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THE COUNTESS OF CHINCHON

CHINCHONA GENUS.

rRINTED BV BALI-ANTYJ4E AND COMPANY
EDINRURGH AND LONDON

A MEMOIR

LADY ANA DE QSORIO

COUNTESS OF CHINCH ON

AND *

VICE-QUEEN OF PERU
(A.D. 1629-39)

Plea for the Correct Spelling of the Chinchona Genus

J^.

CLEMENTS EfTMARKHAM, C.B., F.R.S.

Commendador da Rea.1 Ordem de Christo. Socius AcadentitB C^sarece Nature Curiosoruni,
Cognomen CHINCHON

LONDON

TRUBNER & CO., LUDGATE HILL

1874
\^All rights reserved'^

PREFACE.

|IFTEEN years ago the Chinchona trees;
which yield quinine and other febrifuge
alkaloids, were only found wild in the forests
on the slopes of the Cordilleras of the Andes. Now
they are carefully cultivated in British India and
Ceylon, in Java and Jamaica. The beautiful trees,
with their glossy leaves and fragrant racemes of
flowers, cover the sides of the Dodabetta peak,
the slopes- overhanging Wynaad, and the hills
at Rungbi in Sikkim. They yield thousands of
pounds of bark, which will soon be supplied, in
the form of a cheap medicine, to the millions of
fever patients of India, while they also, by the
sale of the higher -priced barks in the London
market, give a remunerative return to the Govern-
ment. They form one of the most useful products
of British India, as of Ceylon and Java ; and their

name is not now merely a botanical term, but one

vi Preface.

which is in constant use by the administrator,
the chemist, the physician, the planter, and the
merchant, and which should retain a grateful
place in the memories of thousands whose restora-
tion to health is due to the use of quinine.

To all such, to all who are interested in Chinchona
cultivation, the origin of the name cannot fail to

be a matter of some interest j and when it is

\ ■ ■

known that the trees received it in honour of a
gracious lady who first made their healing virtues
known in Europe, a desire to le^rn something of
her history is surely natural.

It was with such feelings that, when an oppor-
tunity offered, the writer of the following short
and imperfect Memoir devoted such time as was
at his disposal, during the intervals snatched from
more absorbing work, to the collection of all the
information that he could find respecting the
Countess of Chinchon, and to visits to the places
of her residence in Spain. His time was un-
fortunately short, and it was mainly taken up
in the preparation of the official reports mentioned
in the footnote.* The Memoir is the resultof a

* I. Report on the Irrigation of Eastern Spain, containing a, His-
torical Summary of Moorish works, and details af the systems in the

Preface. vii

few intervals of leisure. It is an imperfect but
a zealous attempt to revive the' memory of. the
Countess of Chinchon, who was truly one of the
greatest benefactors of the human race. :

In ^the following pages will be found a history
of the Dsorios, the paternal ancestors of the Cpun-
tess, and of the family of her husband ; accounts
of the government of Peru under the viceroyalty
of the Count of Chinchon ; * of the famous cure of
the Countess, and of her introduction into Europe
of the use of fever-dis'pelling bark ; and a detailed

valleys of Murcia, Orihuela, Crevillente, Elche, Alicante, Novelda,
ydtiva, Gandia, the Xucar, Valencia, Castellan, Vinaroz, and Beni'
carlo; with maps and plans. By Clements R. Markham, F.S.A.

2. Report on the Specimens of Chinchona in the Herbaria at
Madrid, including the Collections of Ruiz, Pavon, and Tafalla. By
Clements R. Markham, F.S.A.

3. The Chinchona Species of New Granada, printed for the first
time from manuscripts at Madrid, with a Memoir of Don Josi
Celestino Mutis. By Clements R. Markham, F.S.A.

* I have collected the few particulars respecting the history of the
Count's viceroyalty from various sources. But it was disappointing to
find so little in the famous metrical history of the conquest of Peru
and of the Viceroys by Dr Pedro de Peralta y Barnuevo. {Lima
Fundada, Poema Heroica. Lima, 1732.) The part referring to the
Count of Chinchon is included in nine stanzas, two devoted to the
celebration of that nobleman's high qualities, and the rest to a record
of some foolish miracles during the earthquake at Lima on 17th No-
vember 1630'. Dr Peralta describes the Count as a compound of Cato
and Mecsenas, as able, benevolent, and just. • {Lima Fundada, Pte.
IL canto vi. 10 to 18.)

viii Preface.

description of the town of Chinchon, its castle,
church, houses, and neighbourhood. Finally, there
is a plea for the correct spelling of the Chinchona
genus, on the ground that thus only can that honour
which it so fiilly merits be done to the me-
mory of the Countess. The word is now in com-
mon use; it is not merely a scientific term; and
the question whether it shall be spelt so as to
recall the memory of the Countess, or so that her
name shall be disguised and mutilated, is a question
which concerns all who, from whatever cause, take
an interest in the history, in the cultivation, in the
use, or in the commerce of Chinchona bark.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

Preface .

I. The Osorios

Their antiquity

Battle of Clavijo

Creation of a Spanish Count , . . .

Invasion by John of Gaunt

The use of a royal gift .....

Alvaro the early riser

The first Marquis of Astorga ....

Boyish valour

A noble poet

Coplas of the Marquis of Astorga ....

The Cathedral and Castle of Astorga .

Eloquence of an Osorio .....

The later Osorios

Birth of the Lady Ana,

II. Lady Ana de Osorio

Her birth and first marriage ....

Pedigree of the Osorios ......

Widowhood of the Lady Ana , . • , •

Her second marriage with the Count of Chinchon .

The family of her second husband ,

Beatriz de Bobadilla, her devoted loyalty

The Counts of Chinchon ...

Contents.

III. Counts of Chinchon

War of the Comunidades

Children of the first Count

The second Count of Chinchon

The third Count — Buildmg of the Castle

Children of the third Count

IV. The fourth Count of Chinchon

Prince Charles and Buckingham entertained at Segovia

The Count appointed Viceroy of Peru

Indian rebellion on Lake Titicaca

Navigation of the Amazon

Cure of the Countess

Discovery of the virtues of Peruvian bark

Species whence the bark came which cured the Countess

The story as told by Madame de GenUs

Return of the Countess to Europe

The physician of the Countess

Bark administered by the Countess in Spain

The last of the Counts of Chinchon .

Fate of the title of Chinchon

Historical notices of Chinchon

War of Succession ....

Depredations of the French under Victor

Pedigree of the Counts of Chinchon .

Seize quartiers of the Countess

V. Chinchon . . . . .
The province of Madrid .
Flora of the province of Madrid
River valleys aiid physical aspect
Administrative divisions .
Road from Madrid to Chinchon
Castillian peasantry
The Castle of Chinchon .

PAGE
29

30
31

33
34

3S
36
36
37
39
40

41
41
42
44
45
4S
46

47
47
48

49
SO
SI

S2'
S2

57
S8

Contents.

PAGE

The founder of the castle

. 6i

The church of Chinchon .

The town of Chinchon

Bull-fights — The inn . . .

The old houses ....

The former gentry of Chinchon

Monuments at Chinchon .

The wine of Chinchon

Traditions of the Countess

VI. The Chinchona Genus .

Condamine and Jussieu .

Name given by Linnaeus .

Error of Linnaeus .

.74

Correction by Spanish botanists

The incorrect spelling

Mr Howard's view .

. n

Dr Seemann's view

Authorities for correct and incorrect s

pelling

Argument for the conventional form

Reply . . . .

■ 80

Argument of Dr Weddell

•

. 82

Reply . . . . :

. 83

Case for the correct spelling

. 8s

Concluding appeal .

. 89

Appendix. — List of Chinchona species

. 93

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

LITHOGRAPHS.

Coat of arms of Osorio, Marquis of Astorga . to face p. i

Coat of arms of Cabrera y Bobadilla, Count of Chinchon to face p. 29
Map of the province of Madrid .... to face p. $2

WOODCUTS.

View of Chinchon from the Castle hill
The Castle of Chinchon {south side)
Arms of the Counts of Chinchon over the drawbridge
Entrance to the Castle of Chinchon {east side)
Chinchon and the Castle from the Church
Posada de la Esquina, in the Plaza of Chinchon .
House at the comer of the Plaza at Chinchon
Shields of arms carved on houses in Chinchon

52
58
59
61

63
65
67
67-70

^rms of ©saxio,

MARQUISES OF ASTORGA.

Or two wolves passant gules : on a base argent three lines of waves paly
azure: the whole surrounded by eight shields of the arms of Henriguez,
oil an orle azure.

THE LADY ANA DE OSORIO,

COUNTESS OF CHIN C HON.

HE noble lady who first brought the fever-
dispeUing bark -powder from Peru to
Europe, and whose name would be
justly immortalised in the genus which yields the
bark, if, by an unfortunate misapprehension, it had
not been so frequently misspelt, was a daughter of
the ancient Spanish family of Osorio.

This family is of extreme antiquity. Indeed, we
are told by the painstaking old Father Morote that
their ancestor was a son of Nebuchadnezzar, who
was sent by his father with a colony of Jews to
Spain,*

The cradle of the Osorios was in Galicia ; and in

* Antiguedad y blasones de la ciudad de Lorca, por Padre Morote
(Lorca, 1740), Pte. II. lib. i. cap. 19, p. 230.

The Osorios.

reality they appear in the very dawn of the struggle
between the little band of hunted Goths, in the
mountain fastnesses of Galicia and the Asturias,
and the civilised power of Mussulman Spain.
Surely, at its commencement, no struggle ever ap-
peared more unequal.

Ramiro I. ascended the precarious throne of the
Christian kingdom of Galicia in 843 A.D., when the
great and enlightened Khalifah Abdu-'r-Rahm4n
II. was reigning over the rest of Spain. The
Khalifah proclaimed the usual holy war, and sent an
army over the frontier, while the hunted Christians
strained every nerve to assemble a sufficient force
to resist the invasion. In the first encounter, near
Albeyda, Ramiro was routed, and his army was
only saved by the approach of night. But the
Apostle St James appeared to him in a vision, and
told him that if he fought boldly on the following
day, victory was certain. St James, mounted on a
white horse, led the Spaniards into battle; the Moors
were defeated, and 60,000 were killed in the pursuit.
Thenceforward Santiago became the battle-cry of
Spain. In this battle of Clavijo, which took place
in 844 A.D., a knight named Osorio fought side by
side with St James, and his descendants are, in con-

The Osorios.

sequence, hereditary Canons of Leon, with an ap-
propriate stall in the Cathedral*

Don Alvaro Nunez Osorio, a descendant of this
famous knight, was the favourite of King Alonzo
XII., who created him Count of Trastamara, and
this creation is the most ancient instance of such a
ceremony on record in Spain. The King, being
seated in a chair of state, was presented with a cup
of wine containing three sops. He then solemnly
bade Don Alvaro take one, and Alvaro bade the
King, in the same phrase. " Tomad Conde" and
" Tomad Rey " were the words. After this mutual
salutation, they ate the sops together, and the
knights who stood by hailed Alvaro by acclamation
with the name of Conde.t Then a banner and a
caldron ("penon y caldera "),$ and possessions fit for

* Mariana, Hist, de Espana (ed. Madrid, 1794), vol. ii. p. 310.;
Lopez de Hai'o, vol. i. p. 293. On ist February 1602, King Felipe III.
and Ptdro Alvarez Osorio, eighth Marquis of Astorga, as hereditary-
Canons of Leer, both sat in their stalls in the quire of the Cathedral,
and received their fees for attendance.

t Mariana, lib. xv. cap. 20; torn. iv. p. no (Span. ed. Madrid,
1794) ; Seldeiis Titles of Honour, Part ii. cap. 4, p. 473.

X The banner was a token of power, given to a Count to lead in the
field, and the caldron of his greatness in housekeeping, and ability to
maintain those whom he should lead. These insignia entitled him to
prefix the title of Don to his name, which was only used, in early
times, by the King, the Infantes, Prelates, and Ricos-liombres, in-

The Osorios.

a Conde, were given him by charter. The cere-
mony took place at Seville, in the year 1328.*

The title of Trastamara seems to have passed
away from the Osorios, for a time, after the death
of the first Count. Enrique II. enjoyed it before
he became King, and afterwards it was granted to
the Castro family.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio was Adelantado of Leon
in 1349, during the reign of Pedro el Cruel, who
caused him to be assassinated at Villanubla, while
sitting at dinner with the Master of Calatrava, for
having remonstrated against the tyrant's atrocities.
The Adelantado married Maria Fernandez de
Villalobos, daughter of Dona Inez de la Cerda,
and granddaughter of Alonzo de la Cerda, who was
a son of Fernando, the Infante of La Cerda, and
eldest son of King Alonzo the Wise, by Blanche
of France (daughter of St Louis). The Infantes
of La Cerda were the discarded, but rightful heirs
to the throne of Castille.

eluding all the Condes. Rico-hombre signified, in early times, what
Grande does now — a man rich in honour and nobility, not in money.
The latter quality would be indicated as Hombre-rico. — Salazar de
Mendoza. The caldron [calderd) was frequently used in the armorial
bearings of Spanish noblemen.

* Cronica del Rey Don Alonso el ultimo, cap. 64.

The Osorios.

The Adelantado was buried in the Church of San
Domingo at Benavente, ten leagues from Astorga,
by the side of his father.

Alvaro Perez Osorio, Count of Villalobos in right
of his mother, was the Adelantado's son. When John
of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, claiming the throne of
Castille by right of his wife, the daughter of Pedro
el Cruel, landed at Coruna with a small force of
Englishmen in 1384, his advance was opposed by
the Count of Villalobos. The Count, assemlDling
all his friends and vassals, attacked and routed the
English, who retreated to Valderas. The inhabi-
tants of that village left their cellar doors open, and
put a quantity of salt into the wine. The more the
English fugitives drank, the more thirsty they got,
until they became insensible, and ^Vere easily killed.
John of Gaunt's invasion ended in his expenses
being paid, and his daughter Catharine being mar-
ried to the heir of Castille. The Count was after-
wards Captain- General on the Moorish frontier,
where he maintained 400 cavalry at his own
charges. Once, while in this command, the King
came to visit him, and Osorio invited his Majesty
to dine in his house. The King readily consented,
and the meal being served up on wooden dishes,

6 The Osorios.

he inquired why silver was not used. Osorio gave
as a reason that he generally had to eat standing,
with the dish in his hand. The King was pleased
with the answer, and presented Osorio with a silver
plate weighing 300 marks.* The original grant of
this dish is preserved in the archives of Astorga.
Soon afterwards the King again visited his Captain-
General, and being ©nee more served on a wooden
trencher, he inquired where the silver dish was.
Osorio replied that he would show his Majesty after
dinner, and taking him to a window, he pointed to
a troop of cavalry, which he had equipped for the
cost of the silver dish. He died in 1 396, and was
also buried at Benavente.

His son, Juan Alvarez Osorio, Count of Villalobos,
was Chamberlain to Enrique HI. and his wife Ca-
tharine of Lancaster in 1406. He afterwards served
with great distinction in the Moorish wars, under
Juan II., and died in 1417. He was buried with
his ancestors in the Church of San Domingo at
Benavente.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio, his son, succeeded him as

* Nobiliario genealogico de los tittdos de Espcma, por Alonzo Lopez
de Haro (Madrid, 1722), vol. i. p. 275.

The Osorios.

Count of Villalobos. He did good service to Juan
II. at the battle of Olmedo in 1445, when the Ara-
gonese were defeated ; in reward for which the
King created him Count of Xrastamara, a title
which had once been held by one of his ancestors,
and which had now become vacant through the
death of Don F- de Castro, Duke of Arjona. (See
page 4.) The grant is dated from Valdeiglesias, on
February the 4th, 1445. Afterwards the Count was
incessantly mixed up in the intrigues of the court
of Juan II., and in 1461 he appears to have been
poisoned. He was buried in a Dominican convent
which he had built near Valderas.

Alvaro Perez Osorio, his son, the second Count
of Trastamara, is said to have been ver)' handsome
and of noble bearing. As many as 200 gentlemen
were constantly in attendance on his person, with
arms and horses ; and he was looked upon, in the
court of King Enrique IV., as the mirror of knight-
hood and courtesy. When the Infante Alonzo re-
belled against the King his brother, the Count of
Trastamara brought a large force to the loyal side,
and was so rapid in his attacks, that the enemy
nicknamed him Alvaro Madrugo {Alvaro the early
riser). At last the rebels resolved to try if an in-

8 ■ The Osorios.

cursion into his own land would not draw off his
troops from the King's service. But, without
leaving the royal camp, the Count sent such help
to his brothers Diqgo and Luis as enabled them to
drive back the invaders with great loss.

At the successful conclusion of this war, King
Enrique offered him his choice of a title from the
towns of Coruna, Lugo, or Astorga, with the rank
either of a Duke or Marquis. The Count kissed
his sovereign's hand, and modestly selected the
title of Marquis of Astorga. This was in July
1465, and the very curious patent of Marquis is
given in full by Lopez de Haro.*

In 1466, the first Marquis of Astorga was en-
gaged in suppressing the rebellions of the brother-
hoods {Hermandades), the lower orders of Galicia
and the Asturias, who rose against the intolerable
oppressions of the nobles.

The first Marquis of Astorga married Leonora,
daughter of Don Fadrigue Henriquez, Admiral of
Castille, when he adopted an orle of the Henriquez
arms as an addition to his own coat. This lady was

* Nobiliario, vol. i. p. 281 ; also inserted, in full, in Selden's Titles
of Honour, p. 466.

The Osorios.

a sister of the Queen of Aragon, mother of King
Fernando the Catholic. The Marquis died in
1 47 1, and was buried with his wife in the Cathedral
of Astorga.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio, the second Marquis, suc-
ceeded to his title and estates just when the war of
succession broke out between the King of Portugal
and Isabella the Catholic. Although he was only
fourteen years old, the young Marquis assembled
his vassals, and joined Isabella's camp at Toro with
2000 men, in July 1475. In the subsequent battle,
this gallant boy was the first to lead his men against
the enemy, and, with the Duke of Alva, turned their
flank, and completed their disorder; He afterwards
served with distinction at the siege of Granada, and
was present at the capitulation of the Moorish King
on the 30th of November 1491. He died in
August 1505, and was buried with his parents in
the Cathedral of Astorga.

At the courts of Juan II., and of his children,
Enrique IV. and Isabella the Catholic (a.d. 1407 to
1504), most of the nobles cultivated the art of
poetry, the most eminent being the Marquis of
Santillana. Among the minor poets was the second
Marquis of Astorga, one of whose love-songs is

10 The Osorios.

given in the Cancionero General* This song is
written in the old Spanish measure and metre, in
coplas or stanzas, the metre being the same as that
adopted in the exquisitely beautiful contempora-
neous poem of Jorge de Manrique, which has been
translated by Longfellow. The song of the Marquis
of Astorga is addressed to the lady of his love.t
and is as follows {Can. Gen. fol. 154, Anvers,

1573):—

* The " Cancionero General" or General Collection of Poetry, was
first printed at Valencia in 15 1 1, by Fernando del Castillo. It con-
tains poems attributed to more than a hundred different persons. In
1514, a new edition appeared, and six others had followed, at Toledo
and Seville, before 1540. In 1557 and 1573 two enlarged editions
appeared at Antwerp. The work contains the body of poetry most in
favour at court, and in the more refined society of Spain, during the
fifteenth century — many works of the most notable Troubadours of
Spain, in devotion, morality, love, jests, ballads, devices, mottoes, and
glosses. The principal authors are the Marquis of Santillana, Juan
de Mena, the Manriques, the Viscount of Altamira, Lopez de Haro,
the Marquis of Astorga, Luis de Vivero, Hernan Mexia, &c. &c.—
Ticknor's Spanish Literature, vol. i. p. 395.

t It is to be hoped that the lady was his young wife, Beatriz de
Quinones, daughter of the Count of Luna, a notable warrior in the
Moorish wars, by his wife Juana de Henriquez.

The Osorios.

COPLAS

DEL MARQUES DE ASTORGA.

A su amiga.

Esperanza mia, por quien

Padece mi corazon

Dolorido.

Ya, Senora, ten por bien

De me dar el galardon

Que te pido.

II.
Y pues punto d'alegria
No tengo ; si tu mi dexas
Muerto se.
Vida de la vida mia,
A quien contare mis quexas
Si a ti no i

III.
Aquel Dios d'amor tan grande,
Que consuela a los vencidos
Amadores ;

De mando soluto mande
Que hieran en tus oidos
Mis clamores.

IV.

Y la justa piedad

Que a persona tan hermosa
Pertenece,
Incline tu voluntad
A mi vida dolorosa
Que padece.

Y aquel tanto dessear
Que haze ser porfiado
Al amante^

Que no le dexa mudar,
Mas quanto mas penado
Mas constante ;

VI.

Y lo que haze andar mustias
A las amantes mugeres
Medio muertas,

Te haga que mis angustias
En senaladas plazeres
Me conviertas.

The Osorios.

VII.

XI.

Y aquel gran dolor que suele

Escucha los mensageros,

Inclinar las mas essentas

Que Uenan nuevas estraiias

A mesura,

Que te harten,

Te duela, que si te duele,

Mis sospiros verdaderos,

No puede ser que no sientas

Que me arrancan las entrailas

Mi tristura.

Quando parten.

VIII.

XII.

Do quiga podra nacer,

Y sienten mi gran passion,

Que con la penada vida

Con que y9 te los embio,

Que viviesses,

Pacediente ;

Viendo mi gran padecer,

Y sienta tu corazon

Tu misma de ti vencida,

La grave pena que el mio

Te venciesses.

Por ti siente.

IX.

XIII.

Torre de omenage fuerte,

Que sino te veo, muero,

Fortaleza que tan bella

Con la soledad que acusa

Me parece,

Mi venida ;

Congoxa d'amor despierte

Y en viendo te desespero,

Tu corazon, que sin ella

En pensar que no se escusa

Se adormece.

La partida.

XIV.

Arco de flechas raviosas,

Entonces siento un plazer,

Que mi salud desesperas,

Rebuelto con un dolor

Sabe cierto,

Que me engafia.

Que si todas esas cosas

Y quando quiero escoger

No te hazen que me queras,

Lo que pienso que es mejpr,

Yo soy muerto.

Mas me dagn.

The Osorios.

XV.

XIX.

Y soy tal como doliente ■

Que mil anos estuviese

A quien la dolencia estrecha

Mirando tu gentileza

Se le alarga.

Partiria,

Que lo malo les plaziente

Al tiempo que me partiesse

Y lo que mas le aprovecha

Con essa misma tristeza

Mas le aiTiarga.

Quedaria.

XVI.

XX.

Es mi vida una morada

Tal padezco yo en pensar

Donde vienen los tormentos,

Atajar por tal camino

Cuya puerta

Mis passiones.

A mis bienes es cerrada,

Como quien piensa matar

A mis tristes pensamientos

Con un gran monton de lino

Muy abierta.

Los tizones.

XVII.

Mas con la sobra del miedo
La mi lengua tornaria
Medio muda.
No hare poco si puedo
Recontar la pena mia
Que es sin duda.

XVIII.

Ante ti el seso mio
Sieiite tantos alborogos
De turbado,

Como quando va el Indio
For el monte de Torogos
Al mercado.

XXI.

Aquel gran fuego de amar
Que mis entraiias atiza
Tal me tiene.
Ni me dexa de quemar
Ni me convierte en ceniza
Porque pene.

XXII.

Mas fuego casi semprende •
Quien pondra sufrir, seiiora,
Vida mia.

Que su flama que me enciende
Dos tanto me quema agora
Que solia.

The Osorios.

XXIII.

xxvli.

Y aqueste papel morado

Assi los tus loores

De la tinta con que escrivo

Recontar en ningun modo

El mal que tango,

Yo no quiero,

Ya deve enojadc*

Ni grave de mis dolores

Pues que hare yo cativo

. Pues que sabe el mundo todo

Que sostengo.

De que muero.

XXIV.

XXVIII.

Muchas mas tribulaciones

Que mi sentido en lo uno

Que es impossible contar

He miedo que se turbasse

Pues tu cata,

Con amor,

Remedio de mis passion^s

Quien no seria importuno

Como me puedas sanar

Si todo escrevir pensasse

Bien o mata.

Su dolor.

XXV.

CABO.

Que mi lengua te alabe

En aquestos mis renglones

Dime para quando guardas

Ya concluyo,

Desta mi pena tan fuerte

Pues que todo el mundo sabe

De librarme,

Que tengo cien mil razones

Cata que si mucho tardas

De ser tuyo.

Poco tardara la muerte

De Uevarme.

xxvr.

Y esta mi grossera mano

Y todo sara dezir

No piensa poder loarte,

Assi goze que de veras

Ni se atreve,

He pesar,

Porque mi seso villano

O que buen arrepentir,

No puede saber mirar te

O que donosas maneras

Quando deve.

De matar.

The Osorios. 15

It was in the time of the second Marquis that the
present Cathedral at Astorga was built, having been
commenced in the year 1471, on the site of a more
ancient edifice. Mr Street gives the following ac-
count of Astorga Cathedral : — " It is of the latest
Gothic style, much of the detail being renaissance
in character. The windows are filled with a good
deal of fine early stained glass ; but beyond a certain
stateliness of height and colour, there is but little
to detain or interest an architect. But jstateliness
and good effects of light and shade are so very rare
in modern works, that we can ill afford to regard a
building which shows them as being devoid of merit
or interest." *

The castle or palace of the Osorios was somewhat
older, and the streets of Astorga were full of the
houses .of gentlemen or hidalgos, some of them
cadets of the family, all followers of the great Marquis
at court and in the field. Poetry, architecture, and
other arts of peace were studied by the Osorios of
Astorga in the fifteenth century ; and the knights
who had fought in many a stricken field against the
infidels of Granada were ardent cultivators of litera-
ture and the fine arts.

* Gothic Architecture in Spain, chap. vi. p. 130..

1 6 The Osorios.

The second Marquis of Astorga married a young
lady whose father had fought side by side with him
in the war of Granada. This was Dona Beatriz
de Quinones, daughter of Diego Hernandez de
Quinones, Count of Luna, by his wife, Juana Hen-
riquez, daughter of the first Count of Alba de Liste.
His children were —

1. Alvaro Perez, the third Marquis.

2. Diego, Lord of Losada, and Commander of
Ocana.

3. Teresa, married to Rodrigo de Castro Osorio,
Count of Lemos. They had a daughter and heiress
named Beatriz, who succeeded as Countess of Lemos
in her own right, and married twice — first, to a Por-
tuguese Prince, son of the Duke of Braganza, and
secondly to Don Alvaro Osorio, a grandson of the
first Count of Trastamara. Her daughter Maria,
by the second marriage, was wife of Don Juan
Alvarez Osorio, a younger son of the third Marquis
of Astorga.

Alvaro Perez Osorio, the third Marquis, went
with King Fernando to receive Juana and her bus-
Land, Felipe, when they landed in Galicia, and he
afterwards entertained Fernando for three days .at
Astorga. He^ received the Order of the Golden

The Osorios.

Fleece from Carlos I., when that monarch held the
Cortes at Coruna, and embarked for Germany in May
1520, leaving Cardinal Adrian as Regent of Spain.
The Marquis returned to Astorga ; but he had not
been there long before the news reached him of the
insurrection of the Comunidades in Castille. He as-
sembled all his people, joined the Cardinal, and soon
afterwards captured Tordesillas, thus securing the
person of the insane Queen Juana, who had pre-
viously been in the hands of the Comuneros. In
January 1523, while he was with the Court at Val-
ladolid, the Marquis of Astorga died, and was buried
in the cathedral of his native city, with his fathers.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio, the fourth Marquis, was
in Rome when it was sacked by Bourbon's army.
Pope Clement took refuge in the Castle of St Angelo ;
and when the enemy attempted to force an entrance,
the Marquis of Astorga stood at the door with his
drawn sword, and made them so eloquent a speech
that they gave up their intention. The grateful
Pope gave him a piece of the winding-sheet of
Lazarus, and an emerald salt-cellar, which was en-
tailed as an heirloom. The Marquis accompanied
Carlos I. on his expedition to Tunis, attended by
many relations and vassals ; and he also served with

1 8 The Osorios.

the Emperor in Flanders and Germany. He was
famous for his great wealth, and for the costly mag-
nificence of his entertainments. He died in Val-
ladolid in 1560, having had by his wife, Maria
Pimentel, daughter of the Count of Benavente, three
sons : —

1. Alvaro Perez Osorio, fifth Marquis of Astorga,
who was a very religious man, and had a private
musical chapel in his house. He died at Astorga
in 1567, leaving, by his wife, Beatriz, a daughter of
the Duke of Alva, a son — Antonio Pedro Alvarez
Osorio, sixth Marquis of Astorga, who was very
fond of horse-exercise, but he died at the early age
of eighteen, on February 12 th, 1579, and was buried
in the Cathedral of Astorga.

2. Alonzo Perez Osorio, seventh Marquis of As-
torga, was a Knight of Alcantara. He accompanied
Felipe to England when he married Queen Mary,
and continued in his service afterwards, dying at
Valladolid on Christmas Day 1592.

3. Pedro Alvarez Osorio, married Dona Con-
stanza de Castro Osorio, and had a son, Pedro
Alvarez, the eighth Marquis.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio, eighth Marquis of As-
torga, was of extremely blue blood — " sangre muy

The Osorios. 19

azul;" for no less than two of his grandfathers
and one of his grandmothers were Osorios. He
was brought up first as a page of honour to FeUpe
II.'s last queen, Anne of Austria, and afterwards
with his uncle, the seventh Marquis. He was a
nobleman of cultivated taste and considerable ability,
and was very fond of architecture. This Marquis
was a Knight of the Habit of Calatrava. He mar-
ried Dona Blanca Manrique y Aragon, daughter of
Don Luis Fernandez Manrique, Marquis of Aguilar,
by his wife, Ana de Mendoza y Aragon. The eighth
Marquis of Astorga died, at the age of forty-nine, in
the city of Astorga, on the 28th of January 16 13,
and his wife. Dona Blanca, followed him on March
25th, 1 619. She died at Valderas, They were
buried together, in the Chapel of the Osorios, in
Astorga Cathedral. They left three children, one
son and two daughters : —

I. Alvaro Perez Osorio, ninth Marquis of Astorga,
succeeded his father when only thirteen years of
age! He was born on February 28th, 1600. Lopez
de Haro tells us that he was not yet married when
he wrote concerning the Osorios in 1620; but in
1769 his descendant was the heiress Dona Nicolasa
de Osorio, Marchioness of Astorga," Countess of

20 The Osorios.

Trastamara, &c.' The present Marquis of Astorga
has a large house at Madrid. The Marquises are
hereditary Canons of Leon, because their ancestor,
in A.D. 846, fought side by side with Santiago at
Clavijo.

2. Constanza, married to the Marquis of San
Roman.

3. Ana, the future Countess of Chinchon, and,
Vice-Queen of Peru.*

* Nobiliario de los Reynos y Senorios de Espana, por Don Fran-
cisco Piferrer (Madrid, 1858). Argote de Molina.

Lady Ana de Osorio. 1 1

II.
Lati^ 9lna tie (i^gorto.

HE Lady Ana de Osorio, youngest daughter
of the eighth Marquis of Astorga, was born
in the year 1599, in her father's palace at
Astorga, the ruins of which yet remain. Ford says,
" A portion of the fine library fortunately escaped
Soult's camp-fires, and now belongs to the Advocates
at Edinburgh." Junot destroyed the old palace in
April 1 8 10, and only two towers, with some armorial
shields, remain.

The Lady Ana's father died in his palace at As-
torga on the 28th of January 161 3, aged forty-nine,
and her mother died at Valderas on March 25th,
1 6 19. They are both buried in the family chapel
in the Cathedral of Astorga.

Two years after her father's death, the youthful'
Lady Ana, then only sixteen years old, was taken
from her home amidst the pleasant highlands of

OSORIO,

Marquises of Astorga: Created 1465 a.d.

King Alonzo the Wise

St Louis of France.
= Blanche.

Fernando de la Cerda.

I
Alonzo de la Cerda.

; la Ce:

Inez de la Cerda, Lady
of Villalobus.

Alvaro Nunez Osorio
(Count of Trastamara).

Pedro Alvarez Osorio :=: Maria Fernandez deVil-
(Count of Villalobos). I lalobos.

1349-

Alvaro Perez "Osorio. = Constance de Haro.
1390- I

Juan Alvarez Osorio.
1417.

=1= Aldonza de Guzman.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio ^ Isabel de.Rojas.
(Count of Trastamara
and Villalobos).

Alvaro Perez Osorio :

(ist Marmiis of As-
torga). Ob. 1471.

Leonora, d. of Fadnque
Henriquez (Admiral).

Pedro Alvarez Osorio = Beatrix de Quifiones.

(2d Marquis of As-
torga). Ob. 1505.

Alvaro Perez Osorio :
(3d Marquis of As-
torga), Ob. 1523.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio :
(4th Marquis of As-
torga). Ob. 1560.

ist. Isabel Sarmiento,

Countess of Sta Marta.
2d. Mencia Osorio.

Maria Pimcntel, d. of the
Count of Benavente.

Alvaro Perez Osorio . = Beatriz

(Sth Marquis of Astorga.)
Ob. 1567.

de
Toledo.

Alonzo Perez Osorio
(7th Marquis of Astorga).
* Ob. 1592.

Pedro ^= Constanza

Osorio

Antonio Pedro Alvarez Osorio

(6th Marquis of Astorga).

Ob. 1589.

de Castro
Osorio.

Pedro Alvarez Osorio

(Sth Marquis of Astorga).

Ob. 1613.

Blanca Manrique
y Aragon.

Alvaro Perez Osorio
(9th Marquis of Astorga).

Constanza ^= Marquis of Keladar
y San Roman.

ANA, Coutttess of
CkinchoH.

Lady Ana de Osorio. 23

Leon — " a land of alpine passes, trout-streams, ver-
dant meadows, and groves of chestnuts and walnuts "
— to be married to Don Luis de Velasco, grandson
of the first Marquis of Salinas, and the young couple
went to live at Seville. This was in the year 16 15.

Her husband's grandfather was a very great man
indeed. He had been Viceroy of Mexico from 1589
to 1595, of Peru from 1595 to 1607, of Mexico a
second time from 1 607 to 1 6 1 1 , and was then Presi-
dent of the Council of the Indies at Seville, The
old statesman died on September 7th, 16 17, and the
Lady Ana's husband succeeded him as second Mar-
quis of Salinas. He was also Lord of Carrion, and
a Knight of Santiago. The Lady Ana had children
by her first husband. He died in the prime of life
in 1 6 19, and she lost her husband and her mother in
the same year.

Thus, when little over twenty years old, still young
and very beautiful, as her contemporaries tell us, the
Lady Ana de Osorio became both a widow and an
orphan. She was made a lady of the court to Mar-
garet, the Queen of Felipe IH., and removed from
Seville to Madrid. Here she won the love of a
nobleman of distinction, who possessed great estates
in the neighbourhood — Don Luis Geronimo Fer-

24 Lady Ana de Osorio.

nandez de Cabrera y Bobadilla, fourth Count of
Chinchon. His love was reciprocated, and the
youthful widow was married a second time, at
Madrid, on Sunday, August i ith, ^621.* The Lady
Ana became Countess of Chinchon.

The Counts of Chinchon, whose first surname was
Cabrera, were descended from a very ancient family
of Catalonia, t whose history is given by Aragonese
and Catalonian writers. Don Andres de Cabrera
was Chamberlain to Enrique IV., and Alcaide of
Segovia, the stronghold in which that king kept his
treasure and jewels. Don Andres defended the
Alcazar of Segovia against the rebels, and Enrique
IV. granted him the estate of Moya as a reward in
1463. The town of Mo.ya is a strong place on the
confines of Castille and Aragon. Don Andres was
also instrumental in effecting a reconciliation between
Enrique and his sister Isabella, who met at a great
banquet at Segovia in 1474. On the death of the
King, Cabrera promptly delivered up the Alcazar,
with all the arms and treasure, to Queen Isabella,

* Blason Espana, por Rivarola (1736), lib. iii. p. 302.

t Estevan de Garibay, Compendia de Espana, Pt. 1 1, lib. xvii. cap.
2; Pedro de Alcozer, Histaria de Toledo, cap. 115; Geronimo de
Zurita, Fratnentos matiuscritos.

Dona Beatriz de Bobadilla. 25

in spite of the promises and bribes which were
offered him by Alonzo of Portugal. His prompt
loyalty was imitated by many nobles and prelates,
and Fernando and Isabella were firmly seated on
the throne. Don Andres Cabrera swore fealty on
the day of Santa Lucia, and the grateful sovereigns
decreed that on the anniversary of that day the
golden cup out of which they and their successors
drank should be sent as a present to Cabrera and
his descendants for ever. Don Andres married the
faithful attendant of Queen Isabella, Dona Beatriz
Fernandez de Bobadilla, a lady of good family,
whose ancestors were lords of the village of Boba-
dilla, near Medina del Campo, in Castille ; and her
mistress granted the newly -married couple Chin-
chon, Valdemoro, Casarubios, and seventeen other
towns in the kingdom of Toledo, out of which the
County was afterwards fornied for their second son.
Don Andres Cabrera was also created Marquis of
Moya.

Dona Beatriz was a heroic champion and a most
faithfur friend to her royal mistress. When King
Enrique was about to force his sister Isabella to marry
Don Pedro Giron, the Master of Calatrava, Beatriz
exclaimed, " God will not permit it, neither will I ! "

26 Dona Beatriz de Bobadilla.

then drawing forth a dagger from her bosom, she
swore she would plunge it in his heart as soon as he
appeared.* The Marquis and Marchioness of Moya
accompanied their sovereigns in the campaign of
Granada, and Queen Isabella recommended the com-
panion of her youth to her successors when she died
in 1504. The Marchioness, who was seldom sepa-
rated from her royal mistress during life, had the
melancholy satisfaction of closing her eyes in death.
On the accession of Juana and Felipe, the Flemish
favourites carried all before them, and the Moyas
were forcibly expelled from Segovia ; but, in 1 506,
the high-spirited Marchioness put herself at the head
of a body of troops, and re-established herself in that
strong fortress. She died soon afterwards, her hus-
band, though much older, surviving her for a few
years. They were both buried in the convent of
the Order of Friars-Preachers at Carbonera, near
Moya, which they themselves had founded.

Andres de Cabrera and Beatriz de Bobadilla were
the illustrious progenitors of the Counts of Chinchon,
who through them became hereditary Alcaides of
Segovia.

* PrescoWs Ferdinand and Isabella, vol. i. p. 138. The Master of
Calatrava very opportunely died on the road.

The Marquis of Moya. 27

The children of the first Marquis and Marchioness
of Moya were as follows : —

1. Juan de Cabrera y Bobadllla, second Marquis
of Moya. He married Ana de Mendoza, daughter
of the first Duke of Infantado, by whom he had an
only daughter, Luisa, Marchioness of Moya (ob.
1556). She married the Duke of Escalona, and had
a daughter, Inez, married to the Count of Chinchon,
and a son, Francisco Pacheco de Cabrera y Boba-
dilla, Duke of Escalona and Marquis of Moya. He
married J nana de Toledo, daughter of the Count
of Oropesa, and his second son, Francisco, became
fifth Marquis of Moya. He married his cousin,
Mencia, daughter of the third Count of Chinchon,
A.D. 161 5.

2. Hernando de Cabrera y Bobadilla, first Count
of Chinchon, of whom presently.

3. Francisco de Cabrera y Bobadilla, Bishop of
•Salamanca.

4. Diego de Cabrera y Bobadilla, a Friar of the
Order of Preachers. He had previously assisted
his brother, the first Count of Chinchon, in defend-
ing Segovia against the Comunidades with great
valour.

5. Pedro de Cabrera y Bobadilla, died off the

28 The Marquis of Moya.

coast of Bretagne in 1521, when in command of the
fleet of the Emperor Carlos V.

6. Maria, married to Don Pedro Manrique, Count
of Osorno, but died childless.

7. Juana, also died childless.

8. Isabella, married to Don Diego Hurtado de
Mendoza, Marquis of Canete, and became mother of
the Marquis who was Viceroy of Peru.

^tms of CDabura 2 IBflbatiilla,

COUNTS OF CHINCHON.

Per pale : dexter^ in chiefs the royal lion and castle^ iii base on a Jield
or a goaf surrounded by a batilemented bordure sable /or Cabrera :
sinister: quarterly, first arid Jburth a castle sable in flames on a
field argent ; second and third an eagle a rgent on a field gules^ /or
Bobadilla; the whole surrounded by an orle o/ royal lions and
castles.

Counts of Chinchon. 29

III.

Counts 0f Cf)(nc|)0n.

lERNANDO DE CABRERA Y BOBA-
DILLA, the second son of the first Mar-
quis and Marchioness of Moya, was created
Count of Chinchon by the King and Emperor
Carlos I. and V. in the year 15 17.* He was also
Lord of the sesmos (districts) of Valdemoro, Casa-
rubios, and eighteen other towns in the kingdom of
Toledo, and was a Knight of the Order of Santiago.
The first Count of Chinchon distinguished himself
in the revolt of the Comunidades in 1520. The
original cause of the rebellion was, as is well known,
that the Cortes assembled in Galicia voted Carlos I.
a free gift on his accession, without obtaining the
redress of a single grievance. The people of Toledo,

• Berni, Titulos de Costilla (Valencia, 1769), p. 205. Madoz says
1475, which is an error.

30 Counts of Chinchon.

headed by their gallant young champion, Don Juan
de Padilla, seized the Alcazar, established a popular
form of government, and levied troops. Segovia
followed the example of Toledo, as did Burgos,
Zamora, and other cities. The people of Segovia,
reinforced and led by Padilla, repulsed the troops
sent against them by the Regent Adrian, and soon
afterwards the mad Queen Juana fell into the hands
of the rebels, and gave a colour of authority to their
proceedings. Padilla was looked upon as the de-
liverer of the people.

During these troubles the Count of Chinchon suc-
cessfully defended the strong Alcazar of Segovia, in
spite of the numerous assaults of the citizens. After
the first outbreak, he left the fortress in charge of
his gallant brother, Diego de Cabrera, and set out
for his own estates near Madrid and Toledo, to col-
lect men and material. He took all his artillery,
arms, and provisions from his Castle of Chinchon, and,
with a large body of servants and retainers, returned
to reinforce his brother. Segovia was in the hands
of the rebels, and the Alcazar was closely besieged,
but the Count fought his way in, and brought
very timely succour. Meanwhile, his own castle
at Chinchon was left without defence, and was

Counts of Chinchon. 3 1

levelled to the ground by Padilla and the Comu-
neros*

As a reward for these services, the Counts of
Chinchon were made hereditary Alcaides of the
Alcazar of Segovia.

The first Count of Chinchon married Dona Teresa
de la Cueva, daughter of the second Duke of
Albuquerque, by whom he had two sons and a
daughter : —

1. Pedro Fernandez de Cabrera y Bobadilla,
second Count of Chinchon.

2. Andres de Cabrera, Bishop-elect of Carta-
gena.

3. Mariana, married to Don Luis de Leyva,
Prince of Asculi.

The first Count also had a natural son named
Pedro, who ' was a Franciscan Friar, and became
Provincial of the Order.

Don Pedro Fernandez de Cabrera y Bobadilla
succeeded his father as second Count of Chinchon. t
He served under Carlos I. in his wars, and
especially in the attack on Algiers ; and he ac-

• Cronica del Emperador Don Carlos, lib. v. p. 132 ; Nobiliario de
Haro, Pt I. lib. vii. cap. 3, p. 157.
t He was born at Chinchon (Madoz).

32 Counts of Chinchon.

companied Felipe II. to England when he went
to marry Queen Mary, In November 1554, when
the Parliament of England petitioned for a reconcili-
ation with Rome, Felipe sent the Count of Chinchon
as his Ambassador from London, to announce the
good news to Pope Paul IV. From this time the
Count continued to be one of Felipe's most trusted
ministers. He was a member of the Councils of
State, of War, of Aragon, and of Italy, and Treasurer
of the Crown of Aragon. •

The second Count of Chinchon married Dona
Mencia de la Cerda y Mendoza, daughter of Don
Diego Hurtado de Mendoza, Count of Melito, by
whom he had : —

1. Diego Fernandez de Cabrera y Bobadilla, third
Count of Chinchon.

2. Andres de Cabrera, Bishop of Segovia, and
afterwards Archbishop of Zaragoza.

3. Pedro de Cabrera, a distinguished soldier, who
served in the expedition to succour Masalquivir in
1563, and was killed in action when La Goleta was
lost.

4. Ana de Cabrera, died a Maid of Honour in the
Palace.

5. Mencia de Cabrera, married Don Fernando

Counts of Chinchon. 33

Cortes, Marquis of Valle, grandson of the Conqueror
of Mexico, but died childless on July ist, 161 8.

6. Teresa de Cabrera y de la Cerda, married Don
Pedro Fernandez de Castro, Count of Lemos. She
was his second wife, and had two sons : — ■

1. Andres, whose only daughter, Francesca,
eventually succeeded a cousin as eighth and last
Countess of Chinchon. She married Don Enrique
de Benavides, but had no children.

2. Rodrigo was in Peru with his cousin, the Vice-
roy, Count of Chinchon, as Governor of Chucuito.
He afterwards entered holy orders, was a Canon of
Toledo, and a Councillor of the Inquisition. (See
page Zl.)

Don Diego Fernandez de Cabrera y Bobadilla
succeeded his father as third Count of Chinchon.
He was at the battle of St Quentin, and in most of
the other wars of the reign of Felipe H., and in 1593
he was employed, with Don Francisco de Mendoza,
the Admiral of Aragon, in the expulsion of the
Moriscos.* He was also a Knight of Santiago, a
Councillor of State, and high in the confidence of
Felipe H. The Castle of Chinchon had been de-

* Nobiliario de Haro, Pt. I. lib. v. cap. 5, p. 371.

34 Counts of Chinchon.

stroyed by the Comuneros in the time: of his grand-
father, and nothing remains of it but the splendid
family chapel, now used as a parish church. He,
therefore, erected a new and very handsome castle,
at great expense, on a hill to the south of the town
of Chinchon, which I shall describe further on. It
now forms a very picturesque ruin.

The third Count of Chinchon married Dona Inez
Pacheco, daughter of Don Diego Lopez Pacheco,
Marquis of Villena and Duke of Escalona, by his
wife Dona Luisa de Cabrera y Bobadilla, heiress of
the Marquisate of Moya. (See page 27.) Their
children were : —

1. Don Luis Geronimo Fernandez de Cabrera y
Bobadilla, fourth Count of Chinchon.

2. Mencia de Cabrera, married her cousin, the
Marquis of Moya. (See page 27.)

3. Maria de Cabrera, married the fifth Marquis of
Canete.

4. Luisa de Cabrera, died childless.

The Fourth Count of Chinchon. 35

IV.
Ctje JTourtt) Count of Ci)inc|)on,

Viceroy of Peru.

ION LUIS GERONIMO FERNANDEZ
DE CABRERA Y BOBADILLA suc-
ceeded his father as fourth Count of
Chinchon, Lord of Valdemoro and Casarubios,
and hereditary Alcaide of Segovia. He was also
a member of the Councils of Aragon and Italy, and
Treasurer of the Crown of Aragon, and was about
thirty years of age at the death of his father in j 619.

The fourth Count of Chinchon, as has already
been mentioned, married the Lady Ana de Osorio,
widow of the Marquis of Salinas, at Madrid, on
Sunday (or, as some authorities say, Wednesday),
the nth of August 162 1.

The Count and Countess resided, when not in
attendance at Court, at Segovia or Chinchon. On
Wednesday, September 13th, 1623, they entertained

36 The Fourth Count of Chinchon.

Prince Charles (afterwards Charles I. of England)
and the Duke of Buckingham at the Alcazar of
Segovia, when, says the record, " they supped on
certaine trouts of extraordinary greatnesse." *

In 1628 the Count of Chinchon was appointed
Viceroy of Peru, the greatest and most important
trust that could be conferred upon a subject, for in
those days the Viceroyalty of Peru included the
whole of South America, excepting Brazil. The
Count and Countess went out by way of Panama,
landed at Callao in December, and made their
solemn entry into Lima on the 14th of January
1629, when the new Viceroy received the command
from his predecessor, the Marquis of Guadalcazar.
In the same year there was a terrible earthquake at
Lima, which, though not to be compared in horror
with the awful catastrophe of 1746, is said to have
destroyed half the city.

The chief events of the Count of Chinchon's Vice-
royalty were the rebellion in the Collao, the naviga-
tion of the Amazon, and the discovery of Peruvian
bark.

On the western shores of the great lake of Titicaca

* Ford, vol. ii. p. 770.

Viceroy of Peru. 37

there are thick beds of rushes, several leagues in
extent, in the midst of which there was an island,
inhabited by Ochozuma Indians, who made secret
lanes through the rushes, which they navigated in
their balsas. Secure in their lacustrine retreat, these
Indians committed many robberies on the highroad
from Chucuito to La Paz, until, in 1632, the Count
of Chinchon sent Don Rodrigo de Castro with a
small force to chastise them, and five of their chiefs
were taken prisoners, and hanged in the plaza of
Zepita. The head of one of them, named Juan
Pachacayo, was stuck on the bridge of the Desa-
guadero.

This only infuriated the Indians. They elected a
fierce and audacious man, named Pedro Laime, in
his place, who suddenly attacked the bridge of the
Desaguadero, burnt some houses, and carried off the
head of Pachacayo. The Spanish Corregidor or
Governor of Chucuito, the province on. the western
shore of Lake Titicaca, was then Don Rodrigo de
Castro, a first cousin of the Viceroy, Count of Chin-
chon, being a son of his aunt, the Countess of Lemos.
(See page 33.) He collected some troops, and
marched along the shores of the lake, while the
rebels kept near him in their balsas in the rushes.

38 The Fourth Count of Chinchon.

He addressed them, asking them to return to their
allegiance, but was answered by jeers and shouts of
defiance. He then advanced into the reedy swamp
and opened fire upon them, occupying five islets
amongst the rushes, near the mouth of the river
Callacame. His soldiers burnt seventy huts, and
carried off seven hundred head of cattle, but retired
without discovering the concealed fastness of the
Indians. The Count of Chinchon then gave orders
that the Spaniards should embark on the lake, and
on December 2d, 1632, the soldiers, forty in number,
were put on board twenty balsas. On the 6th they
came in sight of seventy balsas, under Pedro Laime,
forming the hostile squadron. But the Indians went
in and out amongst the rushes, by winding lanes of
water only known to themselves, and baffled the
efforts of the Spaniards to . overtake them. They
surprised one balsa, and killed the two soldiers in it,
the others retreating. Next morning a party of
cavalry followed some armed Indians into the swamp,
and were suddenly surrounded. The Spaniards lost
eleven men, and the Indians only three. The
Ochozuma rebels then became bolder, and marched
towards Zepita, which is the nearest town, but they
were repulsed by Castro, who took seventeen pri-

Viceroy of Peru, 39

soners, and sent them to the galleys at Callao.
They, however, escaped on the road. Tranquillity
was not completely restored until 1634; and the
Viceroy acknowledged that the insurrection was
caused by the injustice and tyranny of the Spaniards,
who forced the Indians to work without pay, and"
seized on their goods.*

The memorable navigation of the river Amazon
took place during the Viceroyalty of the Count of
Chinchon. In 1637, .two monks descended the
rivers Napo and Amazon, and reached Pard. On
their arrival, an expedition was sent up the river,
commanded by Pedro de Texeira, which arrived at
Quito in 1638. It was then proposed that Father
Cristoval de Acuna, who was Rector of the Col-
lege at Cuenca, should accompany Texeira on his
return down the Amazon, and prepare a careful
report of all that he might see. The matter was
referred by the Judges of the Audiencia of Quito to
the Count of Chinchon, who, after consulting the
most eminent persons in Lima, sent orders to the
President of Quito, in a letter dated November 1638,
that Texeira, with all his people, should return to

* Cronica Moralizada de la Provincia de Peru del Orden de San
Agustin, por el Padre Fray Antonio de la Calancha (Lima, 1653).

40 The Cure of the Countess.

Para. He likewise directed that two learned per-
sons should accompany him, who might give an
account of all that had been discovered, and that
might be discovered on the return voyage. Two
priests, named Cristoval de Acuna and Andres de
Artieda, were selected ; and a most valuable and
useful book was the result of the Count of Chinchon's
judicious order.*

But the most notable historical event in this Vice-
roy's time was the cure of his Countess, in the year
1638, of a tertian fever, by the use of Peruvian bark.
The news of her illness at Lima reached Don Fran-
ciso Lopez de Canizares, who was then Corregidor of
Loxa, and who had become acquainted with the febri-
fuge virtues of the bark. I have convinced myself
that the remedy was unknown to the Indians in the
time of the Yncas. It is mentioned neither by the
Ynca Garcilasso nor by Acosta, in their lists of Indian
medicines, nor is it to be found in the wallets of
itinerant native doctors, whose materia medica has
been handed down from father to son for centuries.
It appears, however, to have been known to the

* El nuevo descubrimiento del gran rio de las Amazonas, por el
Padre Cristqyal de Acuiia (Madrid, 1641). Translated and edited,
with notes, by Clements R. Markham (Halduyt Society), 1859, p. 57.

The Cure of the Countess. 4 1

Indians round Loxa, a town in the Andes, about
230 miles south of Quito. A Jesuit is said to have
been cured of fever at Malacotas, near Loxa, by
taking the bark given to him by the Indians, as long
ago as 1600, and in about 1636 an Indian of Mala-
cotas revealed the secret virtues of the quihquina
bark to the Corregidor Canizares. In 1638, there-
fore, he' sent a parcel of it to the Vice-Queen, and
the new remedy, administered by her physician, Dr
Dqp Juan de Vega, effected a rapid and complete
cure. It is known by tradition amongst the bark
collectors, that the particular species from which the
bark was taken which cured the Countess of Chin-
chon, was that known to them as Cascarilla (bark)
de Chahuarguera* These trees are a variety of the
C. officinalis of Linnaeus, hundreds of thousands of
which are now growing in India, having been
successfully introduced from the forests of Loxa.
There are four alkaloids, with febrifuge virtues, in
the Peruvian bark — quinine, quinidine, chinchonine,
and chinchonidine. The Cascarilla de Chahiarguera
abounds in chinchonidine, and Mr Howard has

* Compendia Historico-ntedico-comercial de las Quinas, por Don
Hipolito Ruiz, MS. Quoted by Mr Howard in his Nueva Quinologia
de Pavon.

42 The Cure of the Countess.

pointed out* that this alkaloid probably contributed
to the cure of the Countess, It is now understood
that owing to its being at the same time as efficacious
as and much cheaper than quinine, the chinchonidine
will eventually be the chief agent by which health
and the cure of fevers will be diffused among the
vast native population of British India.

Madame de Genlis wrote a short novel, founded
on the cure of the Countess of Chinchon, which she
dedicated to the Comtesse de Choiseul. It is en-
titled " Zuma" and though utterly wrong so far as
all the facts are concerned, and showing absolute
ignorance of Peru and even of Indian names, it yet
proves the deep and general interest which attaches
to the first introduction of quina bark , into Europe
by the Vice-Queen.

The story, as told by Madame de Genlis, is briefly
as follows : —

" When the Count and Countess of Chinchon arrived in Peru, the
Indians felt an intense hatred for their Spanish oppressors. They
held a secret meeting on the hill where the trees of health, as they
called the quina trees, grew, and their leaders made them swear never
to divulge the secret of the healing virtue of the bark to the Spaniards ;
any one who did so was to be killed, with all his or her relations.
The Indian chiefs were named Azan,.a fierce and cruel man ; Jimeo,

* Letter from Mr Howard to Mr Clements R. Markham, October
2i5t, 1873.

The Cure of the Countess. 43

and his son Mirvan. The young chief Mirvan was married to a lovely
girl named Zuma, and they had one child.

" When the Countess of Chinchon entered Lima, a band of girls
with garlands of flowers, headed by Zuma, was forced to meet her.
The Countess was so struck by Zuma's beauty, that she took her into
the palace as an attendant. Four months afterwards the Countess
was attacked by fever, and was on the point, of death. Her Spanish
maid, Beatriz, suspected Zuma of poisoning her, and set spies to watch
her movements. Soon afterwards Zuma also fell ill of fever, and her
husband got permission from the Indians to take her one dose of the
quina bark every day. Zuma resolved to save the Countess and to
die herself. Beatriz had told her suspicions to the Viceroy, and one
night, while they were watching, they saw Zuma go stealthily into the
Countess's room and put some powder into her medicine. The Viceroy
rushed in, Zuma fainted, the bottle was broken, and she was sent to
prison, accused of poisoning the Countess. Mirvan resolved to die
with her, and gave himself up as an accomplice. They were tried and
sentenced to be burnt alive, the Countess's physician deposing that
her illness was mysterious, and that Zuma's powder was no doubt a
deadly poison.

" The Countess was not told of Zuma's arrest until the morning
appointed for the execution. She disbelieved her attendant's guilt.
Dying as she was, she had herself carried to the place where the fire
was lighted, ordered Mirvan and Zuma to be released, and brought
them home with her. Soon afterwards the Viceroy, followed by the
old chief, Jimeo, rushed into the Countess's room, and announced that
the Indians had divulged the healing virtues of the quina bark, in
order to save the lives of Zuma and her husband. The Countess was
cured in eight days, Zuma was rewarded, and they all lived very
happily ever afterwards." *

* Madame de Genlis's novel was translated into Spanish in 1827,
and forms a little book entitled "Zuma, b el descubrimiento de la
Quina, novelda Peruana!'

44 The Countess of Chinchon.

At the end of his viceregal term, the Cotint of
Chinchon was reHeved by Don Pedro de Toledo y
Leyva, Marquis of Mancera, who made his public
entry into Lima on December i8th, 1639.

A very full account of the government of the
Count of Chinchon was written by Dr Ocampo, the
Archbishop of Lima, but it is still buried amongst
the archiepiscopal archives. There is another relic
of this Viceroy's administration in the shape of a
Sumario or precis, written by Don Jose Caceres, the
Secretary of his Government, on the case of a certain
Don Manuel Criado de Castilla. Ynca, a descendant
of Manco Ynca, who so gallantly besieged the
Spanish invaders in Cuzco ; but this also is still in
manuscfipt.*

The Countess of Chinchon returned to Spain in
the spring of 1640, with her husband, and bringing
with her a supply of that precious quina bark which
had worked so wonderful a cure upon herself, and
the healing virtues of which she intended to distri-
bute amongst the sick on her lord's estates, and.
to make known generally in Europe. The bark

* Gazqfilacio Real Peruana, por Don Caspar de Escalona ; Memorias
de los Vireyes qve han gobernado el Peru, por M. A, Fuentes (Lima,
1859), p. xix-'

The Countess of Chinchon. 45

powder was most appropriately called Countess's
powder {Pulvis Comitissce), and by this name it was
long known to druggists and in commerce. Dr
Don Juan de Vega, the learned physician* of the
Countess of Chinchon, followed his patient to Spain,
bringing with him a quantity of quina bark, which
he sold at Seville at 100 reals the pound. The
bark continued to have the same high value and the
same reputation, until the trees became scarce, and
the collectors began to adulterate it.

After their return from Peru, the Count and
Countess of Chinchon usually resided at the Castle
of Chinchon, which was built by the Count's father
in about 1590. The Countess administered Peruvian
bark to the sufferers from tertian agues on her lord's
estates, in the fertile but unhealthy vegas of the
Tagus, the Jarama, and the Tajuna. She thus
spread blessings around her, and her good deeds are
even now remembered by the people of Chinchon
and Colmenar, in local traditions, f

* Dr Juan de Vega, while at Lima, published a grammar of the
language of the Peruvian Indians, entitled "Arte e Rudimentos de
Qrantatica Quichua." Impreso en Lima, 1636.

t Information from Don Hippolito Serrano, Regidor of Chinchon.
When Carlos II, was given up in 1696, Mr Stanhope, the British
Minister at Madrid, in a letter to Lord Lexington, said that " His

46 The Last Counts of Chiuchon.

I have not been able to ascertain the dates on
which the fourth Count of Chinchon and his Coun-
tess, the Lady Ana, died. I think that the Count
died first; because I found a house in Chinchon
with the arms of Osorio and Cabrera carved over
the doorway, which may have been the dower-house
of the widowed Countess.

They were succeeded by their son, the fifth Count,
who was followed successively by two sons, the sixth
and seventh Counts. Here the male line ended.
The title was next inherited by their cousin, the
Lady Francesca de Castro (see page 33), who be-
came eighth Countess of Chinchon ; but she died
without issue, and the family came to an end. The
Alcazar of Segovia, of which the Counts of Chinchon
had long been hereditary Alcaides, was ceded to
the Crown in the year 1 764.

After the extinction of this grand old family,
their title was dragged through the mud by the
Bourbon kings. Carlos IIL sold it to his brother,
the Infante Felipe, Duke of Parma, and afterwards
another of his brothers, the Lifante Luis, bought the
title of Count of Chinchon, with the estates attached

Catholic Majesty is now much better by taking the quing'uine." — Lord
Mahofis Spain under Charles II., p. 99..

Chinchon. 47

to it. The illegitimate daughter of the Infante Luis
was allowed to inherit this now' degraded title, and
she conveyed it to her husband, the notorious Manuel
Godoy, Prince of Peace. Their daughter lived at
Rome, and married the Duke of Alcudia, by whom
she left a son, the present Count of Chinchon, and
lord of the estates of Chinchon and Villaviciosa.
He resides in Italy.

We find mention of Chinchon in history, during
the War of the Succession. In the early part of 1 706
Lord Peterborough had gained Valencia, Felipe V.
had been repulsed before Barcelona and driven into
France, and the incompetent Lord Galway, with
the Portuguese General, Das Minas, had occupied
Madrid. The allies seemed to be carrying all before
them, but the fatal procrastination of the Archduke
Charles and his Gerrnans ruined these fair prospects.
Lord Peterborough, the most brilliant statesman and
soldier of his age, retired from Spain in disgust,
Galway evacuated Madrid, and the allies, the Eng-
lish commanded by General Stanhope, took up their
quarters in the town of Chinchon, in August. Mean-
while, the Duke of Berwick had assumed the com-
mand of Felipe's troops, armed bodies of peasants
from La Mancha lined the south banks of the Tagus,

48 Chinchon.

cutting off the retreat of the allies to Portugal, and
the allied Generals remained at Chinchon, wavering
and procrastinating. In a letter dated from -Chin-
chon on August 2 2d, General Stanhope says that he
cannot venture to attempt the passage of the Jarama
before such an enemy as Berwick ; that the country
of Castille is daily falling from the allies, and that
they can only reckon themselves masters of the
ground they encamp on. General Stanhope wrote
another letter from Chinchon to the Lord Treasurer,
dated August 25th, complaining of the undisciplined
and penniless, condition of the Portuguese contin-
gent. During their stay at Chinchon they were often
pinched for want of provisions, owing to the unfriend-
liness of the country, and hardly a "straggler could
leave the town without being seized or murdered. At
length, in September, the allies began their march from
Chinchon, and crossed the Tagus at Fuentiduena,
followed by Berwick, retreating hastily into Valencia,
where they took up their winter quarters.*

Afterwards Felipe V, passed a night at Chinchon,
and the house in which he slept is still shown.

During the Peninsular War, Chinchon suffered

* Lord Mahofis War of the Succession in Spain, chap. v. p. 216 ;
Letters from General Stanhope, p. xxxi.

Chinchon. • 49

cruelly from the depredations of the French. The
old castle was dismantled and ruined, the church,
excepting the tower, was levelled with the ground,*
and the townspeople were ruthlessly massacred for
having shown some slight intention of resisting a
French advanced guard.

* Set on fire, by order of Marshal Victor, on Dec. 27th, l8lo (Madoz).
It had been endowed by the Count of Chinchon in 1589 ; rebuilt,
1819-28.

CABRERA Y BOBADILLA,

Marquises of Moya and Counts of Chinchon.

Cabreras of Catalonia.

Don Ramon de Cabrera = Dona Maria
de Vera, an
Aragonese.

Don Bernardo de Cabrera,
Viscount of Cabrera y
Bas, Admiral and Cap-
tain-General of Sicily.

Don Andres de Cabrera == Leonora de Linan,
I an Aragonese.

Counts of Modica.

Don Juan Fernandez de Cabrera = Maria de Glbaxa

of Cuenca. Diego F. de Bobadilla

(Lord of Bobadilla).

Juan F. de Bobadilla ==. Beatriz
I de Corral.

Pedro F. de Bobadilla = Maria

I Maldonado.

Don Andres de Cabrera = Donia Beatriz
(ist Marquis of Moya). I de Bobadilla.

Juan de Cabrera y = Ana, d. of ist

Bobadilla (2d Mar- I Duke ofln-

quts of Moya). I fantado.

Hernando de Cabrera =
■ y Bobadilla, ist
Count of Chinchon.

Luisa, Marchioness:
of Moya.

: Duke of
Kscalona.

Teresa
de la
Cueva,
d. of the
Duke of
Albuquerque.

Pedro de Cabrera y = Mencia

Bobadilla, 2d Count
of Chinchon.

Francisco,^ Juana

Duke of

Kscalona,

Marquis of

Moya.

de Toledo,
d. of the
Count of
Oropesa.

Inez :

2d son,
Francisco Pacheco
de Cabrera y Bo-
badilla, Marquis
of Moya.

Diego Fernandez
de Cabrera y
Bobabilla, 3d
Count of Chin-
chon.

de la Cerda

y Mendoza,

d. of the

Count of

Melito.

Pedro de =
Castro,Count I
of Lemos.

: Teresa

Other
children
at pp. 27
and 28.

Other

chiMren
at p. 31.

UJ 1

Other
children
at p. 32.

Other

children
at p. 34.

Andres de Castro.

Francesca, 8th =
Countess of

Chinchon.

Rodrigo
de Castro.

= Don Enrique
de Behavides.

Ana de Osorio, d. of = Luis Geronimo F. de

the Marquis of As-
torga, widow of Mar-
quis df Salinas.

Catvera y Bobadilla,
4th Count of Chinchon,
Viceroy of Peru.

5th Count.

6th.

7th.

SEIZE QUARTIERS OF ANA DE OSORIO,

Countess of Chinchon, Vice-Queen of Peru.

Alvarez Perez OsorioT -s
3d Marquis of As-
torga.

Isabel Sarmiento [zst
wife).

Pedro Alvarez OsorioA
4th Marquis of As- [
torga.

Alonzo Pimentel, ")
Count of Benavente- I __

I Mana Pimentel y
. , __ , f Velasco.

Ana de Velasco y |
Herrera. j

\ Pedro Alvarez^
Osorio.

Alvarez Perez Osorto, -
3d Marquis of As-
torga.

Mencia Osorio, d. of
Count of Lemos
(2d wife).

Alvaro Osorio.

Countess of Lemos.
2d Marquis of Aguilar.
. Ana Pimentel.

- Juan Osorio.

Maria Osorio de Cas-
tro. .

}

}Juan F. de Mi
rique, ^d Marqi
of Aguilar.

Man-^
luisl

Alonzo Pimentel, ]
Count of Benavente.

Ana de Velasco y
Herrera.

. Diego de Mendoza, '
3d Duke of Infan
tado.

Maria Pimentel.

Enrique de Aragoi
Duke of Segorbe.

Blanca Pimentel.

Inigo Lopez de Men-
doza) 4th Duke of I
Infantado.

Yomar de Castro y
Portugal. J

!- Isabel de

Aragon.

Pedro Alvarez
^ Osorio, 8 th
Marquis of
Astorga.

Constanza

de Castro

Osorio.

Luis,
4th Marquis
of Aguilar.

Ana de

Mendoza y

Aragon.

Ana

DB
. OSOH!0,
> Countess

of
Chinchon-

Blanca
Manrique
y Aragon.

Chinchon.

C'HrNCHON. {From the Castle Hill.)

Ct)incI)on.

HE province of Madrid, in New Castille, is
in the very centre of Spain, and the pillar
marking the actual centre may be seen from
the hills above Chinchon. Modern tourists tell us
little that is new, still less that is correct. Those who
go to Spain generally announce, in a sprightly off-hand
way, that Madrid is surrounded by an arid desert.
This is not the truth, nor anything at all near it.
The province of Madrid is situated between 39°

J^^^^

,#fe'

\.OT.oy A /

')}!,

£/ faa/ar

iW.d:&^iii7J=J! Penalacruz

'^ ^

• Qas^a/t'if

\ Choius

' ""'JMi. MorskurzsJ.--

jMsnianares

Ve//on/ ApJ^ \

San '^kgu^n j^ j^'S^-';^ \

W FucnH »:, ^^ ( •,-;■>"# OOaalafaxara .

.^^^.

miColnjenar Vt'ejo

¥,-■

l/il/a/ba , ,

§vsc

^■:%.

A/cs/a cle
ti Ana res

' ' .-- ^eneaf'ra/

. 1- /' Chamartin

Las vosec

/kizi/e/a*{

.'Vf//am 3 /J ft Us
Na vaica m e ro

'*fiom^ff///€s

fie/as^^0/^
. Canilfas jf^^Sr/oy

• V/Mav/ciosa

'A/eoraoff

■Cttafs ■

-f 'Ail ,-

»: ; /~5g W///aca/re/as

» Colme/tar a/e 0/-e/ai

.^^'!^-4 ^ -

" Cinutlos

•ffo6/efas
• Ocana

. Yepes

THE PROVINCE OF KAJRID

-""^'"^^ Rai/roads

^ — -~-_-^ .'Pip^c^ /?W/77 Madrid (o Chfnchan t Oolmanar.

Cscurisl ffst/road Stations.
_ Boundary of Prwinee of Madrid.

Rivers

—Limit of tha Yini.

■SflSifeiL Vegas orlirtiia Valleys tiirough nhiclt tlieriversflow.
'f//lillMt{[ Barnes forming the sides of Vayss .

■ '^V^'k"^""*"'"-

- Limit ofolii/e cultivation. Ail to t/ie eastward <^ti>e fine is an aljVe ff/vuuhg /ajid.

Seals 10 miles to an inch

Province of Madrid. Its Flora. 53

53' and 41" 7' N. lat, and consists of a tableland
intersected by deep valleys. It covers an area of
about 250 square leagues. The elevation above
the sea varies from 1500 in the valleys to 8500 feet
on the summits of the Guadarrama peaks. This
range of mountains extends along the northern and
western sides of the province, and though no part of
it rises above the line of perpetual snow, the snow lies
in some sheltered corners until July, and falls again
early in October. The lower slopes of the Guadar-
ramas are clothed with oaks, above which various
species of conifers extend as high as to 6500 feet
above the sea, with yews and junipers. The Pinus
sylvestris (Scotch Pine) is a fine tree, with spreading
branches drooping to the ground, which clothes
the sides of the Penalara peak, overhanging the
•summer palace of La Granja. Pinus pinea (Stone
Pine) is a beautiful tree, which forms the groves of
San Martin de Valdeiglesias ; and the Pinus pinas-
ter (Cluster Pine) is also common in the Guadar-
ramas. These mountains are formed of white
granite ; the rest of the province, with the exception
of small Cretacean and Silurian patches in the north,
being of Tertiary formation.

The rivers of the province are the Alberche and
Guadarrama, flowing from the mountains direct to

54 Province of Madrid. River Valleys,

the Tagus ; the Manzanares and Lozoya also flow-
ing from the Guadarramas and falling into the
Jarama ; and the Jarama, Henares, and Tajuna
coming from the eastward, uniting with each other,
and falling into the Tagus (which river forms the
southern boundary of the province) near Aranjuez.

Eastward of the Guadarrama mountains, the pro-
vince of Madrid consists of a rolling tableland
covered with corn, olives, and vines, but generally
treeless, and towards its eastern frontier some wild
barren mountains rise up along the Guadalaxara
frontier. The tableland is, however, intersected by
deep valleys, through which the rivers flow, of great
fertility, well wooded, and generally bounded by
hills with scarped precipitous sides. Here the vine-
yards are intermixed with luxuriant fruit and vege-
table gardens, while in some places there is a fine
growth of trees. The well-grown timber and shady
groves of San Fernando, San Martin de Valdei-
glesias, and Aranjuez are the pride of the Madri-
lenos, and especially the magnificent elms, brought
from England by Felipe II., and planted at Aranjuez,
are celebrated not only by Spaniards, but by our
countryman, John Evelyn.*

* Sylva, Book I. chap. 7.

Province of Madrid. Divisions. 55

The chief products of the province, given in the
order of their yield, are barley, wheat, wine, oats,
olive oil, pulses, potatoes, hemp, flax, besides fruits
and garden vegetables.*

The province is divided into eight Cercados, or
Partidos yudiciales, for purposes of judicial and
civil administration : —

1. Chinchon. 5. Alcala.

2. Getafe. 6. San Martin de

3. Naval cam ero. Valdeiglesias.

4. Madrid. 7. Torrelaguna.

8. Colmenar Viejo.

The town of Chinchon is in the south-east corner
of the province, on very high ground, with hills
covered with wheat-fields, olives, and vineyards,
sloping off on one side to the vega of the Tagus, and
on the other to that of the Taj una.

* According to Don Vicente Cutanda, the province of Madrid pos-
sesses a flora (exclusive of cryptogamia) consisting . of loi families,
609 genera, and 1867 species, and participating both in a Subalpine
and a Mediterranean character.

Among ferns the Gramitis Ceterach, Polypodium vulgare, Aspidium
Felix mas, Asplenium trichomanes, Ruta-muraria, Septentrionale,
Adiantum nigrum, Scolopendrium officinale, Pteris Aquilina and
crispa, Adiantum Capillus Veneris, and Odorum, are found in the
Guadarramas {Flora Compendiada de Madrid, 1861).

56 Road from Madrid to Chinchon.

An omnibus leaves the Calle de Alcala in Madrid,
for Chinchon and Colmenar de Oreja, at eight o'clock
every morning; and on that of the 21st of October
1 866, I took my place in it, with two agreeable and
communicative companions, one a stout, elderly
renter of vineyards and dealer in brandy, who had
been in London during the Exhibition of 1862, the
other a young man in charge of the Chinchon prison,
with a gun across his knees, and much talk touching
the potting of doves and sparrows.

The distance from Madrid to Chinchon is twenty-
four miles. The road leads down the Prado, and
past the famous chapel of Atocha, and then becomes
execrable for two or three miles, after which it is
excellent for the rest of the distance. Crossing the
Saragossa railroad, it passes through the large vil-
lage of Vallecas, and descends into the vega of the
Jarama, where the tableland ends abruptly in scarped
and rugged cliffs, and where the rich fertility of the
valley offers a strong contrast to the treeless expanse
of corn-field and vineyard on the high ground.
Crossing the river by a long bridge, the road leaves
the valley by a steep ascent, passes over another
stretch of tableland, and again descends into the
larger and equally fertile vega of the Taj una, at a

Castillian Peasantry. 57

point where the village of Morata is in sight, a mile
or two up the river. These vegas are formed of a
rich alluvial soil, and yield delicious melons, and
indeed every kind of fruit and vegetable, but they
are unhealthy — the haunts of ague and intermittent
fever.

There are no country-houses, no detached cottages
on this road. All the inhabitants live in the towns
or large villages. This immemorial usage dates
of course from the time when New Castille was
the debatable ground between the Moors and
Christians, and is now a necessity to the people,
because all the habits and customs of their daily
lives depend upon it. The unhealthiness of the
vegas, in which much of the field-work lies, may
also be one reason that the labourers all live in
villages on the higher ground. So at early dawn
the Castillian peasants, in their velveteen tufted
bonnets, may be seen issuing from the towns,
mounted on mules, with the day's provisions in
their alforjas, and their simple ploughs and other
implements drawn along- behind. With a strict
code of morals, such as it is, proud but courteous
in his bearing, not wanting in intelligence, and
exacting that respect from others which he justly

The Castle of Chinchon.

feels for himself, the Castillian peasant is far
superior to the agricultural labourer in England,
or indeed in any other part of Europe. The
estates are large, and generally belong to some
grandee or rich proprietor, and the cultivators
rent their own land, nominally as tenants at will,
but really handing it down from father to son,
for generations.

There is a long suspension bridge over the

THE CASTLE OF CHINCHON.

{SouiJi side.)

formidable river Tajufia, and the road then leaves
the vega, ascends the hills by two zigzags, and
leads across another tableland to Chinchon. The
ruined castle and large church are visible miles
away, on the tableland between the vegas of
Tajufia and Jarama. The town lies in a slight

The Castle of CIiinchoH.

hollow, with the castle to the south, and the church,
overhanging the houses, on the northern hill.

The ruins of the old Castle of Chinchon stand
on a breezy hill, with the little town nestling at
its feet on one side, and a wide view across the

■ ".^^

AKMS OF THE COUNTS OF CHINCHON.
{Carved in stone over the drawbridge o/ tke castle.)

vega of Tajuna on the other, ending in the dis-
tant peaks of the Guadarrama range. The soft
velvety turf round the ruins is bordered by
wheat-fields, which are succeeded, lower down
the hillside, by vineyards and olive-trees.

6o The Castle of Chinchon.

The castle had once been a place of consider-
able strength, and also a very noble residence.
The interior consists of a quadrangle with ram-
parts on three sides, underneath which are vaulted
casemates suitable for storerooms, cellars, or bar-
racks, and the castle itself forms the western
side. It is now a complete ruin ; but the lofty
windows, wide portals, and spacious well-propor-
tioned rooms attest. its former magnificence. At
each angle of the building there is a circular
tower, and three windows for each of the two
stories are pierced in the intervening walls.
The lower story, though appearing at a consider-
able height from the outside, is in reality on a
level with the quadrangle.

The entrance into the castle is by a causeway
over a wide arch spanning the ditch, at the end
of which there was a drawbridge leading to the
grand portal in the centre of the southern wall.
Over the entrance a masonry wall was built for
the chains of the drawbridge, and on its face the
arms of Cabrera y Bobadilla are carved in bold
relief, with a cross fleury' behind them, and sur-
mounted by a count's coronet and an eagle dis-
played, as a crest. This coat of arms proves

The Founder of the Castle.

the date at which the castle was built, for it has
an escutcheon of pretence in the centre, bearing
two caldrons.* Now these are the arms of
the Duke of Escalona, t whose daughter Inez
married the third Count of Chinchon.t He,

ENTRANCE TO THE CASTLE OF CHINCHON.

i^East side.)

therefore, must have been the builder of the
castle, towards the end of the reign of Felipe
1 1 ; the more ancient castle on the other side of
the town having been destroyed by the Comuneros
in the time of his grandfather. §

* See page 3 and note.

t Nobiliarid de Haro, II. lib ix. cap. 26.

t See page 34.

§ See pages 30 and 33.

62 Residence of the Countess.

The casde is built of Tertiary limestone,
brought from the adjacent quarries of Colmenar
Oreja ; * and as no mosses or lichens form on the
walls in this dry and bright climate, they look as
new and fresh as when they were first built.
This effect rather increases the idea of melancholy
desolation, for it makes the ruins appear as if
they had been bombarded and gutted but yester-
day.

In this old castle the good Countess Ana
lived, after her return from Peru; and from here
she diffused blessings in every direction; not only
administering her bark powders to the sick
peasants in the adjacent vegas„ and to the students
at the University of Alcala; but communicating a
knowledge of their virtues to the rest of the
world, so that they were known throughout Chris-
tendom as Pulvera Comitisscs.

On the hill which rises up in front of the castle,
and quite overhanging the town, is the tower of the
old parish church, every other part of which was
destroyed by the French. An open space, with a
parapet wall, overlooking the. town, and a row of
trees, intervenes between this tower and the old

* Ford, ii. p. 657.

The Church of Chine hon.

family chapel of the counts, now used as the parish
church. Here, on this pleasant eminence, all the
people congregate on Sundays and fiestas, the old
men sitting on the benches and smoking cigaritas,
boys playing at skittles, and girls at hide-and-seek
amongst the buttresses of the old chapel. Nearly

CHINCHON AND THE CASTLIi.

{From the hill on which the church stands.)

all looked fresh and healthy, and an astonishing
proportion have fair or red hair.*

The chapel is a very spacious and lofty building,
but with no architectural pretension of any kind.
It is dedicated to our Lady of the Assumption ;

* The school was founded b)' Dr Antonio Alvarez Gato, in 1729.

64 Desecration of Monumeiits.

and there is a tolerable picture of the Assumption
over the high altar, said to be by Goya.* The
three other pictures are of no merit — a Santa Lucia,
a San Augustin, and a Divina Pastora. The family
vault of the Counts of Chinchoii is under the high
altar, and there were formerly ten marble statues of
Counts and Countesses of Chinchon in the church,
but they were smashed into small pieces by the
French soldiers. For many years the pieces were
piled together, so as to form seats, in the court of
a house a little higher up the hill, on the site of
the old castle destroyed by the Comuneros. (See
page 30.) Here the women and old people looked
on, while the young men played matches at fives
{jfuego de peloid) ; for this place was long the
fives-court of the townspeople. A few years
ago the house changed hands, and the fives-
court was abolished. The pieces of the statues
were then carted away by the major-domo of
the present Count, and stowed in one of the
large chambers in the ditch of the castle. I

* Goya was a Spanish painter who flourished 1746-1828. Two
of his pictures, Queen Maria Luisa, and a Bull-Jighter, are in
the Madrid gallery. Also Sias. yusta and Rufina in Seville
Cathedral. He was also an etcher, and published some spirited
caricatures.

The Town of Chine hon.

rummaged amongst them, and found arms, hands,
bits of drapery, coats of arms, mouldings, all of
white marble, but not a single complete head or
face.

The town of Chinchon lies in the hollow, and
up the sides of the hills, on the crest of one of

POSADA DE LA ESQUINA.

(In the Plaza. Chinchon.)

which stands the old ruined castle, and on that
of the other the tower and the church. The
plaza is in the hollow, and its four sides are formed
of two-storied houses, with balconies along both
stories, as is essential in a country where every

66 The Town of Chine hon.

village plaza is periodically converted into a bull-
ring. On such occasions barriers are placed across
the streets at the corners, the whole population,
in gala attire, assembles in the balconies of the
plaza, and the young men exhibit their prowess
before their relations and townsmen, and above
all before those in whose eyes they desire to
stand well. The bulls are not usually killed,
and there are none of the barbarous scenes which
are so common in the bull-rings of Madrid and
the provincial capitals. The village youths
generally confine themselves to the work of the
picadores, but this involves no small amount of
pluck and agility, and is some sort of substitute
(a bad one, but better than none at all) for cricket
and football.

In one corner of \!a& plaza is the inn, the "Fonda
de la esguina," as it is called, where the muleteers
put up. But there are also two clean rooms for
visitors, and the landlady, a civil talkative old
housekeeper from Madrid, supplies a clean table-
cloth, fowls and eggs, white delicious bread,
excellent ham, Chirichon wine, and clean beds.
Would that all Spanish inns were like the humble,
little fonda at Chinchon !

The Town of Chinchon.

HOUSE AT THE CORNER OF THE PLAZA.

{Chiiickon.)

Many of the houses in the
streets of Chinchon have shields
of arms carved in stone over the
great doorways leading into the
inner courts, or higher up be-
tween the windows. In these
houses dwelt, in former days, the
hidalgos or smaller gentry, who

, , shield of arms carved on a

were, m some measure, the re- house m cA;«f/w«.
tainers of the great counts, who attended them at

The Gentry of Chinchon.

Court and followed them in battle. Don Quijote him-
self was such an one ; living in a street in a village of

La Mancha, the name of which
Cervantes does not care to re-
member, but which others be-
lieve to have been Argamasilla
de Alba. If we may judge
from the number of shields
carved on the walls of houses,
the good town of Chinchon
was once well supplied with
those gentlemen of coat
armour, of whom the gallant
old knight of La Mancha is
the representative. But they have now passed away ;
their descendants are probably loafing at Madrid,
and idling away their time in the Puerto del
Sol, while their houses are occupied by ordi-
nary paisanos. In the olden time, however, such
a place as Chinchon must have been gay and
bustling enough; with the miniature court of
its proud and wealthy Count at the castle on the
hill, houses of resident gentry in every street, a
vast monastery of Franciscans,* and a nunnery of

Shield of arms carved on a house in
Chinchon.

* Founded by the Count and Countess of Chinchon in 1606 ; and
completed by their grandson, who was buried there. {Madoz.)

Mqnuments at Chine hon.

the same order. The castle is now a ruin, the
hidalgos are gone, the monastery has been con-
verted into a prison, and the
nuns are reduced to five poor
creatures of a certain age, im-
mured in an enormous building,
and livingexclusively on charity.
In the inner court of one
of the houses I found a slab of
white limestone, with an in-
scription. I cannot make any-
thing out of it, but I have "'"'^'^s^*'^^
copied it because it bears a '^^^^ cAri\asco

Shield of arms carved on a house in

date which is the year after cMnckm.

the Countess Ana returned from Peru to Chin-
chon, and records the memory of some one in
the town who was no doubt per-
sonally known to her. The shield,
here sketched, is carved low down
on the wall in the same court. It
indicates, I apprehend, that the house
was once the residence of a knight of T E J E p A

Shield of arms carved on

Calatrava. A girl ^at by a well in » house in cAi«cA«».
the court, under the shade of two fig-trees, singing
and broidering. There is one other house deserving

The IVine of Chinchon,

of notice, at the corner of the street leading up
to the castle ; for tradition relates that Felipe V.
passed a night in it, after the allies evacuated
Chinchon, during the War of Succession.

Don Pedro Diaz, the ad-
ministrador or agent of the
Count's estates, and Don
Hippolito Serrano, one of
the Regidores of the Judge's
Court, were my principal in-
formants. They estimated
the population of Chinchon
at 6000 souls,* in 1300
Most of these
families are engaged in making wine and brandy.
The Chinchon wine is the same as Arganda, both
being a superior sort of Valdepenas. There is no large
manufactory, but each family makes its own wine, for
sale and home consumption, from its own vineyards.
The presses are in the inner courts of the houses,
and all the processes of wine-making are conducted
on the premises. I was informed that 1 30,000 arrobas
of wine were made every year. The brandy of

Shield of arms carved on a house in

chinckoiz. families, t

Madoz says 5288, in 1850. t Madoz says there are 984 houses.

Traditions of the Countess. 7 1

Chinchon, made from the juice and not from the
skin of the grapes, is renowned as the best in the
Castilles. There are subterranean caves for storing
the wine.

The cultivated fields and gardens, and many of
the vineyards of the people of Chinchon are in
the vega of the Tajuna, and the labourers have a
long ride to their work, in a situation which
exposes them to attacks of fever and ague. Hence
the necessity for supplies of quina bark is as great
now as it was in the days of the good Countess,
though they are not now so plentifully or bountifully
furnished. But the memory of the acts of the Count-
ess Ana, of how she administered the fever-dispel-
ling powders to the vassals of her husband, and
spread the knowledge of them far and wide, is
still cherished in Chinchon. The tradition was
mentioned to me spontaneously, both by Serrano
and Diaz.

And well has the fair Ana de Osorio merited
these grateful memories. This distinguished lady
was one of the most noble benefactors of the
human race; and while she is remembered with
blessings by the peasants of Castille, her name is
most appropriately immortalised in the genus of

72 The Chinchona Genus.

inestimable plants, whose virtues she first made
known. Yet that honoured name is, through a
misapprehension originated by Linnaeus, frequently
misspelt by modern writers. It will be the object
of the rest of this Memoir to show that the correct
spelling ought to be adhered to.

The Chinchona Genus. 73

VI.
C|)e C|)incI)ona (Senus.

HE Countess of Chinchon's powders con-
tinued to be imported into Europe for a
century, and the beautiful trees whence
the bark was taken were known as quina or
quinquina trees. It was not until the French
expedition of Gondailiine and Jussieu went to
America in 1735, that the forests of Loxa were
visited by scientific men, and a few years after-
wards Condamine sent specimens of the quinquina
plant to the great Swedish botanist Linnaeus, who
was the first to describe it. The name of a new
and most important genus was then to be given
by Linnaeus, and he chose for it the most appro-
priate that could possibly have been selected,
namely, that of the noble lady who had first
made its healing virtues known. In 1 742, Linnaeus

74 Name given by Linmeus.

gave the name of Chinchona to the genus,* with
the intention of thus immortalising the great
and beneficent acts of the Countess of Chinchon. Of
course that intention is frustrated by spelling the
name wrong.

But most unfortunately Linnaeus was mis-
informed as to the name of her whom he
desired to honour. This is to be accounted for
by his having received his knowledge of the
Countess of Chinchon through a French source,
and French writers frequently alter the spelling
of names that are not French.t Thus misled,
Linnaeus spelt the word Cinchona {Gen. PL
1742), and Cinhona {Gen. PI. ed. 1767), omit-
ting one or two letters; but the fact that he
altered the spelling in his different editions
proves beyond any doubt that he desired to spell
the word correctly.

It was still more unfortunate that Linnaeus
died before the error was pointed out and

* In the 2d ed. of his Genera Plantarum, from the figure
and description by La Condamine in the Mimoires de I'Acad^mie
de Paris, 1738, p. 226.

t See Mimoires de VAcadimie 1738, p. 226. See also the Vie
de la Fontaine by WalckenaSr, where the names are ruthlessly
mutilated. We have le Comte de, Cinchon and la Comtesse de Ci)i-
chon !

Correct Spelling by Spanish Botanists. 75

corrected. This was done by the Spanish
botanists Ruiz and Pavon, who landed in Peru
in 1778, the very year of Linnseus's death. They
explored the forests of Huanuco and Loxa, dis-
covered many new species of Chinchonee, and are
among the highest authorities on the subject.
They strongly advocated the correct spelling of
that genus to the study of which they had
devoted so much time, and exposed themselves
to so many hardships and dangers.

The botanist Mutis, with his disciples Zea
and Caldas, were engaged in the study of the
Chinchonce of New Granada, the former resid-
ing in South America, chiefly at Bogota, from
1783, until his death in 1808. They also spelt
the word correctly, as may be seen by their
numerous reports and pamphlets on the sub-
ject.* They were followed by Cavanilles, La-
gasca, Rodriguez, and other Spanish botanists,
and the oversight of Linnaeus was thus cor-
rected.

* See the Informe que did el Dr Don Josef C. Muiis con motivo
del descubrimienio de la quina de Santa Fd, hecho por Don Sebastian
Josef Lopez Ruiz, where the word is spelt correctly Chinchona.
See also the Memoria by Don Francisco Antonio Zea. (Madrid,
1802.)

76 Incorrect Spelling.

One would have supposed, when the original
error had been corrected by all the great authori-
ties who wrote upon the subject, immediately
after the death of Linnaeus, that the honoured
name of the Countess Ana would have been safe
from future mutilation, and that the correct spell-
ing of the Chinchona genus would have been
fully established. Yet this has not been the
case. Humboldt and Bonpland, as well as
Weddell and Karsten, have copied the uninten-
tional error of Linnaeus, instead of following the
higher authority ,\ on this particular point, of the
great Spanish botanist^ who explored the Chin-
chona forests. A host of other writers have
perpetuated the ill-omened mutilation of the
Countess's name, calling the genus Cinchona, from
cinchon, a policeman's belt, instead of Chinchona,
from the Countess of Chinchon. It is now pro-
posed to discontinue this omission of an important
letter in the name.

When Mr Howard published his magnificent
edition of the Nueva Quinologia of Pavon,
he very properly retained the correct spelling of
the word in the headings, and in the Latin
descriptions of his author. In a note he says that

Dv Seemann's View. 77

Pavon strongly pleads for the correct spelling,
and adds that in his (Mr Howard's) opinion, he
does so with justice.*

Dr Berthold Seemann, a German botanist who has
himself visited the Chinchona forests of Loxa, also
strongly advocates the correct spelling. He says in
his Journal of Botany (i. p. 37, note), " Dr Hooker
has drawn attention to the fact that Linnaeus spelt
this word not only Cinchona, but in the edition of
1767, Cinhona. Those who have hitherto objected
to the correct spelling {Chinchona, because the
genus was named after the Countess of Chinchon),
on the plea that Linnaeus wrote Cinchona, will see
the impropriety of adhering any longer to that
orthography."

Mr Spruce, the eminent botanist, whose name is
connected with one of the most valuable of the
Chinchona species, has also adopted the correct
spelling.

As regards this question, the botanical authorities

* Nueva Quinologia, d sea una Monografia de/^i espedes de Quinas
6 Cascarillas, cuyo genero en Botanica Chinchon. Mr Howard says,
" I "have not found it possible to adhere strictly to the orthography of
the word Chinchona, for which Pavon strongly, and / think, with
justice, pleads, as being derived from the family name of Chinchon''
Intr. p. ii. (note.)

78 Authorities for Correct Spelling.

who have visited the Chinchona forests, and have
written on the genus, stand as follows : —

Botanical Authorities who Authorities who spell the

SPELL the word CORRECTLY. WORD INCORRECTLY.

(Chinchona. )

(Cinchona^

I. Pa von.

I. Humboldt and Bonpland,

2. Ruiz.

2. Bergen.

3. Tafalla.

3. Poeppig.

4. Mutis.

4. Weddell.

5. Zea.

5. Triana.

6. Caldas.

6. Karsten.

7. Seemann.

7. Delondre.

8. Spruce.

Thus the spelling Chinchona is, beyond any doubt,
correct, all other forms being wrong ; it is adopted
by the majority of authorities who have studied the
genus in its native habitat, and it is now the form in
common use where the plant is cultivated, and in
official correspondence ; and is consequently the most
convenient form. Under these circumstances the
■ burden of proof is clearly with those who advocate
the spelling of the word incorrectly.

It is urged, on very high authority, as follows : — '

" The expediency of changing the generic name from Cinchonci
to Chinchona is not so clear. I really do not like to speak dog-
matically, or think positively on it, for, like all other questions of
spelling in nomenclature, it is not to be settled by authority nor by
right. I once was myself a purist, and insisted on the adoption

Case for the Incorrect Spelling. 79

of the true spelling in similar cases, and found that I was not
followed, however right. Names are mmiu not ends, and their
uses as means once established, it is all but impossible to alter
them. I speak from a very extended experience and much obser-
vation, without prejudice and with no predilection for Cinchona,
but quite the contrary. You are absolutely right in the abstract,
but right never ruled such cases, when once the wrong was
established. In nine cases out of ten it is kicking against the
pricks, and there are scores of similar cases in botany that
are spasmodically kicked against by great and good authorities,
and all to no purpose. Therefore the question turns wholly on
the two considerations — ist, which spelling will be followed in
future; 2d, if I adopt Chinchona, I must also alter a lot of other
names on the same ground, some of which have never yet been
altered and others have been altered repeatedly, to no purpose,
as far as getting the right spelling adopted. Then too there is
a serious practical consideration. An uninstructed man looks
for Chinchona in the Index under Ci not Ch, and not finding it,
he is thrown out. After all, the fact is that the world has accepted
Cinchona as the botanical equivalent of Chinchona, and that being
accepted, it is as well understood as Vienna for Wien, or Munich for
Munchen, or a thousand other similar equivalents. Custom is the
only thing in favour of Cinchona,, but custom is not easily altered."

Thus it is admitted that the form Chinchona is
absolutely right in the abstract, and personally the
highest authority would prefer the correct spelling.
But it is considered that words are means not ends,
and that in nine cases out of ten custom and habit
are so strong, that it is impossible to correct an
error when it is once generally adopted.

Now, in the first place, this case is exceptional,

8o Case for the Correct Spelling,

because the name of the Ckinckona genus is an
end as well as a means. Unlike the vast majority
of the names of plants, which are merely given
as empty compliments, and only serve as tickets
or labels to distinguish them, the name Ckinckona
was given for the purpose of commemorating a very
important event in the history of man, and of im-
mortalising the beneficent act of the Countess Ana.
Moreover, the form of spelling in common use
entirely frustrates this purpose, for Cinckon is a
word meaning a broad girdle or policeman's belt,
and Cinchona is absurd, and without meaning.
Then again the word Cinchona has never been
generally adopted. It was protested against from
the very first, by the highest authorities. So that,
while nine out* of ten cases of bad spelling are
persisted in, the name derived from the Countess
of Chinchon ought, for the above and other reasons,
to be spelt correctly, and to be the tenth and more
auspicious case. There is one instance of the name
of a plant having been corrected, and of the correct
spelling having been generally adopted ; the claim of
which to such good fortune was much less strong than
that of the Countess's namesake. I allude to the
genus Buffonia, named after Buffon. Linnaeus

The Case of " Buffonia." 8i

originally spelt it Bufonia, but the error was
subsequently corrected, and the correct spelling is
now generally adopted.* But this name did not
commemorate any important event connected with
the genus, it is merely an end, not a means ;
and the omission of one f but slightly altered
the word. While the name of Chinchona does
commemorate a great event, it is an end as
well as a means, and the omission of the first h
so mangles and mutilates the meaning, as to change
it from a noble title, famous in history, to a police-
man's belt. Such is the difference between Chin-
chon and cinchon. Surely if Buffonia is to be
spelt right, a fortiori the Chinchona genus should
be also.

The difficulty with regard to indexes can readily
be got over by making a gross reference.

Another eminent advocate of the mutilated
form is the well-known scientific traveller, and the
distinguished author of the Hisioirs Nahtrelle des
Quinquinas, in which valuable work he unfortunately
adopted the wrong spelling. At the meeting of the
International Horticultural Exhibition, in the sum-

* Lindley's Vegetable Kingdom, p. 497.

82 View of Dr JVeddell.

mer of 1866, Dr Weddell made the following
remarks : —

" With regard to the spelling of the generic name of the bark
tree, Linnseus, and almost every modern botanist, write it Cinchona,
while Mr Howard, following in this respect Ruiz' and Pavon, and
other old Spanish botanists, would have it Chinchona. Which
of these modes of spelling ought we to adopt? The last, un-
doubtedly, if it can be proved that Linnaeus committed an error
in dropping the first h of the Countess of Ckinchon's name ; but this
cannot even be surmised ; he did so for the sake of euphony, just
in the same way as he vnote Jiissicea instead oi Jtissieua, and so
on. Now, the question of priority being undoubted, no further
reason than' this ought to be required for establishing the prefer-
ence in favour of Linnseus. It may, however, be further argued,
that the spelling advocated by Mr Howard does not, in reality,
attain the end he has sought for better than the original one ; the
Spanish particle ch, to be pronounced as in the English word
church, not being so pronounced in any other language than
English. In Italian, indeed, the sound is given by c alone.
Another disadvantage derived from the proposed change, would
be that of creating a precedent to which, in numerous other cases,
it would be absolutely impossible to adhere. When, for instance,
two different genera have been dedicated to the same botanist,
and their names have a common derivation, such as Fontanesia
and Desfontainea, which, according to the proposed new rule,
ought both to become Desfontainesia. And after all, would the
Countess of Chinchon's rights be in any way impaired by her
name passing to posterity under a more agreeable form ? "

Dr Weddell thus concedes that Chinchona is
undoubtedly the correct spelling, and that it should
be adopted, if the erroneous spelling used by

Reply to Dr Weddell. 83

Linnaeus was not intentional. Now, as Dr Seemann
has pointed out, the fact that Linnaeus, in his
different editions, used two spellings, Cinhona and
Cinchona, proves beyond any possibility of doubt
that the great botanist was not wedded to any
special form of error, and furnishes strong presump-
tive evidence that his mistake was not intentional,
and that the change in the spelling arose from a
desire for accuracy.

The suggestion that Linnaeus committed the error
for the sake of euphony is therefore quite inadmissi-
ble, even if it were possible to conceive that he
would think for a moment of improving the euphony
of a word belonging to the most majestic and
euphonious language in Europe. The example
relied updn by Dr Weddell is quite inapplicable.
The alteration of the terminations of unmanageable
French names such as Jussieu in order to make Latin
endings possible, cannot be quoted as analogous to
the omission of an important consonant in the first
syllable of a Spanish word. And, even if the con-
sonant was in the last syllable, there never can be
any necessity, on the ground of euphony, for altering
a Spanish word to give it a Latin termination.

Dr Weddell supports the wrong spelling on the

84 Reply to Dr IVeddell.

ground that the question of priority is in favour of
Linnaeus ; but it has been shown that Linnaeus
spelt it in two ways, both wrong ; and Cinhona has
just as good a claim to preference, on this ground,
as Cinchona. Both being wrong, and the claim of
each being equal, while they cannot both be
adopted, the propriety of adopting the correct
spelling becomes evident.

Dr. Weddell then enters upon the question of
pronunciation, which is really quite irrelevant. If
only the English and Spanish pronounce the word
correctly, let other people pronounce it in any way
they please, but in the name of common sense do
not spell the word wrong because you 4o not choose
to pronounce it right.

The supposed danger of making a precedent is
groundless for two reasons. In the first place, this
is altogether an exceptional case; and in the second,.
it could not form a precedent. A broad distinction
must be drawn between names which have been
spelt wrong through inadvertence, such as Bufonia
for Buffbnia, Cinchona for Chinchona, Plumeria for
Plumieria; and words the last syllables of which
have been altered for the sake of euphony, as yussicea
instead of Jussieua. But Chinchona cannot be a

Case for the Correct Spelling. 85

precedent, because it stands on distinct grounds
from the others. While other names are merely
means, this name was given to serve an end. In
quoting the existence of two genera dedicated to the
same botanist, Dr Weddell surely cannot approve
the practice of calling more than one genus after the
same man, and distinguishing them by adopting
various erroneous ways of mutilating his name!

In conclusion, I feel very strongly, and I know
that my feeling is shared by many persons who
take an interest in the subject, that the Countess
Ana's right is not only impaired by converting her
name into that for a policeman's belt — which is
very far from being a more agreeable form ; but
that in so doing the intention of Linnaeus to do
her honour is entirely frustrated, and her name is
treated with disrespect, and mutilated by those who
are bound to venerate her memory, and at least to
offer that slight tribute of reverence which would be
shown by refraining from spelling her title wrong.

I now come to the reasons for spelling the
word correctly. The various pleas for the wrong
way having been disposed of, this Memoir will
fitly conclude with a statement of the case in fav^
our of that noble lady. whose memory deserves

86 Case for the Correct Spelling.

to be had in honour by this and all future genera-
tions.

1. All authorities agree that Chinchona is cor-
rect, and that consequently Cinhona, Cinchona,
and all other forms are wrong. This is one
point in its favour.

2. Most botanical names are means, not ends ;
and their uses as means once established, botanists
persist in spelling them wrong, when an error
is once generally adopted. But the error now
under discussion has never been generally adopted,
and the name for the Chinchona genus, as has
already been pointed out, is an end, and a very
important one, as well as a means. It was not
given merely as a distinguishing label, and as an
idle compliment, but was selected for a particular
reason closely connected with the history of the
genus. It is impossible to conceive a more
appropriate name for the plants yielding, that
inestimable febrifuge, the use of which is essential
to the welfare of mankind, than that of the noble
lady who first made its virtues generally known.
Others, besides botanists, are interested in
preserving that revered name from mutilation ;
and if the continuance of established errors is

Case for the Correct Spelling. 87

to be the general rule in botany, most assuredly
no case ever had a stronger claim to being treated
as an exception than this one.

3. The only real ground .upon which the mis-
spelling can possibly be defended is that of con-
venience. If every one spells the word wrong, it
may be inconvenient and confusing to spell it right.
But this is very far from being the case. If an
inquirer wishes for information respecting the
quinine-yielding trees of New Granada, he must
necessarily refer to Mutis and Zea, who spell the
word Chinchona. If he would study the valuable
species yielding the red bark, he must turn to the
reports of Spruce, where the word is spelt Chinchona.
If he would. know about the crown barks of Loxa
or the grey barks of Huanuco, his authorities must
be Ruiz and Pavon, who spell the word correctly.
If he desires to learn the particulars of the exceed-
ingly important results attained by cultivating the
plants in India, still the word is Chinchona in
the cultivators' reports. So it is in official
correspondence, in all the Blue Books presented
to Parliament, and in the narratives of those who
have recently explored the South American
Chinchona forests. It is true that some indis-

88 Case for the Correct Spelling.

pensable authorities, such as Bonpland, Poeppig",
Weddell, and Karsten spell the name wrong, but
they are in a decided minority ; and a continuance
of the misspelling is Jikely to be inconvenient and
confusing to the increasing number of persons
who are practically interested in the Chinchona
genus.

To sum up, the correct spelling should be
universally adopted because it is right, because
the mutilation of the name entirely frustrates the
laudable object with which it was given, and
because the form Chinchona is most convenient,
while the wrong spelling is inconvenient and
confusing, as well as unsightly and incorrect.

I therefore plead for justice to the memory of
my honoured client in the name of that great
botanist who desired to make it immortal, and
who would have been the first to correct his
own error had it been pointed out to him before
his death; in the name of those zealous Spanish
explorers of the Chinchona forests who earnestly
pleaded for the correct spelling during their lives ;
in the name of millions who should know to whom
they are indebted for the priceless febrifuge which
saved their lives, and who cannot recognise her

Concluding Appeal, 89

in the corrupt and mangled form which the
advocates of error give to her name. I plead
for the correct spelling, as a tribute of respect
to a great historical family, now passed away;
as a right which may justly be claimed by the
people of Chinchon ; and as the only way by
which the memory may be preserved of her who
made known to the world the inestimable value
of quina bark, who was thus a benefactor to
mankind, but whose monument has been destroyed,
whose place knows her descendants no more,
the illustrious and beautiful lady, Ana de Osorio,
4TH Countess of Chinchon.

APPENDIX.

A COMPLETE LIST OF ALL THE SPECIES WHICH HAVE BEEN
NAMED AFTER THE LADY ANA DE OSORIO, COUNTESS
OF CHINCHON.

3-
4-
S-
6.

7-
8.

lO.

II.

12.

13-

14.

IS-
16.

17-
18.

19.
20.

Chinchona acanelada {Pav.)

acuminata (Pdir.) Cascarilla acuminata

acutifolia (R. P.) „ acutifolia

ajffnis {Wedd.)

Afro India. ( ) Danais fragrans

amygdalifolia ( Wedd.)

angustifolia (Swartz) Exostemma angustifolia

aspenfolia ( Wedd.)

Australis ( Wedd.)

Azaharito {Favon) Cascarilla magnifolia.

Barbacoensis (Karsten)

Bergeniana (Mart.) Remijia Bergeniana

BoUviana ( Wedd.)

Bogotensis (Karsten)

brachycarjia {Swartz) Exostemma brachycarpa

Brasiliensis ( ) Machaonia Brasiliensis

eadudflora (If, B.) Cascarilla magnifolia

Calisaya ( Wedd.)

„ var. Vera

„ „ Josephiana

„ „ Ledgeriana

Caravayensis ( Wedd.)
Caribeea {/acq.) Exostemma Caribaea

94 Appendix.

21. Chinchona Carolintana {Fair.) Pinckneya pubens

22. „ Cava {Pavon) Cascarilla Pavonii

23. „ Chahuarguera (Pavon)

24. „ China {Lopez) Cosmibuena obtusifolia

25. „ Chlororrhiza {Bry) Danais rotundifolia

26. „ Chomeliana (Wedd.)

27. „ coccinea {Pav.)

28. „ Condaminea (H. £.)
29- „ conglomerata (Pav.)

30. „ cordifolia (Mutis)

31. „ «?na«a! (/lizV. ) Exostemma coriacea

32. „ corymhifera (Forst) „ corymbifera

33- » crassifolia (Pavon) Cascarilla calyptrata

34- I) corymbosa (Karsten)

35- I, crisfa (Tafalla)

36- H Cujabensis (Manso) Remijia Cujabensis

37- )) decurrentifolia (Pavon)

38- n dichotoma (R. P.) Ladenbergia dichotoma

39- I) dissimiflora (Mutis) Exostemma dissiraiflora
40. „ erythrantha (Pavon)

41- ,, excelsa (Foxb.) Hymenodictyop excelsum

42. „ ferrugima (St Bil.) Remijia ferruginea

43- ,. firmula (Mart) „ firmula

44- ., y?af«V/«r (^zy/,:/.)Hymenodictyonflaccidum

45- J) floribunda (Sivtz.) Exostemma floribunda
46. „ /usca (Fuiz) Lasionema rosea

47- >> glanduUfera (R. P.)

48- „ globiflora (Pav.) Nauclea Chinchonea

49- ..- grandiflora (R. P.) Cosmibuena obtusifolia

50- ,, grandifolia (Poir.) Cascarilla magnifolia

51- ,. gratissima (Wall) iMQxXva, %x3A\%saa2,

52- „ Hdnkeana (Bartl.) Palicourea Hankeana
53. „ Henleana (Karsttti)

54- » heterocarpa (Karsten) Q,^%zz.ri&a,^\\:\A.a.

Appendix.

55. Chinchona heterophylla {Pavon)

56. „ hexandra {Dietr.) Casearilla hexandra

57. „ hirsuta {R. P.)

58. „ Humboldtiana (Lamb.')

59. „ „ {R. et Sch.) Lasionema Humboldtiana

60. „ Jamaicensis ( Wright) Exostemma Caribseum

61. „ Kattucamba {^Retz) ^3\lCz.^na. s,aA2i.

62. „ lacdfera (Tafalliz) Condaminea tinctorea

63. „ Lambertiana (Mart.) Casearilla Lambertiana

64. „ lanceolata (Pavon)

65. „ landfolia (Mutis)

66. „ lineata ( Vahl) Exostemma lineatum

67. „ longiflora (Lamb.) „ longiflorum

68. „ „ (Mutis) Cosmibuena obtusifolia

69. „ Luciana ( Vitm.) Exostemma floribundum

70. „ lucumxfolia (Pavon)

71. „ iutea (Pavon)

72. ,, lutescens (Ruiz) Casearilla magnifoHa

73. „ macrocalyx (Pavon)

74. „ macrocarpa ( Vahl) Casearilla macrocarpa

75. „ macrocnemia (Mart.) Remijia macrocnemia

76. „ macrophylla (Karsten)

77. „ magniflora (Pavon) Casearilla maerocarpa

78. „ magnifolia (Pavon) ,, magnifolia

79. „ micrantha (R. P.)

80. „ niicrophylla {Pavon)

81. „ Montana (Radd.) Exostemma floribundum

82. . „ Moritziana (Karsten) Ladenbergia Moritziana

83. „ Mutisii (Wedd.)

84. „ Muzonensis (Goudot) Casearilla Muzonensis

85. „ nitida (R. P.)

86. „ „ (Benth.) Casearilla nitida

87. „ oblongifolia (Lamb.) Casearilla Riveroana

88. „ „ (Mutis) „ magnifolia

96 Appendix.

89.

Chinchona obovata {Favon)

90.

„ {Wilid.) Hymenodictyon obovatura

91-

obtusifolia {Favon)

92.

officinalis {Linn.)

„ ' var. Condaminea {Markham)
„ „ Bonplandiana {Markham)
„ „ crista {MarMam) *

93-

ovalifolia {H. £.) Lasionema Humboldtiana

94.

„ {Mutis) Cascarilla macrocarpa

95-

ovalis (Cav.)

96.

mata {R. F.)

97-

Fahudiana {Howard)

98.

Falalba {Favon)

99.

Falton {Favoti)

100.

parabolica {Favon)

lOI.

parviflora {Mutis)

102.

Favonii {Don.) Cascarilla Pavonii

103.

>»

pedunculata {Karsten)

104.

Feruviana {Foir.) Exostemjna Peruviana

105.

„ {Howard)

106.

j»

Fhilipica {Cav.) Exostemma Thilipica

107.

Fitayensis

108.

))

prismatostylis {Karsten) Cascarilla

109.

pubescens { Vahl)

no.

purpurascens { Weddell)

III.

purpurea {Favoti)

112.

Quina {Lop.) Cosmibuena obtusifolia

113-

)»

racemosa {Schr.) Exostemma Caribseum

* C. officinalis is the original species named by Linnseus. Hum-
boldt and Bonpland altered it to C. Condaminea, but Dr Hooker has
restored the old name. The above varieties are cultivated in India
and Ceylon. The names were given by me {Memorandum i8, Feb.
1863, Parliamentary Blue Book, p. 254, Part I.) with Dr Hooker's full
approval ; but simply as a matter of convenience.

Appendix. 97

114.

Ckinehona Remjiana (St Hil.) Remijia Hflarii

"5-

(•S/n)

116.

Riedeliatia (C«.) Cascarilla Riedeliana

117.

Roraimm (Benth.) Cascarilla Roraimse

118.

wjifa {R. P.) Lasionema rosea

119.

rugosa (Pavoti)

120.

'Sandcs Lucice [David) Exostemma floribunda

121.

scrbbiculata ( Weddell)

122.

spinosa {Vcwass) Catesbtea Vavasorii

123.

Sterocarpa {Lamb.) Cascarilla Sterocarpa

124.

siupea {Pavoti)

IXS.

subcordata {Pavan)

126:

suberosa {Pavon)

127.

succirubra {Pavoti)

128.

Tarontaron {Pavoti)

129.

J»

thyrsifolia ( Willd.) Hymenodictyon thyrsifolium

130.

Timoretisis {Spati.) Hymenodictyon Timorense

131-

trifiom { Wright) Exostemma triflora

132.

Triana {Karsteti)

133-

Tucuyensis {Karstm)

134-

umbellulifera {Pavon)

135-

utidata {Karsteti)

136.

utidulata {Tafalla)

137-

Uritusitiga {Pavon)

138-

Vellozii {St Hil.) Remijia Vellozii

139-

villosa {Pavoti)

140.

violacea {Pavon)

141.

viridiflora {Pavoti)

142.

Tovarmsis {Karsteti)

The Chinchona genus has given its name to
the family of which it is a member — the Chin-
chonacecB, including coffees, and several genera,

98 Appendix.

such as Gardenias, Hindsias, Ixoras, Chinchonas,
Catesboeas, the fragrance and beauty of whose
flowers are unsurpassed in the vegetable king-
dom.

The family also includes ipecacuanha. The
family of Chinchonacece in their turn give their
name tp Lindley's Chinchonal alliance, which
consists of Chinchonacece, Vaccineae or cranberries,
Columelliaceae, Caprifoliacese or honeysuckles,
and Galliaceae or madders.

Of the febrifuge alkaloids extracted from the
Chinchona bark, three are named after the
Countess of Chinchon, namely : —

1 . Chinchonine

2. Chinchonidiru

3. Chinchonidne

and five from the native name for the bark :
quina — namely ; —

1. Quinine

2. Quinidine

3. Quinicine

4. Quinamine
S- Quinoidine

Appendix. 99

ANOTHER ADHERENT OF THE CORRECT SPELLING.

Report on Class XLIV. of the Paris Universal Exhibition.
{Chemical Products.) By C. W. Quin, F.C.S.

" It will be noticed that throughout the above article we have
adopted Mr J. E. Howard's method of spelling the word Chirir
chona and its derivatives. The word being derived from the
patronymic of the Countess of Chinchon, the first patient who
experienced the curative effect of Peruvian bark, it should
certainly be spelt Chinchona."

The Laboratory of May 25th, and June ist, 1867.

PRINTED BY BALLANTYNE AND COMPANY
EDINBURGH AND LONDON

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Full text of "A memoir of the Lady Ana de Osorio, countess of Chinchon and vice-queen of Peru (A. D. 1629-39) with a plea for the correct spelling of the Chinchona genus"

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