PurposeThe paper reports an investigation into the use of aqueous extracts of rice bran as a gree... more PurposeThe paper reports an investigation into the use of aqueous extracts of rice bran as a green inhibitor for corrosion of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution.Design/methodology/approachExtracts from the rice bran were used as the main component of an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for use in HCl pickling processes. Inhibition behavior on carbon steel in HCl was investigated by means of mass‐loss tests, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.FindingsThe results show that the extract exhibited good inhibition performance in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of the inhibitor and was only moderately affected by temperature variations in the range 303‐363 K. The inhibitive action was due to adsorption on the A3 steel and the adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm. The free energy of adsorption (ΔGads.) was −4.192 kJ/mol. The negative value of...
Biodiesel has drawn more and more attention in recent years because it is renewable and has less ... more Biodiesel has drawn more and more attention in recent years because it is renewable and has less detrimental effects on environment as compared with conventional diesel derived from petroleum .It consists of mono alkyl esters that are usually produced by transesterification of plant or animal oil with alcohol in the presence of catalyst. Catalysts mainly belong to the categories of homogeneous or heterogeneous. Several processes for biodiesel fuel production have been developed, among which the transesterification using alkali catalysis gives high yields of conversion. The main problem of transesterification reaction is that the reactants are not readily miscible. This leads a longer reaction time and so higher fixed capital investments and product costs .Few other drawbacks of this traditional catalyzed batch methods include glycerin removal, and a need for removal of catalyst, in addition to soaps or other unwanted byproducts. In an effort to bypass these issues, some new processe...
Biodiesel production by Microwave method achieves superior results over conventional techniques. ... more Biodiesel production by Microwave method achieves superior results over conventional techniques. Short reaction time, cleaner reaction products, and reduced separation-purification times are the key observations reported by many researchers. Energy utilization and specific energy requirements for microwave based biodiesel synthesis are reportedly better than conventional techniques. This paper reviews principles and practices of microwave energy technology as applied in biodiesel preparation. Analysis of laboratory scale studies, potential design and operation challenges for developing large scale biodiesel production systems are also discussed.
The world is presently confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental... more The world is presently confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Excessive use of fossil fuels has led to global environmental degradation effects such as greenhouse effect, acid rain, ozone depletion and climate change. The search for alternative fuels, which promise a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.Biodiesel is a globally biorenewable liquid transportation fuel. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel provides more usable energy than the fossil energy needed for its production, reduces greenhouse gases (GHGs), reduces several major air pollutants, and has minimal impact on human and environmental health through N, P, and pesticide release.
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020
Abstract Due to the dwindling crude oil resources and the detrimental environmental effects of to... more Abstract Due to the dwindling crude oil resources and the detrimental environmental effects of toxic emissions from conventional diesel, biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy resource. As projected by the Energy Outlook review, a blend of 30 % biodiesel with petro-diesel (B30), is expected to be promoted as an alternative to petro-diesel by the year 2030. From the global perception, biodiesel is estimated to form 70 % of transport fuel which will be in demand by the year 2040. Since biodiesel is produced exclusively by vegetable oil, animal fat, microbial oil, and waste oil, it is renewable and biodegradable. Even though it has various benefits over conventional diesel fuel, yet numerous technical challenges need to be resolved. Among them are the cost of oil, selection of appropriate catalysts, and the development of a suitable technique for economical and efficient synthesis of biodiesel fuel from the vast range of available feedstocks. As 60–80 % cost of biodiesel is due to its feedstock, selection of low cost and sustainable feedstock from the vast varieties of available sources is the most challenging task to be achieved. In this article, the literature of the last twenty years was thoroughly studied and reviewed to examine the status of biodiesel. The present paper discusses the availability of different biodiesel feedstocks and summarises how their characteristics affect biodiesel properties along with the criteria of their selection for sustainable and low-cost production of biodiesel. The transesterification route is considered the most appropriate way for processing triglycerides of lipids into biodiesel which can take place with or without a catalyst. Different catalysts can homogeneously or heterogeneously catalyze the transesterification reaction depending on their solubility in the reaction mixture. The paper reviews the research on biodiesel production with different types of catalysts (alkaline, acidic, and enzymatic), their properties, preferred operating conditions, their suitability, and limitations. Work done on some of the latest intensification techniques for biodiesel production that are capable of managing the mass transfer restrictions of oil and alcohol phases namely, microwave irradiation, ultrasonication, and the co-solvent method are also reviewed. Some other intensification techniques that reduce biodiesel production cost by efficient separation, mixing, purification, and reaction like membrane reactor, motionless mixer, reactive distillation, and in-situ method have also been discussed along with their scope for commercialization in the context of the research work done till date. The review concludes with future perspectives and suggestions regarding the selection criteria of feedstocks, catalysts, and production techniques to make the production of biodiesel cost-effective, fast, energy-efficient, more cleaner, less complex, and sustainable.
Heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as potential alternatives to their homogenous counterparts, ... more Heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as potential alternatives to their homogenous counterparts, since they could successfully overcome the shortcomings encountered in homogenous catalytic trans-esterification of tri-acyl glycerides. In the present study, application of pure as well as doped CaO derived from waste chicken egg shells was studied for conversion of oil into biodiesel. Waste eggshells were calcined at 900°C to get CaO which was then incorporated into transition metals by incipient wet impregnation method. The catalyst prepared has been characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The basicity and surface area of catalysts were ascertained in order to figure out the catalytic activity. The conversion of oil to Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) has been confirmed by Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the percentage yield of eucalyptus biodiesel was verified by Gas chromatography with Flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The catalytic property of these mixed metal oxides has been studied in trans-esterification of Eucalyptus Oil. Zn-CaO (waste egg shell) was observed to be the most promising catalyst providing with appreciable yield of bio-diesel (FAME) among all the three catalysts. Transesterification was carried out at different process variables to optimize the best reaction conditions. Employing waste chicken egg shell derived CaO doped with transition metals (Zn, Cu) as catalyst puts forward the economic and efficient scheme for trans-esterification of Eucalyptus oil for biodiesel generation.
The purpose of this research is to provide the information and knowledge about the excellent co-s... more The purpose of this research is to provide the information and knowledge about the excellent co-solvent process to produce the high purity biodiesel with minimum reaction time. Transesterification reaction of Jatropha oil with methanol in the presence of catalyst occurs in a heterogeneous system because the reactants are not readily miscible to each other. As a result this leads a longer reaction time and so higher fixed capital investment and product cost due to Transesterification process is batch process. To speed up the reaction rate and to increase the fatty acid methyl ester yield, a mixing solvent Tetra hydro furan (THF) were added, which enables the reaction to bein one phase. The influence of various parameters on the Transesterification reaction including the amount of THF, the amount of catalyst, methanol vol. % and reaction time were investigated. Different tests according to ASTM methods were conducted to check the various properties of produced biodiesel and found according to ASTM D-6751.
As demand for petroleum is increasing day by day, also the emissions of harmful gases, as carbon ... more As demand for petroleum is increasing day by day, also the emissions of harmful gases, as carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, are increasing. Therefore, the need for alternative fuels such as biofuels is increasing. This has led to the development of fuels from various renewable sources, such as fats and oils. Several fuels can be derived from these feedstocks. One of them is biodiesel. Biodiesel is a mono alkyl ester of vegetable oils and animal fats produced mainly by transesterification of oils and fats with alcohols in the presence of acid, alkali or enzyme-based catalysts. The cosolvent helps the reaction to take place in single/homogeneous phase and hence, facilitate the reaction (better mass transfer) to proceed, reducing the reaction time. Various researches have been carried out for the production of biodiesel from various feedstocks by various methods. But till date, no research is carried for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil by using hexane as co-solvent. The objective of this research work was to produce biodiesel from Jatropha oil by transesterification method using hexane as co-solvent, to determine optimum conditions (co-solvent and catalyst content) for biodiesel production and finally, to determine various properties of the produced biodiesel according to ASTM methods.
Biodiesel was produced from various blends of jatropha oil and waste frying soybean oil (WFSO). T... more Biodiesel was produced from various blends of jatropha oil and waste frying soybean oil (WFSO). The process used was two-step transesterification, as free fatty acid (FFA) content of jatropha oil was high. Esterification was done for 2 h. After esterification the FFA content was reduced to <1%. WFSO having FFA 1.6% was used directly. Transesterification of blends were carried out for 90 min at 55°C, using KOH catalyst and methanol alcohol. The biodiesel produced was settled overnight and separated. It was observed that more amount of catalyst was consumed as the volume percent of jatropha oil in the blend increases. Fuel properties of the biodiesel products have been measured and found markedly enhanced compared to those of the parent oil. Also, the values satisfied the standard limits according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
To produce biodiesel cost-effective, low-cost, high free fatty acid (FFA) oil feedstock is desira... more To produce biodiesel cost-effective, low-cost, high free fatty acid (FFA) oil feedstock is desirable. But high FFA creates difficulty during the base-catalyzed transesterification process by yield loss due to the formation of soap. However, these problems are overcome by the use of an acid catalyst. The acid catalysts can directly convert both triglycerides and FFAs into biodiesel without the formation of soaps or emulsions. The shortcomings of mostly used inorganic acids are that they work well for esterification of FFA present in low-cost oil, but their kinetics for transesterification of triglycerides present in oils is considerably slower. Corrosion of equipment is another major problem associated with an inorganic acid catalyst. The usage of an organic acid catalyst of the alkyl benzene sulfonic type, like 4-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) minimizes these disadvantages of inorganic acid-catalyzed transesterification. The aim of the present investigation was to reduce the r...
PurposeThe paper reports an investigation into the use of aqueous extracts of rice bran as a gree... more PurposeThe paper reports an investigation into the use of aqueous extracts of rice bran as a green inhibitor for corrosion of carbon steel in hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution.Design/methodology/approachExtracts from the rice bran were used as the main component of an environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor for use in HCl pickling processes. Inhibition behavior on carbon steel in HCl was investigated by means of mass‐loss tests, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy.FindingsThe results show that the extract exhibited good inhibition performance in 1 M HCl. The inhibition efficiency increased with increase in the concentration of the inhibitor and was only moderately affected by temperature variations in the range 303‐363 K. The inhibitive action was due to adsorption on the A3 steel and the adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm. The free energy of adsorption (ΔGads.) was −4.192 kJ/mol. The negative value of...
Biodiesel has drawn more and more attention in recent years because it is renewable and has less ... more Biodiesel has drawn more and more attention in recent years because it is renewable and has less detrimental effects on environment as compared with conventional diesel derived from petroleum .It consists of mono alkyl esters that are usually produced by transesterification of plant or animal oil with alcohol in the presence of catalyst. Catalysts mainly belong to the categories of homogeneous or heterogeneous. Several processes for biodiesel fuel production have been developed, among which the transesterification using alkali catalysis gives high yields of conversion. The main problem of transesterification reaction is that the reactants are not readily miscible. This leads a longer reaction time and so higher fixed capital investments and product costs .Few other drawbacks of this traditional catalyzed batch methods include glycerin removal, and a need for removal of catalyst, in addition to soaps or other unwanted byproducts. In an effort to bypass these issues, some new processe...
Biodiesel production by Microwave method achieves superior results over conventional techniques. ... more Biodiesel production by Microwave method achieves superior results over conventional techniques. Short reaction time, cleaner reaction products, and reduced separation-purification times are the key observations reported by many researchers. Energy utilization and specific energy requirements for microwave based biodiesel synthesis are reportedly better than conventional techniques. This paper reviews principles and practices of microwave energy technology as applied in biodiesel preparation. Analysis of laboratory scale studies, potential design and operation challenges for developing large scale biodiesel production systems are also discussed.
The world is presently confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental... more The world is presently confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Excessive use of fossil fuels has led to global environmental degradation effects such as greenhouse effect, acid rain, ozone depletion and climate change. The search for alternative fuels, which promise a harmonious correlation with sustainable development, energy conservation, efficiency and environmental preservation, has become highly pronounced in the present context.Biodiesel is a globally biorenewable liquid transportation fuel. Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits. Biodiesel provides more usable energy than the fossil energy needed for its production, reduces greenhouse gases (GHGs), reduces several major air pollutants, and has minimal impact on human and environmental health through N, P, and pesticide release.
Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2020
Abstract Due to the dwindling crude oil resources and the detrimental environmental effects of to... more Abstract Due to the dwindling crude oil resources and the detrimental environmental effects of toxic emissions from conventional diesel, biodiesel has gained importance over the last few years as a clean, sustainable, and renewable energy resource. As projected by the Energy Outlook review, a blend of 30 % biodiesel with petro-diesel (B30), is expected to be promoted as an alternative to petro-diesel by the year 2030. From the global perception, biodiesel is estimated to form 70 % of transport fuel which will be in demand by the year 2040. Since biodiesel is produced exclusively by vegetable oil, animal fat, microbial oil, and waste oil, it is renewable and biodegradable. Even though it has various benefits over conventional diesel fuel, yet numerous technical challenges need to be resolved. Among them are the cost of oil, selection of appropriate catalysts, and the development of a suitable technique for economical and efficient synthesis of biodiesel fuel from the vast range of available feedstocks. As 60–80 % cost of biodiesel is due to its feedstock, selection of low cost and sustainable feedstock from the vast varieties of available sources is the most challenging task to be achieved. In this article, the literature of the last twenty years was thoroughly studied and reviewed to examine the status of biodiesel. The present paper discusses the availability of different biodiesel feedstocks and summarises how their characteristics affect biodiesel properties along with the criteria of their selection for sustainable and low-cost production of biodiesel. The transesterification route is considered the most appropriate way for processing triglycerides of lipids into biodiesel which can take place with or without a catalyst. Different catalysts can homogeneously or heterogeneously catalyze the transesterification reaction depending on their solubility in the reaction mixture. The paper reviews the research on biodiesel production with different types of catalysts (alkaline, acidic, and enzymatic), their properties, preferred operating conditions, their suitability, and limitations. Work done on some of the latest intensification techniques for biodiesel production that are capable of managing the mass transfer restrictions of oil and alcohol phases namely, microwave irradiation, ultrasonication, and the co-solvent method are also reviewed. Some other intensification techniques that reduce biodiesel production cost by efficient separation, mixing, purification, and reaction like membrane reactor, motionless mixer, reactive distillation, and in-situ method have also been discussed along with their scope for commercialization in the context of the research work done till date. The review concludes with future perspectives and suggestions regarding the selection criteria of feedstocks, catalysts, and production techniques to make the production of biodiesel cost-effective, fast, energy-efficient, more cleaner, less complex, and sustainable.
Heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as potential alternatives to their homogenous counterparts, ... more Heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as potential alternatives to their homogenous counterparts, since they could successfully overcome the shortcomings encountered in homogenous catalytic trans-esterification of tri-acyl glycerides. In the present study, application of pure as well as doped CaO derived from waste chicken egg shells was studied for conversion of oil into biodiesel. Waste eggshells were calcined at 900°C to get CaO which was then incorporated into transition metals by incipient wet impregnation method. The catalyst prepared has been characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The basicity and surface area of catalysts were ascertained in order to figure out the catalytic activity. The conversion of oil to Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) has been confirmed by Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and the percentage yield of eucalyptus biodiesel was verified by Gas chromatography with Flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The catalytic property of these mixed metal oxides has been studied in trans-esterification of Eucalyptus Oil. Zn-CaO (waste egg shell) was observed to be the most promising catalyst providing with appreciable yield of bio-diesel (FAME) among all the three catalysts. Transesterification was carried out at different process variables to optimize the best reaction conditions. Employing waste chicken egg shell derived CaO doped with transition metals (Zn, Cu) as catalyst puts forward the economic and efficient scheme for trans-esterification of Eucalyptus oil for biodiesel generation.
The purpose of this research is to provide the information and knowledge about the excellent co-s... more The purpose of this research is to provide the information and knowledge about the excellent co-solvent process to produce the high purity biodiesel with minimum reaction time. Transesterification reaction of Jatropha oil with methanol in the presence of catalyst occurs in a heterogeneous system because the reactants are not readily miscible to each other. As a result this leads a longer reaction time and so higher fixed capital investment and product cost due to Transesterification process is batch process. To speed up the reaction rate and to increase the fatty acid methyl ester yield, a mixing solvent Tetra hydro furan (THF) were added, which enables the reaction to bein one phase. The influence of various parameters on the Transesterification reaction including the amount of THF, the amount of catalyst, methanol vol. % and reaction time were investigated. Different tests according to ASTM methods were conducted to check the various properties of produced biodiesel and found according to ASTM D-6751.
As demand for petroleum is increasing day by day, also the emissions of harmful gases, as carbon ... more As demand for petroleum is increasing day by day, also the emissions of harmful gases, as carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen, are increasing. Therefore, the need for alternative fuels such as biofuels is increasing. This has led to the development of fuels from various renewable sources, such as fats and oils. Several fuels can be derived from these feedstocks. One of them is biodiesel. Biodiesel is a mono alkyl ester of vegetable oils and animal fats produced mainly by transesterification of oils and fats with alcohols in the presence of acid, alkali or enzyme-based catalysts. The cosolvent helps the reaction to take place in single/homogeneous phase and hence, facilitate the reaction (better mass transfer) to proceed, reducing the reaction time. Various researches have been carried out for the production of biodiesel from various feedstocks by various methods. But till date, no research is carried for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil by using hexane as co-solvent. The objective of this research work was to produce biodiesel from Jatropha oil by transesterification method using hexane as co-solvent, to determine optimum conditions (co-solvent and catalyst content) for biodiesel production and finally, to determine various properties of the produced biodiesel according to ASTM methods.
Biodiesel was produced from various blends of jatropha oil and waste frying soybean oil (WFSO). T... more Biodiesel was produced from various blends of jatropha oil and waste frying soybean oil (WFSO). The process used was two-step transesterification, as free fatty acid (FFA) content of jatropha oil was high. Esterification was done for 2 h. After esterification the FFA content was reduced to <1%. WFSO having FFA 1.6% was used directly. Transesterification of blends were carried out for 90 min at 55°C, using KOH catalyst and methanol alcohol. The biodiesel produced was settled overnight and separated. It was observed that more amount of catalyst was consumed as the volume percent of jatropha oil in the blend increases. Fuel properties of the biodiesel products have been measured and found markedly enhanced compared to those of the parent oil. Also, the values satisfied the standard limits according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).
To produce biodiesel cost-effective, low-cost, high free fatty acid (FFA) oil feedstock is desira... more To produce biodiesel cost-effective, low-cost, high free fatty acid (FFA) oil feedstock is desirable. But high FFA creates difficulty during the base-catalyzed transesterification process by yield loss due to the formation of soap. However, these problems are overcome by the use of an acid catalyst. The acid catalysts can directly convert both triglycerides and FFAs into biodiesel without the formation of soaps or emulsions. The shortcomings of mostly used inorganic acids are that they work well for esterification of FFA present in low-cost oil, but their kinetics for transesterification of triglycerides present in oils is considerably slower. Corrosion of equipment is another major problem associated with an inorganic acid catalyst. The usage of an organic acid catalyst of the alkyl benzene sulfonic type, like 4-dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) minimizes these disadvantages of inorganic acid-catalyzed transesterification. The aim of the present investigation was to reduce the r...
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Papers by Dr Moina Athar