Piperine a clinically established pesticide was investigated in the seeds, fruit and leaves of Pi... more Piperine a clinically established pesticide was investigated in the seeds, fruit and leaves of Piper nigrum. The dichloromethane extracts obtained from the parts of the plant were analysed through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using silica gel-GF 254 impregnated aluminium plate and various solvent system consisting of chloroform : methanol (8:2), (6:4), ethyl acetate : methanol (9:1), and acetone : hexane (6:4) mixtures showing Rf value of 0.95 corresponding to the standard piperine. In all parts of the plants investigated, acetone : hexane solvent system showed distinct Rf value of 0.95 corresponding to the standard piperine. 0.289 mg/ml, 0.578, 0.868, 1.16 and 1.45 mg/ml concentration of dichloromethane seed extracts were used to carry out the pesticidal activities on both pests. The results showed that mortality rate on both pests are directly proportional to each equivalent concentration of piperine in the extracts. Pesticidal potency on Sitophilus zeamais was significantly hi...
Management of malaria requires prompt diagnosis of malaria by microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Tests ... more Management of malaria requires prompt diagnosis of malaria by microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), or other available tools. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of RDT and microscopy in detection of malaria parasite in a malaria endemic area of Nigeria among different population groups. The cross sectional study was conducted on 251 febrile patients who were directed to the laboratory department for blood screening for malaria parasites at Ogunlade Hospital, Ijebu Ode, Ogun state. Blood samples were collected and screened for malaria parasites microscopically and by using First Response RDT. The prevalence of malaria obtained through microscopy (66.8%) was significantly higher than in RDT (36.8%) (p<0.05). Considering microscopy as the gold standard, RDT exhibited high specificity (87.1%) and low sensitivity (42.5%) with positive predictive and negative predictive values of 86.6 and 43.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of RDT increased significantly with increase in P. falciparum parasitaemia (p<0.0001). The routine microscopy test demonstrated a superior sensitivity compared to First Response RDT method of malaria diagnosis, however, RDT could be a useful tool in individuals suspected to show high degree of disease spectrum for quick intervention in order to avert danger associated with delayed diagnosis.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Mar 1, 2007
Background & objectives: Anopheline mosquitoes consist of a large number of species each of which... more Background & objectives: Anopheline mosquitoes consist of a large number of species each of which differs from another in population, resting and feeding behaviour in relation to the prevailing conditions in the locality. A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the population dynamics, resting and feeding behaviour of the major anopheline species found in a rain forest zone of Nigeria. Methods: Mosquitoes resting and biting indoors were collected using WHO standard techniques and supplemented with outdoor-biting collections in the study areas between January and December 2004. Samples were sorted and identified microscopically for morphological features while molecular identification was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Results: PCR-based tests showed that both indoor and outdoor collections constitute three groups of Anopheles mosquitoes, An. gambiae s.l. Giles (68.6%), An. funestus Giles (30.7%) and An. moucheti Evans (0.7%). Of the 1,342 female Anopheles mosquitoes collected indoors, 799 were caught resting and 543 were caught biting. The outdoor-biting population accounted for 28.8% of the total collections (n =1885). There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in the biting activities (indoors and outdoors) of these species in four villages. However, An. arabiensis and An. moucheti were more exophagic with >60% of their biting occurring outdoors while An. gambiae and An. funestus were more endophagic with >55% of their biting occurring indoors. The human-vector contact with An. gambiae and An. funestus (indoors) was about 73.3 and 66.7%, respectively as against 27.7% in An. arabiensis and 25.3% in An. moucheti. This gave the corresponding man-biting rates (MBR) of 17.5 bites/man/ night for An. gambiae, 14.6 bites/man/night for An. funestus, 6.7 bites/man/night for An. arabiensis and 4.3 bites/man/night for An. moucheti. Moreover, the number of An. gambiae and An. funestus caught resting indoors was significantly higher than the other two species (p <0.05). The wet season collections showed that An. gambiae caught were more than 67% of the total catch while An. arabiensis was predominant in the dry season (χ 2 = 75.44, df = 3, p <0.01). Interpretation & conclusion: The present study highlights some aspects of the behaviour of anopheline mosquitoes in southern Nigeria which is an important component of epidemiological study of malaria. This information provides basis to the understanding of the role played by the identified anopheline species in malaria transmission and a baseline to formulate malaria control programme.
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Jul 1, 2005
The role of the Anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission was investigated in two ecologic... more The role of the Anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission was investigated in two ecological zones in Nigeria. Sampling was carried out at four sites each around Ibadan (forest) and Ilorin (savanna). Human landing catches were supplemented with indoor and outdoor resting collections. PCR was used to identify 1848 A. funestus group mosquitoes to species level (749 in the savanna, 1099 in the forest) and three species were identified. In the forest, A. funestus s.s. predominated (55.4%), followed by A. rivulorum (27.6%) and A. leesoni (17.0%). Anopheles funestus was found mostly indoors. Anopheles rivulorum and A. leesoni predominated in outdoor collections (P&lt;0.001). Only Anopheles funestus s.s. was found in the savanna. ELISA analysis of 803 blood meal-positive specimens showed that over half of the blood meals were taken from humans in both ecotypes. The human blood index in A. funestus from the two study areas was similar. Anopheles funestus s.s. was the only species found positive for Plasmodium falciparum using ELISA, with overall infection rates of 2.3% and 1.0% in the forest and savanna respectively. The presence of three A. funestus species in Nigeria emphasizes the desirability of correct species identification within a malaria vector control programme.
To assess the association between urine pH and specific gravity (SG) and occurrence of urinary tr... more To assess the association between urine pH and specific gravity (SG) and occurrence of urinary tract pathogens involved in urinary tract infection (UTI) in school pupils. Methods: Laboratory culture techniques and biochemical tests were carried out to identify the UTI-associated bacteria in school pupils' urine of United Nursery and Primary School, Ilara-Remo, in Ikenne Local Government area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Urine dipstick tests were carried out on the samples to take pH and SG measurements. Results: The prevalence of urinary tract pathogens in the study population was 82.4%. This prevalence was not gender and age dependent (P > 0.05). Escherichia coli (E. coli) (37.0%) and Klebsiella (0.9%) were the highest and least prevalent uropathogens. There was significant increase in proportion of subjects diagnosed with E. coli (37.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (32.0%), Klebsiella (57.1%) in pH 9, pH 6 and pH 8, respectively (P < 0.05). However, an increase in proportion of individuals diagnosed with Proteus occurred in pH 6 and 9 (31.3% each); these proportions were not significant compared with results in other pH categories (P > 0.05). There were significant increase in proportion of subjects diagnosed with E. coli (50.0%), Proteus (56.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (44.0%), Klebsiella (71.4%) in SG 1.010, 1.015, 1.015 and 1.010, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, the urine pH 9 and SG 1.010-1.015 are the best diagnostic indicators of UTI-associated uropathogens in school children.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Nov 6, 2011
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Bu... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author's version for posting to your own website or your institution's repository. You may further deposit the accepted author's version on a funder's repository at a funder's request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.
Scientific Journal of Animal Science, May 31, 2014
In lieu of the reports on re-emergence of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum, the choice... more In lieu of the reports on re-emergence of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum, the choice of the drug for the treatment of malaria especially in the endemic areas may not be ruled out. Here, we reported the antioxidative status and histology of some vital organs in mice infected with P. berghei and subsequently treated with chloroquine. The study was a 4 by 10 model design as follows, the control non-infected, the infected (IN) and chloroquine-treated infected (CqTI)/non-infected (CqTNI) mice. The challenged animals were subjected to five days treatment after parasitemia was established using Gemsa stain. Assays were conducted on the animals following standard procedures. The results showed that parasitemia and Chloroquine induced oxidative stress in (IN) and (CqTNI) groups. This was indicated by significant (p<0.05) changes in the antioxidant defence indices viz superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein concentration. There were also alterations in the architectures of some vital organs such as liver, kidney and heart of the experimental groups compared with control. The subsequent treatment of the infected group with Chloroquine (CqTI) restored some of the indices altered during the
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, Mar 31, 2016
Objective: The used of synthetic chemicals in water treatment is expensive and raises fears on he... more Objective: The used of synthetic chemicals in water treatment is expensive and raises fears on health implications and environmental safety, the need to find alternatives that are safe health-wise and environmentally friendly gave rise to this study. Methods: A preliminary bacteriological evaluation of abattoir waste water treated with powder obtained from M. oleifera was carried out. Isolation and biochemical techniques were employed to identify pathogenic organisms. The M. oleifera seeds were dried in the oven at 40°C to constant weight. They were winnowed, shelled and grounded using sterile mortar and pestle. A sufficient powderwas obtained using a 400mm size sieve. Before treatment a 1ml aliquot of the waste water sample was serially diluted, the 10A¢Â· and 10A¢Â¸ were cultured on Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar and the plates were incubated at 37±2A¢Â°C for 24 hours. Plates containing colonies ranging from 30 – 150 were counted and recorded at 24 hours interval for 3 days to obtain the Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Escherichia coli Count (ECC) before and after treatment. Results: Different concentrations of the powder (1.0g, 2.5g, and 5.0g) were used to treat 100ml of the waste water resulting in a gradual change in colour with increasing concentration and time. TBC, TCC, ECC fallen to ≈ 4.4 x 10A¢Â·, 3.2 x 10A¢Âµand 1.6 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 48 hours, TBC, TCC, and ECC fallen to ≈ 2.2 x 10A¢Â·, 3.1 x 10A¢Âµ and 1.1 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 72 hours TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 2.1 x 10A¢Â·, 1.7 x 10A¢Âµ and 1.5 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. On treatment with 2.5g, after 24 hours the TBC, TCC and ECC reduced to 2.3 x 10A¢Â·, 3.5x 10A¢Âµ and 1.1 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 48 hours TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 2.1 x 10A¢Â·, 2.5 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.5 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 72 hours TBC, TCC, ECC fallen to 2.0 x 10A¢Â·, 1.5 x 10A¢Âµ, and 0.3 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 24 hours of treatment with 5.0g, TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 2.0 x 10A¢Â·, 2.9 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.9 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 48 hours, TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 1.1 x 10A¢Â·, 2.4 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.2 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. At 72 hours TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to ≈ 1.0 x 10A¢Â·, 1.1 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.1 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. Conclusion: This investigation shows that the powder obtained from M. oleifera seed can also be used effectively in the management of abattoir waste water.
Background: An experimental hut station built at M'Bé in 1998 was used for many years for the eva... more Background: An experimental hut station built at M'Bé in 1998 was used for many years for the evaluation of insecticidal product for public health until the civil war broke out in 2002. Breeding sites of mosquitoes and selection pressure in the area were maintained by local farming practices and the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA, actually AfricaRice) in a large rice growing area. Ten years after the crisis, bioassays, molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted to update the resistance status and study the evolution of resistance mechanisms of Anopheles gambiae s.s population. Methods: Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae from M'Bé were collected in breeding sites and reared until emergence. Resistance status of this population to conventional insecticides was assessed using WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with 10 insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, pseudo-pyrethroid, organochlorides, carbamates and organophosphates with and without the inhibitor piperonyl butoxyde (PBO). Molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to identify the L1014F kdr, L1014S kdr and ace-1 R alleles in individual mosquitoes and to detect potential increase in mixed function oxidases (MFO) level, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities. Results and discussion: Anopheles gambiae s.s from M'Bé exerted high resistance levels to organochlorides, pyrethroids, and carbamates. Mortalities ranged from 3% to 21% for organochlorides, from 50% to 75% for pyrethroids, 34% for etofenprox, the pseudo-pyrethroid, and from 7% to 80% for carbamates. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed with mortalities ranging from 95% to 98%. Bioassays run with a pre-exposition of mosquitoes to PBO induced very high levels of mortalities compared to the bioassays without PBO, suggesting that the resistance to pyrethroid and carbamate relied largely on detoxifying enzymes' activities. The L1014F kdr allelic frequency was 0.33 in 2012 compared to 0.05 before the crisis in 2002. Neither the L1014S kdr nor ace-1 R mutations were detected. An increased activity of NSE and level of MFO was found relative to the reference strain Kisumu. This was the first evidence of metabolic resistance based resistance in An. gambiae s.s from M'Bé. Conclusion: The An. gambiae s.s population showed very high resistance to organochlorides, pyrethroids and carbamates. This resistance level relied largely on two major types of resistance: metabolic and target-site mutation. This multifactorial resistance offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of both mechanisms and their interaction with the vector control tools currently used or in development.
The present study investigated the protective state of endogenous antioxidants against free radic... more The present study investigated the protective state of endogenous antioxidants against free radicals generated in human plasmodium malaria. Two hundred structured questionnaires were administered to the participants and blood samples were collected to assess the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results showed that the 200 volunteered participants, 32% (73) and 68% (127) were males and females respectively. There was discrepancy in the number of male (12%) and female (31%) respondents in the low oxidative stress category as well as in the moderate oxidative stress category where 69% were females and 84% were males. However, in the high oxidative stress category 4% of the observed respondents were males. All participants tested were positive for parasitaemia and categorized as high and low parasitaemic patients. Qualitative examinations of the impact of malaria showed that 30%, 67% and 3% high parasitaemic patients exhibited low, medium and high oxidative stress respectively while 55%, 45% and 0% low parasitaemic patients demonstrated low, medium and high oxidative stress respectively. Furthermore, there were significant elevation (P<0.05) in the levels of plasma protein concentration, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the low parasitaemic patients compared to the high parasitaemic groups. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the level of glutathione and catalase activity between high and low parasitaemic patients. This study indicates that high parasitaemic patients are at greater risk of oxidative damage than low parasitaemic group, hence early diagnosis and treatment of malaria is highly encouraged.
Adult female mosquito vectors were collected from three villages in a typical rain forest area of... more Adult female mosquito vectors were collected from three villages in a typical rain forest area of Nigeria where no information exists on the major malaria vectors associated with human malaria. Sampling was carried out between January 2004 and January 2005 using pyrethrum and Human landing catch (HLC) techniques. A total catch of 2010 mosquitoes was recorded out of which 1800 were morphologically identified as female Anopheline mosquitoes. Further identification of the Anopheline species using the morphological keys revealed that 1399 (77.7%) belonged to the Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 401 (22.3%) to Anopheles funestus. A PCR based test on the Anopheles gambiae group identified 636 (45.5%) as Anopheles gambiae s.s and 763 (54.5%) as Anopheles arabiensis respectively. The cocktail PCR-assay on the total Anopheles funestus group showed 307 (76.6%), to be Anopheles funestus s.s and 94 (23.4%) to be Anopheles leesoni. The total number of Anopheles gambiae collected across the 3 villages was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the number of Anopheles funestus caught within the same period. However, there was a seasonal difference in the population of Anopheline species collected in which the wet season collections constitute 45.4% An.gambiae s.l and 17.7% An.funestus while the dry season population constitutes 32.3% An.gambiae s.l and 4.5% An.funestus. The dry season collections were predominantly An. arabiensis producing 23.9% of the total catch in. The overall number of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in the wet season was significantly higher than that of the dry season (P<0.01). Generally, low sporozoite rates were recorded in all the communities and this may be an indication that transmission in this area is less intense. This study provides information on mosquito ecology, genetic and molecular techniques for identification of species complexes which are important strategies for planning malaria control programmes.
Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anophele... more Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anopheles mosquitoes in order to determine their species composition, relative abundance, density and contribution to malaria transmission in the coastal ecosystem. A total of 1938 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes collected from 2005 to 2007 constituted three species viz Anopheles gambiae, An melas and An. nili. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based tests indicated that more than three-fourth of the An. gambiae s.l (75.8%) population belongs to An. gambiae s.s the remaining were An. melas. Further analysis showed that all the An. gambiae s.s was the M form. ELISA-based analyses indicated that An. gambiae s.s and An. melas were the main vectors of malaria in this area with an overall P. falciparum sporozoite infection rate of 4.8% and 6.5% respectively. Both species also maintained relatively high EIR indicating their prominent roles in malaria transmission in the study area. All the An. nili tested were negative for P. falciparum sporozoite infection. This study provides baseline information for planning vector control programme relevant to reduction of malaria transmission in the coastal areas of Nigeria.
Mosquito samples were collected from rural and urban communities in three selected major towns in... more Mosquito samples were collected from rural and urban communities in three selected major towns in Southwestern Nigeria to determine the impact of urbanization on the diversity and abundance of Anopheles species associated with malaria transmission in human habitations. A total of ten Anopheles species were identified in the rural communities, while eight Anopheles species were identified in the urban communities. Out of the ten Anopheles species identified, only four species, Anopheles gambiae (Giles), Anopheles funestus (Giles), Anopheles moucheti (Evans), and Anopheles nili (Theobald), were established to be vectors of malaria occurring in greater than 50% of the rural communities. Only A. gambiae occurred in all the urban communities, while the other three major vectors occurred in not more than 20% of the urban communities. Margalef&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s and Shannon-Wiener indices showed that diversity and species richness were higher in the rural compared to the urban. Comprehensive information on malaria vector abundance and diversity in rapidly changing communities is an important tool in planning and implementing successful vector control programs.
We investigated the distribution of the molecular M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae and the knoc... more We investigated the distribution of the molecular M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae and the knock down resistance (kdr) gene associated with pyrethroid and DDT resistance in A. gambiae s.s. at 13 localities across Nigeria. Two-three days old adult female mosquito reared from larval collections were tested using standard WHO procedures, diagnostic test kits and impregnated papers to assess their pyrethroid resistance status. Specimens were identified by PCR assays and characterized for the kdr gene. DNA from adult A. gambiae s.s. collected from human dwellings were also tested for the presence of the kdr gene. The overall collection was a mix of the molecular M and S forms across the mangrove (63:37%), forest (56:44%), and transitional (36:64%) ecotypes, but almost a pure collection of the S form in the Guinea and Sudan-savanna. Results of insecticide susceptibility tests showed that mosquitoes sampled at seven localities were susceptible to permethrin, deltamethrin, and DDT, but populations of A. gambiae resistant to these insecticides were recorded at six other localities mainly in the transitional and Guinea-savanna ecotypes. The kdr gene was found only in the molecular S forms, including areas where both forms were sympatric. The overall kdr frequency was low: <47% in forest, 37-48% in the transitional, and 45-53% in Guinea-savanna. The data suggest that pyrethroid resistance in A. gambiae in Nigeria is not as widespread when compared to neighbouring West African countries.
The need for natural products from plant origin as possible alternatives to chemical insecticides... more The need for natural products from plant origin as possible alternatives to chemical insecticides prompt investigation on the larvicidal potential of the essential oil from the aerial shrub of Phyllanthus amarus Sch. et Thonn (Euphorbiaceae) against three species of mosquito vectors. Oil obtained from the plant using hydro distillation was analyzed for chemical constituents with GC and GC/MS. Bioassay on the larvicidal activity was performed using third instar mosquito larvae. The three mosquito species tested An. gambiae, Cx. fatigans and Ae. aegypti displayed sensitivity to the various concentrations at low LC50 and LC95 values of 0.1 and 0.02% (w/v) respectively. GC-MS displayed 82 compounds consisting mainly of oxygenated monoterpenoids (45.2%) and diterpenoids (14.9%). Other compound present in large amount is linalool (36.4%). The bioactivity of the oil on mosquito species tested may be due largely to the synergistic effect of other constituents therein.The results showed susc...
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Aug 31, 2008
Extracts from the leaf of Tithonia diversifolia used in folk medicine for treatment of various ai... more Extracts from the leaf of Tithonia diversifolia used in folk medicine for treatment of various ailments were tested for antimalaria and mosquito repellency properties in experimental animals and human volunteers, under the laboratory conditions. Comparison of the effectiveness of Chloroquine with the aqueous and methanolic extracts from the plant (T. diversifolia) showed that Chloroquine was 100% effective in clearing the parasite while the aqueous and methanolic extracts were 50 and 74% effective in clearing the parasites respectively. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts were more effective when administered before the onset of the infection, probably indicating the time-dependency of the antimalaria effects. Earlier application of the extracts at the onset of the malaria symptoms was more effective in reducing the parasitemia within a few days. The administration of the plant extracts during the malaria episode was also effective with longer period of administration. The LC 50 of the aqueous extract in mice was 1.2ml/100g body weight while the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) was found to be 1.0ml/g. The repellent activity of volatile oil at different concentrations was measured by protection period against the bites of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The volatile oil extract showed higher repellent effect on A. gambiae at higher concentrations however its repellent and protective effects at various concentrations on all other species of mosquito tested can not be underestimated.
Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected from the natural breeding sites in five of the six ecolo... more Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected from the natural breeding sites in five of the six ecological zones in Nigeria between 2002 and 2004. The larvae were reared to adulthood in a standard insectary. Susceptibility tests were conducted on non-blood fed, 2 to 3-day-old emerged adult female mosquitoes using standard WHO procedures, diagnostic kits and test papers (WHO, 1998). PCR assays were used for the identification of the species and for characterization of the kdr allele. The mosquito samples from all the zones were susceptible to the diagnostic doses of insecticides tested, although, a significant level of resistance was recorded particularly in forest-savanna mosaic and Guinea savanna. However, there was no significant difference in knock down effects of insecticides in all the zones (F 4, 15 =6.49, P=0.0001). There was a level of correlation between the frequency of the kdr allele and frequency of resistance among the survivor and exposed samples (F = 22.05; P = 0.0037). This may indicate that kdr is associated with resistance in Anopheles mosquito to the tested insecticides. This study forms a baseline data for insecticide resistance status of the local anopheline mosquitoes which can be used to formulate control programmes in Nigeria.
Malaria remains a public health issue and it is endemic throughout Nigeria, where it accounts for... more Malaria remains a public health issue and it is endemic throughout Nigeria, where it accounts for about one million episodes annually. In recent times, distribution of long lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) was scaled up in Nigeria to curb the menace of the disease. Successful implementation of this strategy depends on the susceptibility of the local anopheline mosquitoes to the insecticides used in treating the LLINs. In the present study, we investigated the susceptibility status and knock-down data of local Anopheles mosquito species using World Health Organization Pesticide Scheme (WHOPES) recommended insecticides. Anopheles species larvae were collected in naturally infested water bodies using the standard (350ml dipper) dipping method from four communities in Ila-Orangun. The unfed 2-3 days old adult females were subjected to susceptibility test following WHO recommended protocol against six insecticides (0.05% Lambdacyhalothrin, 0.75% Permethrin, 0.05% Deltamethrin, 4% Dichlor...
Piperine a clinically established pesticide was investigated in the seeds, fruit and leaves of Pi... more Piperine a clinically established pesticide was investigated in the seeds, fruit and leaves of Piper nigrum. The dichloromethane extracts obtained from the parts of the plant were analysed through Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) using silica gel-GF 254 impregnated aluminium plate and various solvent system consisting of chloroform : methanol (8:2), (6:4), ethyl acetate : methanol (9:1), and acetone : hexane (6:4) mixtures showing Rf value of 0.95 corresponding to the standard piperine. In all parts of the plants investigated, acetone : hexane solvent system showed distinct Rf value of 0.95 corresponding to the standard piperine. 0.289 mg/ml, 0.578, 0.868, 1.16 and 1.45 mg/ml concentration of dichloromethane seed extracts were used to carry out the pesticidal activities on both pests. The results showed that mortality rate on both pests are directly proportional to each equivalent concentration of piperine in the extracts. Pesticidal potency on Sitophilus zeamais was significantly hi...
Management of malaria requires prompt diagnosis of malaria by microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Tests ... more Management of malaria requires prompt diagnosis of malaria by microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), or other available tools. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of RDT and microscopy in detection of malaria parasite in a malaria endemic area of Nigeria among different population groups. The cross sectional study was conducted on 251 febrile patients who were directed to the laboratory department for blood screening for malaria parasites at Ogunlade Hospital, Ijebu Ode, Ogun state. Blood samples were collected and screened for malaria parasites microscopically and by using First Response RDT. The prevalence of malaria obtained through microscopy (66.8%) was significantly higher than in RDT (36.8%) (p<0.05). Considering microscopy as the gold standard, RDT exhibited high specificity (87.1%) and low sensitivity (42.5%) with positive predictive and negative predictive values of 86.6 and 43.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of RDT increased significantly with increase in P. falciparum parasitaemia (p<0.0001). The routine microscopy test demonstrated a superior sensitivity compared to First Response RDT method of malaria diagnosis, however, RDT could be a useful tool in individuals suspected to show high degree of disease spectrum for quick intervention in order to avert danger associated with delayed diagnosis.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Mar 1, 2007
Background & objectives: Anopheline mosquitoes consist of a large number of species each of which... more Background & objectives: Anopheline mosquitoes consist of a large number of species each of which differs from another in population, resting and feeding behaviour in relation to the prevailing conditions in the locality. A longitudinal study was carried out to investigate the population dynamics, resting and feeding behaviour of the major anopheline species found in a rain forest zone of Nigeria. Methods: Mosquitoes resting and biting indoors were collected using WHO standard techniques and supplemented with outdoor-biting collections in the study areas between January and December 2004. Samples were sorted and identified microscopically for morphological features while molecular identification was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Results: PCR-based tests showed that both indoor and outdoor collections constitute three groups of Anopheles mosquitoes, An. gambiae s.l. Giles (68.6%), An. funestus Giles (30.7%) and An. moucheti Evans (0.7%). Of the 1,342 female Anopheles mosquitoes collected indoors, 799 were caught resting and 543 were caught biting. The outdoor-biting population accounted for 28.8% of the total collections (n =1885). There was no significant difference (p >0.05) in the biting activities (indoors and outdoors) of these species in four villages. However, An. arabiensis and An. moucheti were more exophagic with >60% of their biting occurring outdoors while An. gambiae and An. funestus were more endophagic with >55% of their biting occurring indoors. The human-vector contact with An. gambiae and An. funestus (indoors) was about 73.3 and 66.7%, respectively as against 27.7% in An. arabiensis and 25.3% in An. moucheti. This gave the corresponding man-biting rates (MBR) of 17.5 bites/man/ night for An. gambiae, 14.6 bites/man/night for An. funestus, 6.7 bites/man/night for An. arabiensis and 4.3 bites/man/night for An. moucheti. Moreover, the number of An. gambiae and An. funestus caught resting indoors was significantly higher than the other two species (p <0.05). The wet season collections showed that An. gambiae caught were more than 67% of the total catch while An. arabiensis was predominant in the dry season (χ 2 = 75.44, df = 3, p <0.01). Interpretation & conclusion: The present study highlights some aspects of the behaviour of anopheline mosquitoes in southern Nigeria which is an important component of epidemiological study of malaria. This information provides basis to the understanding of the role played by the identified anopheline species in malaria transmission and a baseline to formulate malaria control programme.
Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Jul 1, 2005
The role of the Anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission was investigated in two ecologic... more The role of the Anopheles funestus group in malaria transmission was investigated in two ecological zones in Nigeria. Sampling was carried out at four sites each around Ibadan (forest) and Ilorin (savanna). Human landing catches were supplemented with indoor and outdoor resting collections. PCR was used to identify 1848 A. funestus group mosquitoes to species level (749 in the savanna, 1099 in the forest) and three species were identified. In the forest, A. funestus s.s. predominated (55.4%), followed by A. rivulorum (27.6%) and A. leesoni (17.0%). Anopheles funestus was found mostly indoors. Anopheles rivulorum and A. leesoni predominated in outdoor collections (P&lt;0.001). Only Anopheles funestus s.s. was found in the savanna. ELISA analysis of 803 blood meal-positive specimens showed that over half of the blood meals were taken from humans in both ecotypes. The human blood index in A. funestus from the two study areas was similar. Anopheles funestus s.s. was the only species found positive for Plasmodium falciparum using ELISA, with overall infection rates of 2.3% and 1.0% in the forest and savanna respectively. The presence of three A. funestus species in Nigeria emphasizes the desirability of correct species identification within a malaria vector control programme.
To assess the association between urine pH and specific gravity (SG) and occurrence of urinary tr... more To assess the association between urine pH and specific gravity (SG) and occurrence of urinary tract pathogens involved in urinary tract infection (UTI) in school pupils. Methods: Laboratory culture techniques and biochemical tests were carried out to identify the UTI-associated bacteria in school pupils' urine of United Nursery and Primary School, Ilara-Remo, in Ikenne Local Government area, Ogun State, Nigeria. Urine dipstick tests were carried out on the samples to take pH and SG measurements. Results: The prevalence of urinary tract pathogens in the study population was 82.4%. This prevalence was not gender and age dependent (P > 0.05). Escherichia coli (E. coli) (37.0%) and Klebsiella (0.9%) were the highest and least prevalent uropathogens. There was significant increase in proportion of subjects diagnosed with E. coli (37.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (32.0%), Klebsiella (57.1%) in pH 9, pH 6 and pH 8, respectively (P < 0.05). However, an increase in proportion of individuals diagnosed with Proteus occurred in pH 6 and 9 (31.3% each); these proportions were not significant compared with results in other pH categories (P > 0.05). There were significant increase in proportion of subjects diagnosed with E. coli (50.0%), Proteus (56.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (44.0%), Klebsiella (71.4%) in SG 1.010, 1.015, 1.015 and 1.010, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, the urine pH 9 and SG 1.010-1.015 are the best diagnostic indicators of UTI-associated uropathogens in school children.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Nov 6, 2011
Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Bu... more Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be selfarchived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author's version for posting to your own website or your institution's repository. You may further deposit the accepted author's version on a funder's repository at a funder's request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication.
Scientific Journal of Animal Science, May 31, 2014
In lieu of the reports on re-emergence of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum, the choice... more In lieu of the reports on re-emergence of chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium falciparum, the choice of the drug for the treatment of malaria especially in the endemic areas may not be ruled out. Here, we reported the antioxidative status and histology of some vital organs in mice infected with P. berghei and subsequently treated with chloroquine. The study was a 4 by 10 model design as follows, the control non-infected, the infected (IN) and chloroquine-treated infected (CqTI)/non-infected (CqTNI) mice. The challenged animals were subjected to five days treatment after parasitemia was established using Gemsa stain. Assays were conducted on the animals following standard procedures. The results showed that parasitemia and Chloroquine induced oxidative stress in (IN) and (CqTNI) groups. This was indicated by significant (p<0.05) changes in the antioxidant defence indices viz superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein concentration. There were also alterations in the architectures of some vital organs such as liver, kidney and heart of the experimental groups compared with control. The subsequent treatment of the infected group with Chloroquine (CqTI) restored some of the indices altered during the
American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, Mar 31, 2016
Objective: The used of synthetic chemicals in water treatment is expensive and raises fears on he... more Objective: The used of synthetic chemicals in water treatment is expensive and raises fears on health implications and environmental safety, the need to find alternatives that are safe health-wise and environmentally friendly gave rise to this study. Methods: A preliminary bacteriological evaluation of abattoir waste water treated with powder obtained from M. oleifera was carried out. Isolation and biochemical techniques were employed to identify pathogenic organisms. The M. oleifera seeds were dried in the oven at 40°C to constant weight. They were winnowed, shelled and grounded using sterile mortar and pestle. A sufficient powderwas obtained using a 400mm size sieve. Before treatment a 1ml aliquot of the waste water sample was serially diluted, the 10A¢Â· and 10A¢Â¸ were cultured on Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar and the plates were incubated at 37±2A¢Â°C for 24 hours. Plates containing colonies ranging from 30 – 150 were counted and recorded at 24 hours interval for 3 days to obtain the Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Escherichia coli Count (ECC) before and after treatment. Results: Different concentrations of the powder (1.0g, 2.5g, and 5.0g) were used to treat 100ml of the waste water resulting in a gradual change in colour with increasing concentration and time. TBC, TCC, ECC fallen to ≈ 4.4 x 10A¢Â·, 3.2 x 10A¢Âµand 1.6 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 48 hours, TBC, TCC, and ECC fallen to ≈ 2.2 x 10A¢Â·, 3.1 x 10A¢Âµ and 1.1 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 72 hours TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 2.1 x 10A¢Â·, 1.7 x 10A¢Âµ and 1.5 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. On treatment with 2.5g, after 24 hours the TBC, TCC and ECC reduced to 2.3 x 10A¢Â·, 3.5x 10A¢Âµ and 1.1 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 48 hours TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 2.1 x 10A¢Â·, 2.5 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.5 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 72 hours TBC, TCC, ECC fallen to 2.0 x 10A¢Â·, 1.5 x 10A¢Âµ, and 0.3 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 24 hours of treatment with 5.0g, TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 2.0 x 10A¢Â·, 2.9 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.9 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. After 48 hours, TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to 1.1 x 10A¢Â·, 2.4 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.2 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. At 72 hours TBC, TCC and ECC fallen to ≈ 1.0 x 10A¢Â·, 1.1 x 10A¢Âµ and 0.1 x 10A¢Â´ respectively. Conclusion: This investigation shows that the powder obtained from M. oleifera seed can also be used effectively in the management of abattoir waste water.
Background: An experimental hut station built at M'Bé in 1998 was used for many years for the eva... more Background: An experimental hut station built at M'Bé in 1998 was used for many years for the evaluation of insecticidal product for public health until the civil war broke out in 2002. Breeding sites of mosquitoes and selection pressure in the area were maintained by local farming practices and the West African Rice Development Association (WARDA, actually AfricaRice) in a large rice growing area. Ten years after the crisis, bioassays, molecular and biochemical analyses were conducted to update the resistance status and study the evolution of resistance mechanisms of Anopheles gambiae s.s population. Methods: Anopheles gambiae s.s larvae from M'Bé were collected in breeding sites and reared until emergence. Resistance status of this population to conventional insecticides was assessed using WHO bioassay test kits for adult mosquitoes, with 10 insecticides belonging to pyrethroids, pseudo-pyrethroid, organochlorides, carbamates and organophosphates with and without the inhibitor piperonyl butoxyde (PBO). Molecular and biochemical assays were carried out to identify the L1014F kdr, L1014S kdr and ace-1 R alleles in individual mosquitoes and to detect potential increase in mixed function oxidases (MFO) level, non-specific esterases (NSE) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) activities. Results and discussion: Anopheles gambiae s.s from M'Bé exerted high resistance levels to organochlorides, pyrethroids, and carbamates. Mortalities ranged from 3% to 21% for organochlorides, from 50% to 75% for pyrethroids, 34% for etofenprox, the pseudo-pyrethroid, and from 7% to 80% for carbamates. Tolerance to organophosphates was observed with mortalities ranging from 95% to 98%. Bioassays run with a pre-exposition of mosquitoes to PBO induced very high levels of mortalities compared to the bioassays without PBO, suggesting that the resistance to pyrethroid and carbamate relied largely on detoxifying enzymes' activities. The L1014F kdr allelic frequency was 0.33 in 2012 compared to 0.05 before the crisis in 2002. Neither the L1014S kdr nor ace-1 R mutations were detected. An increased activity of NSE and level of MFO was found relative to the reference strain Kisumu. This was the first evidence of metabolic resistance based resistance in An. gambiae s.s from M'Bé. Conclusion: The An. gambiae s.s population showed very high resistance to organochlorides, pyrethroids and carbamates. This resistance level relied largely on two major types of resistance: metabolic and target-site mutation. This multifactorial resistance offers a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of both mechanisms and their interaction with the vector control tools currently used or in development.
The present study investigated the protective state of endogenous antioxidants against free radic... more The present study investigated the protective state of endogenous antioxidants against free radicals generated in human plasmodium malaria. Two hundred structured questionnaires were administered to the participants and blood samples were collected to assess the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results showed that the 200 volunteered participants, 32% (73) and 68% (127) were males and females respectively. There was discrepancy in the number of male (12%) and female (31%) respondents in the low oxidative stress category as well as in the moderate oxidative stress category where 69% were females and 84% were males. However, in the high oxidative stress category 4% of the observed respondents were males. All participants tested were positive for parasitaemia and categorized as high and low parasitaemic patients. Qualitative examinations of the impact of malaria showed that 30%, 67% and 3% high parasitaemic patients exhibited low, medium and high oxidative stress respectively while 55%, 45% and 0% low parasitaemic patients demonstrated low, medium and high oxidative stress respectively. Furthermore, there were significant elevation (P<0.05) in the levels of plasma protein concentration, superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase activities in the low parasitaemic patients compared to the high parasitaemic groups. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the level of glutathione and catalase activity between high and low parasitaemic patients. This study indicates that high parasitaemic patients are at greater risk of oxidative damage than low parasitaemic group, hence early diagnosis and treatment of malaria is highly encouraged.
Adult female mosquito vectors were collected from three villages in a typical rain forest area of... more Adult female mosquito vectors were collected from three villages in a typical rain forest area of Nigeria where no information exists on the major malaria vectors associated with human malaria. Sampling was carried out between January 2004 and January 2005 using pyrethrum and Human landing catch (HLC) techniques. A total catch of 2010 mosquitoes was recorded out of which 1800 were morphologically identified as female Anopheline mosquitoes. Further identification of the Anopheline species using the morphological keys revealed that 1399 (77.7%) belonged to the Anopheles gambiae s.l. and 401 (22.3%) to Anopheles funestus. A PCR based test on the Anopheles gambiae group identified 636 (45.5%) as Anopheles gambiae s.s and 763 (54.5%) as Anopheles arabiensis respectively. The cocktail PCR-assay on the total Anopheles funestus group showed 307 (76.6%), to be Anopheles funestus s.s and 94 (23.4%) to be Anopheles leesoni. The total number of Anopheles gambiae collected across the 3 villages was significantly higher (P<0.05) than the number of Anopheles funestus caught within the same period. However, there was a seasonal difference in the population of Anopheline species collected in which the wet season collections constitute 45.4% An.gambiae s.l and 17.7% An.funestus while the dry season population constitutes 32.3% An.gambiae s.l and 4.5% An.funestus. The dry season collections were predominantly An. arabiensis producing 23.9% of the total catch in. The overall number of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in the wet season was significantly higher than that of the dry season (P<0.01). Generally, low sporozoite rates were recorded in all the communities and this may be an indication that transmission in this area is less intense. This study provides information on mosquito ecology, genetic and molecular techniques for identification of species complexes which are important strategies for planning malaria control programmes.
Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anophele... more Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anopheles mosquitoes in order to determine their species composition, relative abundance, density and contribution to malaria transmission in the coastal ecosystem. A total of 1938 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes collected from 2005 to 2007 constituted three species viz Anopheles gambiae, An melas and An. nili. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based tests indicated that more than three-fourth of the An. gambiae s.l (75.8%) population belongs to An. gambiae s.s the remaining were An. melas. Further analysis showed that all the An. gambiae s.s was the M form. ELISA-based analyses indicated that An. gambiae s.s and An. melas were the main vectors of malaria in this area with an overall P. falciparum sporozoite infection rate of 4.8% and 6.5% respectively. Both species also maintained relatively high EIR indicating their prominent roles in malaria transmission in the study area. All the An. nili tested were negative for P. falciparum sporozoite infection. This study provides baseline information for planning vector control programme relevant to reduction of malaria transmission in the coastal areas of Nigeria.
Mosquito samples were collected from rural and urban communities in three selected major towns in... more Mosquito samples were collected from rural and urban communities in three selected major towns in Southwestern Nigeria to determine the impact of urbanization on the diversity and abundance of Anopheles species associated with malaria transmission in human habitations. A total of ten Anopheles species were identified in the rural communities, while eight Anopheles species were identified in the urban communities. Out of the ten Anopheles species identified, only four species, Anopheles gambiae (Giles), Anopheles funestus (Giles), Anopheles moucheti (Evans), and Anopheles nili (Theobald), were established to be vectors of malaria occurring in greater than 50% of the rural communities. Only A. gambiae occurred in all the urban communities, while the other three major vectors occurred in not more than 20% of the urban communities. Margalef&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;s and Shannon-Wiener indices showed that diversity and species richness were higher in the rural compared to the urban. Comprehensive information on malaria vector abundance and diversity in rapidly changing communities is an important tool in planning and implementing successful vector control programs.
We investigated the distribution of the molecular M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae and the knoc... more We investigated the distribution of the molecular M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae and the knock down resistance (kdr) gene associated with pyrethroid and DDT resistance in A. gambiae s.s. at 13 localities across Nigeria. Two-three days old adult female mosquito reared from larval collections were tested using standard WHO procedures, diagnostic test kits and impregnated papers to assess their pyrethroid resistance status. Specimens were identified by PCR assays and characterized for the kdr gene. DNA from adult A. gambiae s.s. collected from human dwellings were also tested for the presence of the kdr gene. The overall collection was a mix of the molecular M and S forms across the mangrove (63:37%), forest (56:44%), and transitional (36:64%) ecotypes, but almost a pure collection of the S form in the Guinea and Sudan-savanna. Results of insecticide susceptibility tests showed that mosquitoes sampled at seven localities were susceptible to permethrin, deltamethrin, and DDT, but populations of A. gambiae resistant to these insecticides were recorded at six other localities mainly in the transitional and Guinea-savanna ecotypes. The kdr gene was found only in the molecular S forms, including areas where both forms were sympatric. The overall kdr frequency was low: <47% in forest, 37-48% in the transitional, and 45-53% in Guinea-savanna. The data suggest that pyrethroid resistance in A. gambiae in Nigeria is not as widespread when compared to neighbouring West African countries.
The need for natural products from plant origin as possible alternatives to chemical insecticides... more The need for natural products from plant origin as possible alternatives to chemical insecticides prompt investigation on the larvicidal potential of the essential oil from the aerial shrub of Phyllanthus amarus Sch. et Thonn (Euphorbiaceae) against three species of mosquito vectors. Oil obtained from the plant using hydro distillation was analyzed for chemical constituents with GC and GC/MS. Bioassay on the larvicidal activity was performed using third instar mosquito larvae. The three mosquito species tested An. gambiae, Cx. fatigans and Ae. aegypti displayed sensitivity to the various concentrations at low LC50 and LC95 values of 0.1 and 0.02% (w/v) respectively. GC-MS displayed 82 compounds consisting mainly of oxygenated monoterpenoids (45.2%) and diterpenoids (14.9%). Other compound present in large amount is linalool (36.4%). The bioactivity of the oil on mosquito species tested may be due largely to the synergistic effect of other constituents therein.The results showed susc...
Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, Aug 31, 2008
Extracts from the leaf of Tithonia diversifolia used in folk medicine for treatment of various ai... more Extracts from the leaf of Tithonia diversifolia used in folk medicine for treatment of various ailments were tested for antimalaria and mosquito repellency properties in experimental animals and human volunteers, under the laboratory conditions. Comparison of the effectiveness of Chloroquine with the aqueous and methanolic extracts from the plant (T. diversifolia) showed that Chloroquine was 100% effective in clearing the parasite while the aqueous and methanolic extracts were 50 and 74% effective in clearing the parasites respectively. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts were more effective when administered before the onset of the infection, probably indicating the time-dependency of the antimalaria effects. Earlier application of the extracts at the onset of the malaria symptoms was more effective in reducing the parasitemia within a few days. The administration of the plant extracts during the malaria episode was also effective with longer period of administration. The LC 50 of the aqueous extract in mice was 1.2ml/100g body weight while the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) was found to be 1.0ml/g. The repellent activity of volatile oil at different concentrations was measured by protection period against the bites of Anopheles gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. The volatile oil extract showed higher repellent effect on A. gambiae at higher concentrations however its repellent and protective effects at various concentrations on all other species of mosquito tested can not be underestimated.
Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected from the natural breeding sites in five of the six ecolo... more Anopheles mosquito larvae were collected from the natural breeding sites in five of the six ecological zones in Nigeria between 2002 and 2004. The larvae were reared to adulthood in a standard insectary. Susceptibility tests were conducted on non-blood fed, 2 to 3-day-old emerged adult female mosquitoes using standard WHO procedures, diagnostic kits and test papers (WHO, 1998). PCR assays were used for the identification of the species and for characterization of the kdr allele. The mosquito samples from all the zones were susceptible to the diagnostic doses of insecticides tested, although, a significant level of resistance was recorded particularly in forest-savanna mosaic and Guinea savanna. However, there was no significant difference in knock down effects of insecticides in all the zones (F 4, 15 =6.49, P=0.0001). There was a level of correlation between the frequency of the kdr allele and frequency of resistance among the survivor and exposed samples (F = 22.05; P = 0.0037). This may indicate that kdr is associated with resistance in Anopheles mosquito to the tested insecticides. This study forms a baseline data for insecticide resistance status of the local anopheline mosquitoes which can be used to formulate control programmes in Nigeria.
Malaria remains a public health issue and it is endemic throughout Nigeria, where it accounts for... more Malaria remains a public health issue and it is endemic throughout Nigeria, where it accounts for about one million episodes annually. In recent times, distribution of long lasting insecticide nets (LLINs) was scaled up in Nigeria to curb the menace of the disease. Successful implementation of this strategy depends on the susceptibility of the local anopheline mosquitoes to the insecticides used in treating the LLINs. In the present study, we investigated the susceptibility status and knock-down data of local Anopheles mosquito species using World Health Organization Pesticide Scheme (WHOPES) recommended insecticides. Anopheles species larvae were collected in naturally infested water bodies using the standard (350ml dipper) dipping method from four communities in Ila-Orangun. The unfed 2-3 days old adult females were subjected to susceptibility test following WHO recommended protocol against six insecticides (0.05% Lambdacyhalothrin, 0.75% Permethrin, 0.05% Deltamethrin, 4% Dichlor...
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