Papers by Marcin Sękowski
Personality and mental health, 2022
Insecure attachment style and borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms are related to the s... more Insecure attachment style and borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms are related to the severity of alcohol use disorder (AUD) and can also complicate its course and treatment. We propose a theoretical model of relationships between adult attachment style and BPD and AUD symptom severity in which the sense of identity is a mediator. The aim of our study was to test this model in a sample of male inpatients with AUD. Male inpatients with AUD (N = 114) aged 22-72 years (M = 43.05; SD = 9.84) completed the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised, the Multidimensional Identity Questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Borderline Symptom List 23. Results showed that the sense of identity fully mediated the positive relationship between attachment anxiety and BPD symptom severity. There was also a positive indirect effect of attachment avoidance on BPD symptoms via weaker sense of identity. Contrary to hypothesis, AUD symptom severity was not related ...
Frontiers in Psychiatry, Jun 7, 2021
Given the high mortality of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), having severe COVID-19 may b... more Given the high mortality of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), having severe COVID-19 may be a life-threatening event, especially for individuals at high risk of complications. Therefore, in the article we try to answer two questions that are relevant to public mental health: Can we define groups who are at higher risk of developing pandemic-related PTSD? How can health specialists prepare for it? Given the results of previous research on PTSD in epidemic (e.g., SARS) survivors, we suggest that mental health professionals in countries touched by the pandemic should prepare for an increase in the PTSD prevalence, specifically in: individuals who have had severe COVID-19; family members of these patients and of patients who have died; and frontline healthcare workers witnessing COVID-19 patients' sudden deaths, or numerous life-threatening situations. We postulate that these groups at risk should be routinely screened for PTSD in primary medical and pediatric care. Mental health services should prepare for providing therapeutic interventions for individuals with PTSD in the vulnerable groups, and support to their families, especially children.
Death Studies, Sep 25, 2020
To investigate firefighters' multidimensional attitude toward death and psychological distress, 6... more To investigate firefighters' multidimensional attitude toward death and psychological distress, 60 firefighters completed the Death Attitude Profile-Revised and the General Health Questionnaire-28. As predicted, fear of death and escape acceptance were positively related to severe depression and anxiety/insomnia. However, contrary to predictions, neutral acceptance and death avoidance were not associated with psychological distress. Our results indicate that it would be advisable to examine the effectiveness of preventive and therapeutic interventions for firefighters aimed at reducing the fear of death and escape acceptance.
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, Jun 1, 2022
Journal of Affective Disorders, Nov 1, 2020
Sharp , The relations between childhood maltreatment, shame, guilt, depression and suicidal ideat... more Sharp , The relations between childhood maltreatment, shame, guilt, depression and suicidal ideation in inpatient adolescents,
European Psychiatry, 2021
IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic people experience higher levels of negative emotions, as... more IntroductionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic people experience higher levels of negative emotions, as well as face many negative and intense emotions felt by others. Thus, it is important to look for risk and protective factors that allow and help individuals to regulate these negative emotions and adapt to the hardships of the COVID-19 pandemic.Objectives The main aims of the study were to (i) test how empathic dimensions (perspective taking, empathic concern and personal distress) and emotion regulation abilities were related to intensity of depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown in Poland, as well as to (ii) check if emotion regulation difficulties and personal distress predicted slower decrease in depressive symptoms over the two months in which the number of COVID-19 cases declined in Poland.MethodsA total of 792 participants took part in the three-wave panel study. The sample was representative of the Polish population in terms of gender, age, and place of residence. Par...
Psychological Medicine, 2021
Death Studies, 2021
We examined the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Quality of Relationships Inv... more We examined the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Quality of Relationships Inventory-Bereavement Version (QRI-B) in a sample of 241 persons bereaved after the death of a family member from 0.5 to 8 years (M = 3.36, SD = 2.02) before the survey. A good fit of the original two-factor (Closeness and Conflict) model of the QRI-B was determined by confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach's alpha was .91 for Closeness and .84 for Conflict. Closeness correlated negatively with attachment avoidance and Conflict correlated positively with attachment anxiety. The Polish version of the QRI-B is a valid and reliable measure of the quality of the pre-loss relationship with the deceased.
British Journal of Clinical Psychology
Psychoanalytic Psychology, 2021
Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2022
OBJECTIVE While the relationship between attachment anxiety and avoidance and the severity of pro... more OBJECTIVE While the relationship between attachment anxiety and avoidance and the severity of prolonged grief disorder (PGD) has been well-studied, less is known about the relationship between disorganized attachment and PGD. We test the associations between disorganized attachment and the interaction between it and attachment avoidance and anxiety on PGD. METHOD Participants (N = 258) who had lost a family member from 0.5 to 8.0 years before the survey completed the experiences in close relationships-revised, the adult disorganized attachment scale, and the PGD-13 scale. RESULTS The model explaining PGD symptoms through attachment, taking into account the level of disorganized attachment, explained variance in PGD significantly better than the model taking into account only the level of attachment anxiety and avoidance as predictors. Additionally, the relationships between attachment avoidance and PGD were positive, negative, or neither, depending on the configuration of the levels of disorganized attachment and attachment anxiety. CONCLUSION Future research into the relationships between attachment and PGD should take into account disorganized attachment. Attachment-informed grief therapy focused on insecure styles of attachment - including the disorganized style - to the deceased person and other loved ones may prove a promising approach for bereaved persons who experience PGD.
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2021
Based on the research on continuing bonds (CB) with a deceased person to date, the reports of cli... more Based on the research on continuing bonds (CB) with a deceased person to date, the reports of clinicians, and the contemporary theory of attachment, two dimensions of CB were distinguished: (i) a concrete CB, essentially characteristic of unresolved and prolonged grief, and (ii) a symbolic CB, specific to grief resolution. The psychometric properties of the Continuing Bonds Scale (CBS) were examined in a sample of persons from Poland ( N = 244) bereaved after the death of a family member from 0.5 to 18 years before the survey ( M = 3.45, SD = 2.25). In the first sub-sample ( n = 141), the exploratory factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure of the CBS: the concrete and the symbolic dimension of the CB with the deceased. In the second sub-sample ( n = 103), a good fit of this two-factor model of the CBS was determined by confirmatory factor analysis. At the bivariate analysis level, the concrete CB with the deceased positively correlated with attachment anxiety, and negatively...
British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2021
OBJECTIVES Prior studies have shown that pre-loss closeness and conflict with a deceased person a... more OBJECTIVES Prior studies have shown that pre-loss closeness and conflict with a deceased person are associated with the severity of symptoms of prolonged grief and/or depression. Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. We propose a theoretical model in which past closeness and conflict are related to prolonged grief and depression via concrete and symbolic continuing bonds (CB). The aim of our study was to test this model in a sample of bereaved family members. METHODS Individuals (N = 244) who had lost a family member from 0.5 to 8.0 years before the survey completed the Quality of Relationships Inventory-Bereavement Version, the Continuing Bonds Scale, the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS The findings partially confirmed our model. Closeness was positively and moderately associated with symptoms of prolonged grief but not with symptoms of depression. Conflict was positively and weakly associated with symptoms of depression and prolonged grief. All of these relationships were only partially mediated by concrete/maladaptive and symbolic/adaptive CB. CONCLUSIONS The differences in the relationship of past closeness and conflict to prolonged grief and depression symptoms suggest that inter- and intrapersonal mechanisms of prolonged grief and depressive symptoms may be distinct. If future, especially longitudinal studies, confirm our model, CB would be a possible target for interventions for bereaved persons who had a close and/or conflicted relationship with a deceased family member and experience loss-related psychopathology. PRACTITIONER POINTS Continuing bonds (CB) are a potential target of interventions for bereaved persons who had a close and/or conflicted relationship with a deceased family member and experience symptoms of prolonged grief and/or depression. Internalization of the capacity to care for yourself and feel autonomous in a safe and stable therapeutic relationship may lead to increased self-confidence, promote working through past experiences in the relationship with the deceased, and gradual reduction of concrete forms of CB. Increasing awareness and acceptance of emotional experiences may contribute to the appreciation of past relationship with a deceased person and the growth of symbolic forms of CB. Future research should focus on verifying the effectiveness of the attachment-informed therapeutic approach to working with CB.
Comprehensive Psychiatry, 2021
Background: Several studies have shown that interpersonal dependency is a risk factor for prolong... more Background: Several studies have shown that interpersonal dependency is a risk factor for prolonged grief disorder (PGD), a disorder that has been recently approved by the American Psychiatric Association Assembly for inclusion in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5-Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether this relationship is independent of depression, which may also be related to both loss and interpersonal dependency. Furthermore, anaclitic dependency (maladaptive and immature) compared to relatedness (more adaptive and mature) dependency, and the relationships between these types of dependency and PGD, have not been examined. The aim of the present study was to determine how anaclitic and relatedness dependency are associated with PGD symptom severity, controlling for depressive symptom severity, over and above potential sociodemographic and loss-related confounder variables. Methods: Participants (N = 241) bereaved after the death of a family member from 0.5 to 8 years before the survey (M = 3.36, SD = 2.02) completed the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and the Prolonged Grief Disorder-13 scale (PG-13). Results: A hierarchical regression analysis confirmed that anaclitic dependency is positively associated with PGD symptom severity, even when controlling for depression severity and other potential confounder variables. There was no significant association between relatedness dependency and PGD. Conclusions: To assess the risk of PGD in individuals bereaved after the death of a family member, it is important to assess anaclitic dependency.
Objective: Several researchers and clinicians have focused on the negative consequences of the CO... more Objective: Several researchers and clinicians have focused on the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for children and parents. However, we may suppose that some families may also experience positive aspects of the COVID-19 lockdown such as increased emotional closeness and more time for free play and creativity in parent-child relationships. The aim of the current study was to investigate predictors of the positive experiences in parent-child relationship in Polish mothers and fathers during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: 228 mothers and 231 fathers completed the Brief version of the Empathic Sensitivity Questionnaire, The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form, Social Support Scale, Parenting Self-Agency Measure, as well as The Scale of Positive Experiences in Parent-Child Relationship during the COVID-19 lockdown. Results: Our results show that parenting self-efficacy and social support are the best predictors of the positive experiences in parent-child r...
OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 2020
Some authors suggest the existence of links between the mechanisms of defense and attitude toward... more Some authors suggest the existence of links between the mechanisms of defense and attitude toward death, however, mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood. The objective of the present research was to investigate whether psychosocial ego development is a partial mediator in the association between mechanisms of defense and death attitude. The study included participants (N = 382) aged 19–85 (M = 47.02, SD = 16.19). Three measures were used: Defense Style Questionnaire-40, Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strengths, and Death Attitude Profile-Revised. Findings partly confirmed the hypotheses. Psychosocial ego development is a partial mediator in positive relationships between maladaptive defenses and fear of death, death avoidance, and escape acceptance. Psychosocial ego development is also a partial mediator in the positive association between more adaptive defenses and approach acceptance. The study provides novel information on the mechanisms underlying the a...
OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 2020
The aim of the article is to design a conceptual framework within the theory of psychosocial ego ... more The aim of the article is to design a conceptual framework within the theory of psychosocial ego development that will allow for a better understanding and explanation of attitude toward death in the life cycle. The main weaknesses of previous studies on death attitude were examined; Erikson’s concept may help exceed these limitations. The use of the model of hierarchy of defense mechanisms to study death attitude within Erikson’s theory was proposed. The concept of the death complex was mentioned to better conceptualize the problem of attitude toward death as a part of the psychosocial theory. Finally, the evolution of attitude toward death in the consecutive phases of psychosocial development was discussed in the light of the concept of syntonic and dystonic ego features, as well as death complex, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual modes.
Death Studies, 2019
The objective of the present research was to investigate whether wisdom is a mediator in the asso... more The objective of the present research was to investigate whether wisdom is a mediator in the association between the religious meaning system and the attitude toward death in the period of late adulthood. The study included 315 persons aged 60-75. Three measures were used: Religious Meaning System Scale (RMSS), Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale (3D-WS), Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R). The analyses allowed for a partial verification of the hypothesis that wisdom is a mediator in the relationship between the explicit religious meaning system and the multidimensional attitude toward death in late adulthood. It was confirmed that the relationship of the religious meaning system with fear of death, death avoidance, neutral acceptance, escape acceptance and approach acceptance is mediated by at least one (cognitive, reflective and/or affective) of the dimensions considered in the study.
OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying, 2019
The goal of the presented research was to investigate if wisdom plays a mediating role in the rel... more The goal of the presented research was to investigate if wisdom plays a mediating role in the relationships between meaning in life and the attitude toward death in the period of middle and late adulthood. A study was carried out that included 567 persons aged 40 to 75 years. Three measures were used: Personal Meaning Profile, Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale, and Death Attitude Profile-Revised. The conducted analyses allowed the authors to confirm the mediating role of wisdom in the relationships between meaning in life and fear of death as well as death avoidance in persons during the period of middle and late adulthood.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2020
Sharp , The relations between childhood maltreatment, shame, guilt, depression and suicidal ideat... more Sharp , The relations between childhood maltreatment, shame, guilt, depression and suicidal ideation in inpatient adolescents,
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Papers by Marcin Sękowski
„Książka jest rzetelna naukowo, bogata treściowo, ciekawa i dobrze napisana. Cechują ją wysokie walory poznawcze i aplikacyjne. Dostarcza wielu przesłanek do pracy podejmowanej przez psychologów i psychoterapeutów. (…) Dla wielu współczesnych śmierć – choć nieunikniona – stanowi temat tabu. Marcin Sękowski je przełamuje, przedstawiając profesjonalnie problem stosunku do śmierci i jego osobowe uwarunkowania”.
prof. dr. hab. Maria Ledzińska (Uniwersytet Warszawski)
„Monografia będzie przydatna wszystkim osobom zajmującym się problemami osób, które stykają się z kwestią śmierci. Może służyć studentom, badaczom i praktykom w dziedzinach nauk społecznych i nauk o życiu, a także osobom uczestniczącym w ruchu hospicyjnym. (…) Pokazana w książce perspektywa ujmowania postawy wobec śmierci w cyklu życia człowieka pozwala na lepsze zrozumienie nas samych w sytuacji granicznej”.
dr hab. Paweł Izdebski, prof. UKW (Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy)
Marcin Sękowski – psycholog, psychoterapeuta, doktor nauk społecznych w zakresie psychologii, adiunkt w Instytucie Psychologii Akademii Pedagogiki Specjalnej im. Marii Grzegorzewskiej w Warszawie. Jego zainteresowania naukowe obejmują przede wszystkim problematykę tanatologiczną, w tym zagadnienia postawy wobec śmierci, ryzyka samobójczego i żałoby. Publikował m.in. na łamach „Death Studies” i „Omega: Journal of Death and Dying”.