba's entrance into the king's presence indicates her respected status and the urgency of the situation. In the ancient Near Eastern context, approaching a king required permission, highlighting the gravity of her role. Her presence before David underscores the personal and political dynamics at play, as she advocates for her son's future.

and stood before him.
Standing before the king signifies respect and readiness to engage in important dialogue. This posture reflects Bathsheba's position as both a subject and a mother advocating for her son. It also sets the stage for David's subsequent actions to affirm Solomon's kingship, fulfilling God's covenantal promise and ensuring the continuation of the Davidic line, which is foundational to the messianic hope found in the New Testament (Matthew 1:1).

And the king swore an oath, saying,
In ancient Israel, oaths were solemn promises often made before God, invoking His name as a witness to the truth of the statement. This reflects the seriousness with which oaths were taken, as breaking them was considered a grave sin. The king here is David, who is making a binding declaration. Oaths were common in legal and covenantal contexts, as seen in Genesis 21:23-24 and 1 Samuel 20:16-17.

“As surely as the LORD lives,
This phrase is a common oath formula in the Old Testament, emphasizing the certainty and truth of the statement. It acknowledges the eternal and unchanging nature of God, who is the ultimate guarantor of truth. This expression is used frequently by prophets and leaders, such as Elijah in 1 Kings 17:1, to affirm the reliability of their words.

who has redeemed my life from all distress,
David acknowledges God's role as his redeemer, a theme prevalent throughout his life. The term "redeemed" implies deliverance from danger or bondage, often with a connotation of a price being paid. This reflects David's numerous experiences of deliverance from enemies and personal crises, as recounted in the Psalms (e.g., Psalm 34:4, 18-19). The concept of redemption is central to the biblical narrative, foreshadowing the ultimate redemption through Jesus Christ, who delivers humanity from sin and death.

I will carry out this very day
This phrase indicates the urgency and immediacy of King David's actions. In the context of 1 Kings 1, Adonijah, another of David's sons, had declared himself king without David's approval. The phrase underscores the importance of swift action to ensure the rightful succession. The immediacy also reflects the biblical principle of fulfilling one's promises without delay, as seen in other scriptures like James 5:12, which emphasizes the importance of keeping one's word.

exactly what I swore to you
David's promise to Bathsheba regarding Solomon's succession is a solemn vow. In ancient Israel, oaths were binding and taken very seriously, often invoking God's name as a witness. This reflects the cultural and religious importance of oaths in the biblical narrative, as seen in Numbers 30:2, which stresses the obligation to fulfill vows made to the Lord.

by the LORD, the God of Israel
This phrase highlights the divine authority and covenant relationship between God and Israel. David's oath is not just a personal promise but one made before God, emphasizing its sacredness. The invocation of God's name underscores the belief that God is actively involved in the affairs of Israel, guiding and establishing leadership, as seen throughout the Old Testament.

Surely your son Solomon will reign after me
This statement confirms Solomon as the divinely chosen successor to David. Solomon's reign is significant as it fulfills God's promise to David that his lineage would continue on the throne (2 Samuel 7:12-16). Solomon's kingship is also a type of Christ, foreshadowing the eternal reign of Jesus, the Son of David, as prophesied in Isaiah 9:7.

and he will sit on my throne in my place.
The throne symbolizes legitimate authority and continuity of David's dynasty. Solomon sitting on David's throne signifies the transfer of power and the fulfillment of God's promise to establish David's line. This imagery is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus is described as sitting on the throne of David, establishing His eternal kingdom (Luke 1:32-33).

Bathsheba bowed facedown in homage to the king
Bathsheba's act of bowing facedown signifies deep respect and submission, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures when approaching royalty. This gesture indicates her acknowledgment of King David's authority and her plea for his favor. In the biblical context, bowing is often associated with worship or reverence, as seen in Genesis 18:2 when Abraham bows before the three visitors. Bathsheba's action also reflects the cultural norms of the time, where women, especially those in the royal court, would demonstrate their loyalty and respect through physical gestures.

and said, “May my lord King David live forever!”
This phrase is a traditional expression of loyalty and blessing, often used in the presence of a king. While it is not meant literally, it conveys a wish for the king's enduring reign and prosperity. The phrase echoes similar expressions found in other parts of Scripture, such as Daniel 2:4 and Nehemiah 2:3, where subjects express their allegiance to the king. In the context of 1 Kings, Bathsheba's words are significant because they come at a time when David's succession is in question, and she is advocating for her son Solomon's rightful place as heir. Theologically, this phrase can be seen as a type pointing to the eternal reign of Jesus Christ, the ultimate King, whose kingdom will indeed last forever, as prophesied in Isaiah 9:7 and fulfilled in Revelation 11:15.

Then King David said
This phrase marks a pivotal moment in the narrative of 1 Kings, where King David, nearing the end of his reign, takes decisive action to ensure the succession of his throne. David's authority as king is emphasized here, highlighting his role as the chosen leader of Israel. This moment is crucial in the transition of power, reflecting the importance of divine order and leadership in Israel's history.

Call in for me Zadok the priest
Zadok was a prominent priest during David's reign, representing the Aaronic priesthood. His involvement underscores the religious legitimacy of the actions being taken. Zadok's presence signifies the importance of priestly endorsement in royal matters, ensuring that the transition aligns with God's covenantal promises. This also foreshadows the role of the priesthood in supporting Solomon's reign.

Nathan the prophet
Nathan was a trusted prophet and advisor to David, known for delivering God's messages, including the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7). His inclusion here highlights the prophetic endorsement of Solomon's anointing, ensuring that the succession aligns with divine will. Nathan's role emphasizes the importance of prophetic guidance in Israel's leadership, serving as a reminder of God's sovereignty over kingship.

and Benaiah son of Jehoiada
Benaiah was a loyal military leader and commander of David's bodyguard. His presence signifies the military support for Solomon's anointing, ensuring stability and security during the transition. Benaiah's loyalty and valor are well-documented (2 Samuel 23:20-23), and his involvement underscores the need for strong leadership to uphold God's chosen king.

So they came before the king
This phrase indicates the obedience and respect these key figures had for David's authority. Their willingness to come before the king reflects the unity and cooperation necessary for a smooth transition of power. It also demonstrates the importance of collaboration among religious, prophetic, and military leaders in fulfilling God's purposes for Israel.

“Take my servants with you,” said the king.
This command is given by King David, who is nearing the end of his reign. The use of "servants" indicates trusted individuals who are loyal to David and his house. In the context of ancient Israel, servants often played crucial roles in carrying out royal decrees. This phrase underscores the importance of having reliable witnesses to the anointing of Solomon, ensuring the legitimacy of his claim to the throne. The presence of these servants would also serve as a public endorsement of Solomon's kingship, reflecting the communal and hierarchical nature of ancient Near Eastern societies.

“Set my son Solomon on my own mule”
The mule, a symbol of royal authority, was a significant choice for Solomon's procession. In ancient Israel, the king's mule was a prestigious animal, often associated with royalty and leadership. By instructing that Solomon be placed on his own mule, David is publicly declaring Solomon as his chosen successor. This act is reminiscent of other biblical instances where animals are used to signify divine or royal favor, such as Jesus' entry into Jerusalem on a donkey (Matthew 21:1-11), which parallels Solomon's anointing as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the peaceful and wise reign of Jesus.

“and take him down to Gihon.”
Gihon, a significant water source located near Jerusalem, was a strategic location for Solomon's anointing. It was not only a practical site due to its proximity to the city but also held symbolic importance. Water sources in the Bible often represent life and blessing, and Gihon is one of the four rivers mentioned in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:13). The choice of Gihon for Solomon's anointing could symbolize the life-giving and sustaining nature of his future reign. Additionally, the public nature of this location would ensure that the anointing was witnessed by many, reinforcing Solomon's legitimate claim to the throne and fulfilling David's promise to Bathsheba regarding Solomon's succession (1 Kings 1:13).

There Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet
Zadok and Nathan are significant figures in the establishment of Solomon's kingship. Zadok, a descendant of Aaron, represents the priestly authority, while Nathan, a prophet, represents the divine guidance and approval. Their involvement underscores the religious and spiritual legitimacy of Solomon's anointing. This partnership between priest and prophet is reminiscent of the dual roles of Jesus Christ as both High Priest and Prophet, fulfilling God's will.

are to anoint him king over Israel.
Anointing with oil was a sacred act signifying God's choice and blessing. It was a common practice for consecrating kings, priests, and prophets in Israel. This act set Solomon apart as the divinely chosen leader, echoing the anointing of David by Samuel (1 Samuel 16:13). The anointing signifies the Holy Spirit's empowerment, paralleling the anointing of Jesus as the Messiah, the Anointed One.

You are to blow the ram’s horn
The blowing of the ram's horn, or shofar, was a traditional way to announce significant events, such as the coronation of a king or the call to worship. It served as a public declaration and a call to attention for the people of Israel. The sound of the shofar is also associated with the Day of the Lord and the return of Christ (1 Thessalonians 4:16), symbolizing divine intervention and the establishment of God's kingdom.

and declare, ‘Long live King Solomon!’
This proclamation is a formal recognition of Solomon's kingship and a prayer for his prosperous reign. It reflects the people's acceptance and support of Solomon as their new leader. The phrase "Long live the king" is a traditional acclamation used throughout history to express loyalty and hope for a ruler's successful reign. In a broader sense, it points to the eternal reign of Jesus Christ, the King of Kings, whose kingdom will have no end (Revelation 11:15).

Then you shall go up with him
This phrase indicates a ceremonial procession, a common practice in ancient Israelite culture for inaugurating a new king. The act of "going up" often signifies moving to a place of higher status or importance, such as ascending to the throne. This procession would likely involve key figures like priests and prophets, emphasizing the divine approval and communal support for the new king.

and he is to come and sit on my throne
Sitting on the throne symbolizes the transfer of royal authority and legitimacy. In the context of 1 Kings, this is King David's throne, representing the continuation of the Davidic dynasty. The throne is not just a physical seat but a symbol of God's covenant with David, promising that his descendants would rule Israel (2 Samuel 7:12-16).

and reign in my place
This phrase underscores the transition of power from David to Solomon. It highlights the continuity of leadership and the fulfillment of God's promise to David. The concept of reigning "in my place" also suggests a stewardship under God's ultimate kingship, as earthly kings were seen as God's representatives.

For I have appointed him
The appointment of Solomon is portrayed as divinely ordained, reflecting the biblical theme of God's sovereignty in choosing leaders. This echoes other instances in Scripture where God selects individuals for specific purposes, such as Moses (Exodus 3:10) and David himself (1 Samuel 16:12). It underscores the belief that true authority comes from God.

ruler over Israel and Judah
This phrase indicates the united monarchy under Solomon, encompassing all the tribes of Israel. Historically, this period is marked by political stability and prosperity. The mention of both Israel and Judah foreshadows the later division of the kingdom after Solomon's reign (1 Kings 12), highlighting the significance of unity under a divinely appointed king. Solomon's rule is also seen as a type of Christ's future reign, where Jesus is prophesied to unite and rule over all nations (Isaiah 9:6-7).

“Amen,” replied Benaiah son of Jehoiada.
Benaiah, a prominent military leader and loyal supporter of King David, responds with "Amen," a term of affirmation meaning "so be it" or "truly." This reflects his agreement and support for Solomon's anointing as king. Benaiah, son of Jehoiada, was known for his bravery and loyalty, having been one of David's mighty men. His endorsement is significant, as it represents the military's backing of Solomon's kingship, crucial for maintaining stability in the kingdom. Benaiah's role as a leader of the Cherethites and Pelethites, David's personal bodyguards, underscores his influence and the importance of his support.

“May the LORD, the God of my lord the king,
Benaiah invokes the name of the LORD, acknowledging Him as the God of David, the current king. This phrase emphasizes the covenant relationship between God and David, highlighting the divine approval and guidance sought for the new king. The use of "my lord the king" shows respect and loyalty to David, recognizing his authority and God's anointing over him. This invocation also reflects the theocratic nature of Israel's monarchy, where the king is seen as God's chosen ruler.

so declare it.
Benaiah expresses a desire for God's will to be done, affirming the divine legitimacy of Solomon's kingship. This reflects the belief that true authority comes from God, and the king's rule should align with God's purposes. The phrase suggests a prayerful hope that God's declaration will ensure a smooth transition of power and the continuation of David's dynasty, as promised in the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7:12-16). This moment foreshadows the fulfillment of God's promises and the establishment of Solomon's reign, which is seen as a type of Christ's eternal kingship, where Jesus, a descendant of David, fulfills the ultimate promise of a righteous and everlasting kingdom.

Just as the LORD was with my lord the king
This phrase acknowledges the divine favor and presence that King David experienced throughout his reign. The LORD's presence with David is a recurring theme in the biblical narrative, highlighting God's covenantal relationship with him (2 Samuel 7:8-16). David's successes, military victories, and establishment of Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Israel are attributed to God's guidance and blessing. This sets a precedent for the expectation of divine support for Solomon.

so may He be with Solomon
The transition of kingship from David to Solomon is a significant moment in Israel's history. Solomon is chosen by God to succeed David (1 Chronicles 28:5-6), and this prayerful wish reflects the hope that Solomon will enjoy the same divine favor. Solomon's reign is marked by peace and prosperity, and he is known for his wisdom, which he famously requests from God (1 Kings 3:9-12). The continuity of God's presence is crucial for the stability and success of the kingdom.

and make his throne even greater than that of my lord King David.
This phrase expresses a desire for Solomon's reign to surpass that of David in glory and success. David's reign was foundational, but Solomon's is expected to build upon it, particularly through the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem (1 Kings 6:1). The greater throne also alludes to the expansion of Israel's influence and the fulfillment of God's promises to Abraham regarding the land and blessings (Genesis 15:18-21). This aspiration for a greater throne can also be seen as a type of the ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the Son of David and whose kingdom is eternal (Luke 1:32-33).

Then Zadok the priest, Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah son of Jehoiada
Zadok, Nathan, and Benaiah were key figures in the establishment of Solomon's reign. Zadok the priest represents the religious authority, Nathan the prophet signifies divine guidance, and Benaiah, a military leader, symbolizes strength and protection. Their involvement underscores the legitimacy of Solomon's anointing, as they were trusted advisors of King David. This trio's support contrasts with Adonijah's self-exaltation, highlighting the importance of divine appointment over human ambition.

along with the Cherethites and Pelethites
The Cherethites and Pelethites were elite mercenary groups serving as King David's personal bodyguards. Their presence indicates the military backing for Solomon's anointing, ensuring a peaceful transition of power. These groups were likely of Philistine origin, showing David's ability to integrate foreign elements into his kingdom, which foreshadows the inclusive nature of Christ's kingdom.

went down and set Solomon on King David’s mule
The mule, a symbol of royal authority, was a significant choice for Solomon's procession. Unlike a horse, which was associated with war, the mule represented peace and humility. This act of setting Solomon on David's mule publicly affirmed his succession, as only the king or his appointed heir would ride the king's mule. This prefigures Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem on a donkey, symbolizing peace and fulfilling Zechariah 9:9.

and they escorted him to Gihon
Gihon, a spring located near Jerusalem, was a strategic site for Solomon's anointing. It provided a public setting where the people could witness the event, ensuring widespread recognition of Solomon's kingship. The choice of Gihon also connects to the life-giving water imagery found throughout Scripture, symbolizing the refreshing and sustaining nature of Solomon's reign, which points to the living water offered by Christ (John 4:10).

Zadok the priest
Zadok was a prominent priest during the reigns of David and Solomon. He was a descendant of Aaron through Eleazar, which legitimized his priestly role. His loyalty to David during Absalom's rebellion and his support for Solomon's succession highlight his importance in maintaining the Davidic line, which is significant in the messianic lineage.

took the horn of oil
The horn of oil was a traditional vessel used for anointing, symbolizing the consecration and setting apart of a person for a divine purpose. Anointing with oil was a common practice for kings, priests, and prophets in Israel, signifying the Holy Spirit's empowerment and God's blessing.

from the tabernacle
The tabernacle was the central place of worship for the Israelites before the construction of the temple. It housed the Ark of the Covenant and was the dwelling place of God's presence among His people. Taking the oil from the tabernacle underscores the divine approval and sacredness of Solomon's anointing.

and anointed Solomon
Anointing Solomon as king was a crucial act to establish his legitimacy and divine appointment as David's successor. This act fulfilled David's promise and God's covenant, ensuring the continuation of the Davidic dynasty, which is central to the messianic prophecy.

Then they blew the ram’s horn
The blowing of the ram's horn, or shofar, was a traditional way to announce significant events, such as the coronation of a king. It served as a call to attention and celebration, marking the beginning of Solomon's reign and the continuation of God's promises to Israel.

and all the people proclaimed, “Long live King Solomon!”
The people's proclamation signifies their acceptance and support of Solomon as their king. This public acclamation was essential for the stability of his reign and the unity of the nation. It echoes the biblical theme of God's chosen leader being recognized and affirmed by the community.

All the people followed him
This phrase indicates the widespread support for Solomon's anointing as king. The people of Israel recognized Solomon as the legitimate successor to David, which was crucial for maintaining unity in the kingdom. This event took place in Jerusalem, the political and spiritual center of Israel, emphasizing the importance of the city in God's plan. The people's following of Solomon can be seen as a type of Christ, as Jesus is followed by His people as the rightful King.

playing flutes
The use of musical instruments in celebrations was common in ancient Israel. Flutes, along with other instruments, were often used in religious and royal ceremonies. This reflects the cultural practices of the time, where music played a significant role in expressing joy and worship. The playing of flutes here signifies the celebratory nature of Solomon's anointing, similar to the joy expressed in Psalm 150, which calls for praising God with various instruments.

and rejoicing with such a great joy
The people's joy was immense, reflecting their approval and hope for Solomon's reign. This joy can be compared to the joy of the Israelites when David brought the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem (2 Samuel 6:14-15). It also foreshadows the joy of believers in the New Testament, as seen in Luke 2:10, where the angel announces good news of great joy at the birth of Jesus, the ultimate King.

that the earth was split by the sound
This hyperbolic expression emphasizes the magnitude of the celebration. The phrase suggests that the joy and noise were so intense that it seemed to shake the earth. This can be seen as a metaphor for the impact of Solomon's anointing on the nation of Israel. It also echoes the powerful events in Scripture where God's presence or actions cause the earth to tremble, such as in Exodus 19:18 at Mount Sinai. This foreshadows the ultimate shaking of the earth at Christ's return, as described in Hebrews 12:26-27.

Now Adonijah and all his guests were finishing their feast
Adonijah, the son of King David, had declared himself king without his father's blessing. This feast was part of his self-coronation celebration, a common practice in ancient Near Eastern cultures to solidify claims to the throne. The gathering of guests, including influential figures, was intended to gain support for his kingship. This event parallels Absalom's earlier rebellion against David, highlighting the recurring theme of familial strife and the consequences of ambition outside God's will.

when they heard the sound of the ram’s horn
The ram's horn, or shofar, was traditionally used in Israel for significant announcements, such as the coronation of a king or the call to worship. Its sound signified a divine or royal proclamation, often associated with God's intervention or the anointing of a new leader. In this context, the horn announced Solomon's anointing as king, orchestrated by Nathan the prophet and Zadok the priest, signifying divine approval and the fulfillment of God's promise to David regarding his lineage.

“Why is the city in such a loud uproar?” asked Joab
Joab, David's military commander, was a key figure in the political landscape of Israel. His question reflects his surprise and concern over the unexpected commotion in Jerusalem. The uproar was due to the public celebration of Solomon's anointing, which contrasted sharply with Adonijah's private feast. Joab's inquiry indicates his lack of awareness of David's decision to appoint Solomon, highlighting the tension and division within the kingdom. This moment underscores the theme of divine sovereignty, as God's chosen leader, Solomon, is established despite human schemes.

As he was speaking
This phrase indicates a moment of interruption, suggesting urgency and the unfolding of significant events. The context is a gathering where Adonijah, son of King David, is attempting to establish himself as king. The timing of the interruption is crucial, as it occurs during a pivotal moment in Adonijah's self-proclaimed coronation.

suddenly Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest arrived
Jonathan, the son of Abiathar, is a significant figure due to his lineage. Abiathar was a priest during King David's reign, and his presence here connects to the broader narrative of David's kingdom. Abiathar's support of Adonijah contrasts with Zadok the priest's support of Solomon, highlighting the division within the priesthood. This division reflects the political and spiritual tensions of the time. Jonathan's sudden arrival suggests an unexpected development, often a literary device indicating a shift in the narrative.

“Come in,” said Adonijah
Adonijah's invitation to Jonathan reflects his confidence and expectation of favorable news. Adonijah, as David's son, assumes authority and control, evident in his welcoming demeanor. This moment underscores Adonijah's ambition and his attempt to consolidate power, despite not being the chosen successor.

“for you are a man of valor
Adonijah's description of Jonathan as a "man of valor" is significant. Valor, often associated with bravery and honor, suggests that Jonathan is respected and trusted. This acknowledgment indicates that Jonathan's report is expected to be credible and significant. The term "man of valor" is used throughout the Old Testament to describe individuals of notable courage and integrity, such as Gideon (Judges 6:12).

You must be bringing good news.”
Adonijah's assumption that Jonathan brings "good news" reveals his expectations and desires. In the cultural context, messengers often brought news of victory or defeat, and the anticipation of good news reflects Adonijah's hope for confirmation of his kingship. This expectation is ironic, as the narrative soon reveals that Jonathan's news is not favorable to Adonijah. The concept of "good news" or "gospel" is later echoed in the New Testament, where it signifies the message of salvation through Jesus Christ.

“Not at all,” Jonathan replied.
This phrase indicates a strong negation, suggesting that the previous assumption or expectation was incorrect. In the context of 1 Kings 1, Adonijah, David's son, had declared himself king without David's approval. Jonathan, the son of Abiathar the priest, brings news that contradicts Adonijah's claim. This reflects the tension and uncertainty surrounding the royal succession, a common theme in monarchies of the ancient Near East. The phrase also highlights the role of messengers in conveying critical information, a vital function in a time without modern communication.

“Our lord King David”
This phrase acknowledges David's continued authority and legitimacy as king, despite his old age and frailty. David is a central figure in biblical history, known for his heart for God and his establishment of Jerusalem as the political and spiritual center of Israel. The use of "our lord" signifies respect and loyalty, emphasizing the covenantal relationship between the king and his subjects. David's kingship is foundational for the Davidic Covenant, which promises an everlasting dynasty, ultimately fulfilled in Jesus Christ, the "Son of David."

“has made Solomon king.”
This declaration marks the official and divinely sanctioned transition of power to Solomon, David's chosen successor. Solomon's anointing as king is significant because it fulfills God's promise to David that his son would build the temple (2 Samuel 7:12-13). Solomon's reign is characterized by peace and prosperity, and he is renowned for his wisdom. This moment also foreshadows the greater Son of David, Jesus Christ, who establishes an eternal kingdom. Solomon's kingship is a type of Christ's rule, symbolizing wisdom, peace, and divine favor.

And with Solomon
Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, is chosen by David to succeed him as king. This choice fulfills God's promise to David that his son would build the temple (2 Samuel 7:12-13). Solomon's name means "peace," and his reign is characterized by peace and prosperity, prefiguring the ultimate peace brought by Jesus Christ, the Prince of Peace (Isaiah 9:6).

the king has sent Zadok the priest
Zadok, a descendant of Aaron, represents the legitimate priesthood. His support of Solomon underscores the divine approval of Solomon's kingship. Zadok's role in anointing Solomon parallels the anointing of Jesus as the High Priest (Hebrews 5:10).

Nathan the prophet
Nathan is a trusted prophet who previously confronted David about his sin with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12:1-14). His involvement in Solomon's anointing signifies prophetic endorsement. Prophets often anointed kings, as seen with Samuel and David (1 Samuel 16:13), symbolizing God's choice.

and Benaiah son of Jehoiada
Benaiah, a loyal commander in David's army, is known for his bravery (2 Samuel 23:20-23). His support for Solomon indicates military backing, crucial for securing the throne. Benaiah's loyalty reflects the faithfulness expected of believers in supporting God's chosen leaders.

along with the Cherethites and Pelethites
These groups are David's personal bodyguards, likely of foreign origin, showing David's diverse and loyal following. Their presence ensures Solomon's protection and the stability of his reign. This diversity foreshadows the inclusion of Gentiles in God's kingdom (Ephesians 2:11-13).

and they have set him on the king’s mule
Riding the king's mule is a public declaration of Solomon's royal status, as mules were reserved for royalty (2 Samuel 13:29). This act symbolizes the transfer of authority from David to Solomon. It prefigures Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem on a donkey, signifying His kingship (Matthew 21:1-9).

Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet
Zadok and Nathan were key figures in the establishment of Solomon's reign. Zadok, a descendant of Aaron, was a high priest, symbolizing the religious authority and continuity of the priesthood. Nathan, a prophet, represents the voice of God and divine approval. Their involvement underscores the legitimacy of Solomon's kingship, as both religious and prophetic endorsements were crucial in ancient Israel. This partnership between priest and prophet reflects the dual roles of spiritual leadership and divine guidance in Israel's governance.

have anointed him king at Gihon
Gihon was a significant water source near Jerusalem, often associated with life and blessing. Anointing at Gihon symbolizes the life-giving and sustaining power of God over the new king. Anointing with oil was a sacred act, signifying the setting apart of an individual for divine service. This act at Gihon connects Solomon's kingship with God's provision and blessing. The anointing also prefigures the anointing of Jesus Christ, the ultimate King, who is often referred to as the Anointed One or Messiah.

and they have gone up from there with rejoicing
The ascent from Gihon with rejoicing indicates public celebration and acceptance of Solomon's kingship. This joy reflects the people's relief and hope for a stable and prosperous reign. In biblical terms, rejoicing often accompanies divine favor and fulfillment of God's promises. The communal aspect of this celebration highlights the unity and support for Solomon, contrasting with the earlier attempt by Adonijah to seize the throne.

that rings out in the city
The noise of rejoicing ringing out in the city signifies widespread acknowledgment and approval of Solomon's anointing. The city, likely Jerusalem, serves as the political and spiritual center of Israel, and the public celebration there underscores the importance of Solomon's legitimate rule. This public acclamation can be seen as a fulfillment of God's promise to David regarding his descendants and the establishment of his kingdom.

That is the noise you hear
This phrase addresses the immediate context of the narrative, where Adonijah and his supporters hear the commotion and realize their plans have been thwarted. The noise serves as a divine signal of the rightful king's anointing and the failure of any opposition. It emphasizes the theme of God's sovereignty and the futility of human schemes against His will. This moment foreshadows the ultimate triumph of God's chosen leaders, culminating in the reign of Christ, whose kingdom will be established with divine authority and joy.

Moreover, Solomon
Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, is a central figure in the history of Israel. His name means "peaceful," and he is often associated with wisdom and prosperity. Solomon's rise to the throne fulfills the promise made to David that his son would succeed him (2 Samuel 7:12-13). This transition marks a significant moment in Israel's monarchy, as Solomon's reign is characterized by peace and the building of the Temple in Jerusalem.

has taken his seat
The act of taking a seat on the throne symbolizes the official assumption of royal authority and power. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, the throne was a symbol of the king's right to rule and his divine appointment. This moment signifies the beginning of Solomon's reign, which is marked by a divine endorsement, as seen in 1 Kings 1:39 when Zadok the priest anoints Solomon with oil, a common practice for consecrating kings.

on the royal throne.
The royal throne represents the continuity of David's dynasty, as promised by God. The throne is not just a physical seat but a symbol of the covenantal promise that David's line would endure (2 Samuel 7:16). Solomon's enthronement is a fulfillment of this promise and a foreshadowing of the eternal throne of Jesus Christ, who is often referred to as the "Son of David" (Matthew 1:1). Solomon's reign, with its initial peace and prosperity, serves as a type of Christ's future kingdom, which will be characterized by ultimate peace and righteousness.

The king’s servants have also gone to congratulate our lord King David
This phrase highlights the loyalty and respect of King David's servants. In the context of ancient Israel, the king's servants played crucial roles in the administration and execution of royal duties. Their act of congratulating David signifies their acknowledgment of the transition of power to Solomon. This moment is pivotal as it marks the beginning of Solomon's reign, which was divinely ordained. The servants' actions reflect the cultural importance of honoring and supporting the king, a practice deeply rooted in the hierarchical structure of ancient Near Eastern societies.

saying, ‘May your God make the name of Solomon more famous than your own name,
This blessing invokes the name of God, emphasizing the belief that true success and renown come from divine favor. The desire for Solomon's name to surpass David's in fame is significant, considering David's established legacy as a warrior king and a man after God's own heart. This reflects the hope that Solomon's reign would bring even greater peace and prosperity. Biblically, Solomon's wisdom and the grandeur of his kingdom are well-documented, fulfilling this blessing. Theologically, it underscores the theme of God's continued covenantal faithfulness to David's lineage.

and may He make his throne greater than your throne.’
This part of the blessing speaks to the expectation of an even more prosperous and stable kingdom under Solomon. Historically, Solomon's reign is marked by peace and the building of the Temple, which became a central place of worship for Israel. Theologically, the throne of Solomon is a type of the eternal throne of Christ, as Solomon's wisdom and peace prefigure the ultimate reign of Jesus, the Son of David. This expectation of a greater throne also aligns with the prophetic vision of an everlasting kingdom found in the Davidic Covenant.

And the king has bowed in worship on his bed,
David's act of worship, even from his bed, signifies his deep reverence and submission to God's will. Despite his frailty and old age, David's response is one of humility and gratitude, acknowledging God's sovereignty in the establishment of his successor. This moment reflects the cultural and religious practice of worship as an expression of faith and trust in God's promises. It also serves as a model of piety, showing that worship is not confined to physical strength or location but is a matter of the heart. David's worship here is a testament to his enduring faith and his recognition of God's hand in the affairs of Israel.

saying, ‘Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel!
This phrase reflects a common biblical expression of praise and gratitude towards God, acknowledging His sovereignty and faithfulness. The use of "LORD" in all caps signifies the divine name YHWH, emphasizing the covenant relationship between God and Israel. This expression of blessing is a recognition of God's active role in the affairs of Israel, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament. It echoes similar declarations found in Psalms and other historical books, where God's intervention and provision are celebrated.

Today He has provided one to sit on my throne,
This part of the verse highlights the immediate fulfillment of God's promise to David regarding his dynasty. The "throne" symbolizes not just political power but also the continuation of God's covenant with David, as seen in 2 Samuel 7:12-16. The phrase "provided one" indicates divine selection and approval, underscoring the belief that God is the ultimate authority in appointing leaders. This moment is significant in the biblical narrative as it marks the transition of kingship from David to Solomon, ensuring the stability and continuity of the Davidic line.

and my eyes have seen it.’”
David's personal witness to the fulfillment of God's promise is a testament to his faith and God's faithfulness. The phrase "my eyes have seen it" conveys a sense of personal satisfaction and divine assurance. It is reminiscent of other biblical figures who witnessed God's promises come to fruition, such as Simeon in Luke 2:29-32, who saw the Messiah before his death. This moment serves as a type of Christ, foreshadowing the ultimate fulfillment of God's promises through Jesus, the descendant of David, who establishes an eternal kingdom.

At this
This phrase refers to the immediate reaction following the news of Solomon's anointing as king. The context is crucial here, as it marks a turning point in the narrative. Adonijah, who had declared himself king, was hosting a feast with his supporters. The sudden shift in power dynamics is a pivotal moment in the succession narrative of the Davidic kingdom.

all the guests of Adonijah
Adonijah's guests included influential figures who supported his claim to the throne. This gathering was a strategic move to consolidate power. The mention of "all the guests" underscores the widespread support Adonijah initially had, which included key leaders and military figures. This reflects the political tension and division within the kingdom at the time.

arose in terror
The reaction of terror indicates the fear of retribution from Solomon, now the legitimate king. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, a change in leadership often led to purges of the previous ruler's supporters. The guests' fear highlights the precariousness of political alliances and the potential for violence in royal successions.

and scattered
The scattering of Adonijah's guests signifies the collapse of his support base. This dispersal is symbolic of the failure of Adonijah's bid for the throne. It also reflects the broader theme of divine providence in the narrative, as Solomon's kingship was part of God's plan for Israel. The scattering can be seen as a fulfillment of divine justice, ensuring the continuation of the Davidic line through Solomon.

But Adonijah, in fear of Solomon
Adonijah, the son of King David and Haggith, had declared himself king without David's approval. His fear of Solomon arose after Solomon was anointed king by David's decree, supported by the prophet Nathan and others. This fear reflects the political tension and potential for retribution common in royal successions of the ancient Near East. Adonijah's actions demonstrate the precarious nature of power and the fear of losing it, a theme echoed in other biblical narratives such as Saul's fear of David (1 Samuel 18:12).

got up and went
This phrase indicates a sudden and decisive action taken by Adonijah. The urgency in his movement suggests a realization of the immediate threat to his life. In the context of ancient Israel, fleeing to a place of sanctuary was a common practice for those seeking protection from vengeance or justice.

to take hold of the horns of the altar
The altar, located in the tabernacle and later in the temple, had four protruding corners known as horns. Grasping these horns was a recognized act of seeking asylum, as the altar was considered a sacred place where divine protection could be invoked. This practice is rooted in the belief that the altar was a place of God's presence and mercy, as seen in Exodus 21:14, which provides a legal precedent for seeking refuge at the altar. The act of taking hold of the altar's horns symbolizes a plea for mercy and protection, foreshadowing the concept of seeking refuge in God, a theme that finds its ultimate fulfillment in Jesus Christ as the ultimate sanctuary for believers.

It was reported to Solomon:
This phrase indicates the communication of news to Solomon, who was the son of King David and Bathsheba. Solomon's rise to the throne was marked by political intrigue and family dynamics. The report signifies the importance of information and intelligence in maintaining power and order in the kingdom. In the context of ancient Israel, the king's court would have been a hub of activity where such reports were crucial for decision-making.

Behold, Adonijah fears King Solomon:
Adonijah, Solomon's older brother, had previously declared himself king, attempting to usurp the throne. His fear of Solomon reflects the political tension and the potential for retribution common in royal successions of the time. This fear also underscores the legitimacy of Solomon's kingship, as recognized by both divine appointment and David's endorsement. The fear of a new king was typical in ancient Near Eastern cultures, where new rulers often eliminated rivals to secure their reign.

and he has taken hold of the horns of the altar:
The altar, located in the tabernacle, was a sacred place where sacrifices were made to God. The horns of the altar were considered a place of asylum, where individuals could seek refuge and mercy. This act by Adonijah is a plea for protection and a recognition of the altar's sanctity. It reflects the ancient practice of seeking sanctuary in holy places, a concept also seen in Exodus 21:14, where the altar is a place of refuge for those seeking mercy.

saying, ‘Let King Solomon first swear to me not to put his servant to the sword.’
Adonijah's request for an oath from Solomon highlights the seriousness of his situation and his desire for assurance of safety. The phrase "put to the sword" is a common biblical expression for execution or death by violence. This plea for mercy is a recognition of Solomon's authority and a request for clemency. The use of "servant" indicates Adonijah's submission to Solomon's rule, acknowledging his position as a subject rather than a rival. This request for an oath is reminiscent of other biblical instances where oaths were used to secure peace and protection, such as the covenant between David and Jonathan in 1 Samuel 20.

And Solomon replied
Solomon, the son of David and Bathsheba, is responding to a situation involving Adonijah, his half-brother. This moment occurs during a critical transition of power in Israel. Solomon's response reflects his wisdom and discernment, qualities for which he is renowned. His reply is significant as it sets the tone for his reign, emphasizing justice and righteousness.

If he is a man of character
The phrase "man of character" implies integrity and righteousness. In the biblical context, character is often associated with one's relationship with God and adherence to His commandments. Solomon's condition reflects the biblical principle that God honors those who walk in integrity (Proverbs 10:9). This also echoes the covenantal blessings and curses outlined in Deuteronomy, where obedience leads to life and blessing.

not a single hair of his will fall to the ground
This expression is a Hebrew idiom meaning complete safety and protection. It signifies that no harm will come to Adonijah if he proves to be righteous. This assurance of safety is reminiscent of God's protection over His people, as seen in passages like 1 Samuel 14:45, where Jonathan is spared because of his righteousness.

But if evil is found in him
"Evil" in this context refers to rebellion or actions contrary to God's will. The biblical narrative often contrasts good and evil, with evil leading to judgment. This phrase underscores the biblical theme of accountability, where individuals are judged based on their actions (Ecclesiastes 12:14). It also reflects the wisdom literature's emphasis on discerning the heart's intentions (Proverbs 21:2).

he will die
The consequence of death for evil actions is consistent with the Mosaic Law, where certain transgressions warranted capital punishment (Deuteronomy 17:12). This reflects the seriousness with which God views sin and rebellion. In a broader theological context, it points to the ultimate consequence of sin, which is spiritual death, as outlined in Romans 6:23. Solomon's declaration foreshadows the ultimate judgment that Christ will execute as the righteous King.

So King Solomon summoned Adonijah down from the altar
In the ancient Near Eastern context, the altar was a place of refuge, where individuals could seek asylum from retribution. Adonijah, fearing for his life after his failed attempt to usurp the throne, clung to the horns of the altar, a practice seen in Exodus 21:14 as a plea for mercy. Solomon's decision to summon Adonijah from the altar demonstrates his initial willingness to show clemency, reflecting the wisdom and discernment for which Solomon is renowned. This act also underscores the transition of power and the establishment of Solomon's authority as king, fulfilling the promise made to David in 2 Samuel 7:12-13.

and he came and bowed down before King Solomon
Adonijah's act of bowing signifies submission and acknowledgment of Solomon's rightful kingship. In the cultural context of the time, bowing was a gesture of respect and recognition of authority. This moment is pivotal as it marks Adonijah's acceptance of Solomon's rule, aligning with the biblical principle of submission to God-ordained leadership, as seen in Romans 13:1-2. The act of bowing also prefigures the ultimate submission of all to Christ, the King of Kings, as prophesied in Philippians 2:10-11.

who said to him, “Go to your home.”
Solomon's directive for Adonijah to "Go to your home" is an act of mercy, allowing him to live despite his previous rebellion. This decision reflects Solomon's wisdom and restraint, qualities that are central to his reign and are highlighted in 1 Kings 3:9-12. By sending Adonijah home, Solomon avoids immediate bloodshed and potential unrest, maintaining peace in the kingdom. This act of mercy can be seen as a type of Christ's forgiveness and grace, offering redemption and a chance for repentance, as illustrated in John 8:11. Solomon's response sets a precedent for his reign, emphasizing justice tempered with mercy.