Large carnivores living in tropical rainforests are under immense pressure from the rapid convers... more Large carnivores living in tropical rainforests are under immense pressure from the rapid conversion of their habitat. In response, millions of dollars are spent on conserving these species. However, the cost-effectiveness of such investments is poorly understood and this is largely because the requisite population estimates are difficult to achieve at appropriate spatial scales for these secretive species. Here, we apply a robust detection/non-detection sampling technique to produce the first reliable population metric (occupancy) for a critically endangered large carnivore; the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). From 2007-2009, seven landscapes were surveyed through 13,511 km of transects in 394 grid cells (17617 km). Tiger sign was detected in 206 cells, producing a naive estimate of 0.52. However, after controlling for an unequal detection probability (where p = 0.1360.017; 6S.E.), the estimated tiger occupancy was 0.7260.048. Whilst the Sumatra-wide survey results gives cause for optimism, a significant negative correlation between occupancy and recent deforestation was found. For example, the Northern Riau landscape had an average deforestation rate of 9.8%/yr and by far the lowest occupancy (0.3360.055). Our results highlight the key tiger areas in need of protection and have led to one area (Leuser-Ulu Masen) being upgraded as a 'global priority' for wild tiger conservation. However, Sumatra has one of the highest global deforestation rates and the two largest tiger landscapes identified in this study will become highly fragmented if their respective proposed roads networks are approved. Thus, it is vital that the Indonesian government tackles these threats, e.g. through improved land-use planning, if it is to succeed in meeting its ambitious National Tiger Recovery Plan targets of doubling the number of Sumatran tigers by 2022.
Due to limited energy of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network, an energy-efficient routing p... more Due to limited energy of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network, an energy-efficient routing protocol with static clustering and dynamic structure (ERP-SCDS) is proposed in this paper. Utilizing virtual points in a corona-based wireless sensor network, static clusters with dynamic structures are formed in ERP-SCDS. Moreover, next-round cluster heads are selected in advance to avoid a deadlock when the old cluster heads die. Finally, a simple relay node selection mechanism instead of a complicated multi-hop route discovery algorithm is further designed for ERP-SCDS. Integrating these mechanisms enables ERP-SCDS to form balanced cluster sizes to prolong the network lifetime. Via simulations, we demonstrate that ERP-SCDS significantly outperforms LEACH, HEED, and Hausdorff previously proposed in the literature.
Studies have shown that within today’s society, the number of old and very old people is rapidly ... more Studies have shown that within today’s society, the number of old and very old people is rapidly increasing alongside the average life expectancy. As trends in life expectancy increase, the number of age-related impairments and incidence of chronic disease within the older population is also expected to rise. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most frequently occurring diseases within the elderly population. AD involves the death of brain cells, which in turn impacts on a person’s memory, language, and thought. With the number of AD cases worldwide expected to increase, demands in health and social care will also rise. A potential solution to these demands for care provision is the use of smartphone technology. Smartphone handsets now offer the potential for explicit and implicit interactions using buttons, touch screens, motion sensing, and voice recognition. This alongside high degrees of connectivity supports handsets to capture, analyze, and distribute large amounts of data securely across great distances. A major benefit of smartphones is their ability to connect and interact with other devices through wireless communications along with supporting a variety of software applications. Therefore, considering the opportunities provided by this broadening of the modes of interaction, functionality, and the connected nature of mobile phones, a more clinically valid approach to smartphone technology is being investigated.
Large carnivores living in tropical rainforests are under immense pressure from the rapid convers... more Large carnivores living in tropical rainforests are under immense pressure from the rapid conversion of their habitat. In response, millions of dollars are spent on conserving these species. However, the cost-effectiveness of such investments is poorly understood and this is largely because the requisite population estimates are difficult to achieve at appropriate spatial scales for these secretive species. Here, we apply a robust detection/non-detection sampling technique to produce the first reliable population metric (occupancy) for a critically endangered large carnivore; the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae). From 2007-2009, seven landscapes were surveyed through 13,511 km of transects in 394 grid cells (17617 km). Tiger sign was detected in 206 cells, producing a naive estimate of 0.52. However, after controlling for an unequal detection probability (where p = 0.1360.017; 6S.E.), the estimated tiger occupancy was 0.7260.048. Whilst the Sumatra-wide survey results gives cause for optimism, a significant negative correlation between occupancy and recent deforestation was found. For example, the Northern Riau landscape had an average deforestation rate of 9.8%/yr and by far the lowest occupancy (0.3360.055). Our results highlight the key tiger areas in need of protection and have led to one area (Leuser-Ulu Masen) being upgraded as a 'global priority' for wild tiger conservation. However, Sumatra has one of the highest global deforestation rates and the two largest tiger landscapes identified in this study will become highly fragmented if their respective proposed roads networks are approved. Thus, it is vital that the Indonesian government tackles these threats, e.g. through improved land-use planning, if it is to succeed in meeting its ambitious National Tiger Recovery Plan targets of doubling the number of Sumatran tigers by 2022.
Due to limited energy of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network, an energy-efficient routing p... more Due to limited energy of sensor nodes in a wireless sensor network, an energy-efficient routing protocol with static clustering and dynamic structure (ERP-SCDS) is proposed in this paper. Utilizing virtual points in a corona-based wireless sensor network, static clusters with dynamic structures are formed in ERP-SCDS. Moreover, next-round cluster heads are selected in advance to avoid a deadlock when the old cluster heads die. Finally, a simple relay node selection mechanism instead of a complicated multi-hop route discovery algorithm is further designed for ERP-SCDS. Integrating these mechanisms enables ERP-SCDS to form balanced cluster sizes to prolong the network lifetime. Via simulations, we demonstrate that ERP-SCDS significantly outperforms LEACH, HEED, and Hausdorff previously proposed in the literature.
Studies have shown that within today’s society, the number of old and very old people is rapidly ... more Studies have shown that within today’s society, the number of old and very old people is rapidly increasing alongside the average life expectancy. As trends in life expectancy increase, the number of age-related impairments and incidence of chronic disease within the older population is also expected to rise. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most frequently occurring diseases within the elderly population. AD involves the death of brain cells, which in turn impacts on a person’s memory, language, and thought. With the number of AD cases worldwide expected to increase, demands in health and social care will also rise. A potential solution to these demands for care provision is the use of smartphone technology. Smartphone handsets now offer the potential for explicit and implicit interactions using buttons, touch screens, motion sensing, and voice recognition. This alongside high degrees of connectivity supports handsets to capture, analyze, and distribute large amounts of data securely across great distances. A major benefit of smartphones is their ability to connect and interact with other devices through wireless communications along with supporting a variety of software applications. Therefore, considering the opportunities provided by this broadening of the modes of interaction, functionality, and the connected nature of mobile phones, a more clinically valid approach to smartphone technology is being investigated.
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Papers by Ade Kurniawan