Six fungal culture viz Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergil... more Six fungal culture viz Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergilus terreus, Rhizophus nigricans isolated from diseased portion of vegetables from Una region (Himanchal Pradesh). The results of this study identify Trichoderma harzianum as promising biological control agents for further testing against different saprophytic fungal forms for controlling post harvest diseases.
The main purpose of this study is to reduce the production cost of cellulase by using alternative... more The main purpose of this study is to reduce the production cost of cellulase by using alternative carbon source such as wheat bran residue and optimized fermentation medium for high yields. In the present investigation, to isolate the novel cellulase producing fungi, Trichoderma viride and T. reesei from the soil samples and to optimize the physicochemical and nutritional parameters for cellulase and xylanase production. Wheat bran residue was found to be the best substrate source for the production of cellulase and xylanase by Trichoderma spp. Optimal concentration of wheat bran residue for the production of cellulase and xylanase was 1.0% (w/v). Optimum temperature, pH and incubation time of the medium for the cellulase and xylanase production by T. viride and T.reesei was 280 C, 5.5 and 120 h respectively. Cellulase production from T. reesei can be an advantage as the enzyme production rate is normally higher as compared to other fungi.
Among the environmental concerns the accumulation of heavy metals is of prime importance. The fac... more Among the environmental concerns the accumulation of heavy metals is of prime importance. The factors that are generally responsible for deteriorating soil quality include geological and anthropogenic activities. Besides, due to constantly changing urbanization and industrialization patterns the quality of the soil has greatly been affected which ultimately poses a threat to the ecosystem, food safety and human health. Reclamation of these contaminated soils by engineering methods is expensive, time consuming and sometimes not eco-friendly. Researchers all over the world are focusing to exploit the potential of plants as phytoremediators, a technology which is cost-effective, sustainable and eco-friendly. Phytoremediation technology is emerging gradually and as one of the important components of green technology which aims to employ plants across various genera for restoring ecosystem health. Plants possess a natural ability to eliminate, detoxify or immobilize environmental contaminants in a growth matrix by means of various biological processes. The main significant points discussed in this chapter include the mechanisms of phytoremediation and factors affecting phytoremediation.
Biofuels provide a potential and promising green alternative to avoid the global political instab... more Biofuels provide a potential and promising green alternative to avoid the global political instability and environmental crises that arise from dependence on petroleum. It has an important role to mitigate global warming and to conserve fossil fuels. Currently, starchy crops such as corn are utilized as a source of raw material for the production of bioethanol but it cannot meet global fuel requirements. Besides, due to their food value these conventional crops are not able to cater the demand of biofuel production. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass seems to be an attractive alternative for inexorable supplies of biofuels, cutting down the credence on fossil fuel resources. Lignocellulosic biomass feedstock is abundant, recyclable, cheap, and is evenly distributed in nature. However, lignocellulosic bioethanol production is not commercialized at a large scale due to certain economic and technical barriers which make ethanol production exorbitant. Therefore, research should be focussed to develop commercially profitable processes (green technology) for bioethanol production. Moreover, current approach is focussed on enzyme-based conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol. The assurance of highly dynamic conversion coupled to a “Green” technology is now universally appealing. Therefore, the main aim of this chapter is to critically analyze the current situation and future needs for technological developments in the area of producing liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. It primarily covers distinct lignocellulosic biomass conversion technologies, challenges, and future research targets.
Cell culture in shake flask and airlift bioreactor was carried out to exploit the potential of Ar... more Cell culture in shake flask and airlift bioreactor was carried out to exploit the potential of Arnebia sp. for napthoquinone metabolite production. Cell suspension cultures of Arnebia were established from friable callus in liquid MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (10 lM) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (5 lM). Growth kinetic studies were done by using settled cell volume and fresh/dry cell weight method. Suspension cultures were maintained by sub-culturing at 10 days interval. A two-stage culture system is employed using growth medium (GM) and modified M9 medium (production medium) for cell biomass and naphthoquinone pigment production, respectively. Results showed that cultivation of cells under dark conditions at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) enhanced the cell biomass from 100 to 625 g l-1. The pigment production was also found to be increased in dark conditions at room temperature. Alkaline pH found to have positive effect on pigment yield. In case of M9 medium constituents, absence of Na 2 SO 4 does not affect the pigment yield. The current approaches have the cumulative effect to meet an increased level of (25.5 lg/ ml) metabolite production in airlift bioreactor.
Synthesis of nanomaterials may involve various routes including physical, chemical and biological... more Synthesis of nanomaterials may involve various routes including physical, chemical and biological approaches. Here, the biological green route was chosen to prepare silver nanoparticles from silver salts to avoid the requirement of costly instruments and involvement of hazardous chemicals as well. To make the process clean and green, leaf extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) was used to synthesize Ag nanoparticles at room temperature. The formation of Ag-nanoparticles was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The presence of silver in the sample and its crystalline nature were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The size distribution profile and particle size in the suspension were manipulated from dynamic light scattering (DLS) pattern. The shape, size and morphology of the biogenic nanoparticles were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy was used to detect the biomolecules responsible for reduction of silver ions. These biogenic Ag-nanoparticles showed appreciable antibacterial efficacy against three bacteria-Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of silver na... more ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of silver nanoparticle on general performance and digestive proteases in zebra fish. Four experimental diets were designed with a concentration of 5, 20 and 40 parts per billion (ppb) nanoparticles in the diet (named S5, S20, and S40 respectively) and control group without any nanoparticles (S0). There was no significant difference observed in FI and FCR among all the dietary treatments. At the end of the experiment, S20 exhibited highest WG and SGR followed by S40 as compared with other feeding regimes while, there was no significant difference observed between S0 and S5. Similar trends were also observed in total protease enzyme activity of the fish. To evaluate the protease enzyme patterns on gut extract, substrate SDS-PAGE was performed and the inhibition of zymogram was studied. The results showed that there was no difference in banding patterns between S0 and S5 with EDTA treated samples whereas two extra bands of molecular weight (MW) 67 and 37 appeared in S20 and S40, were inhibited by EDTA indicating the presence of metalloprotease in those dietary regimes. There were no differences in the banding patterns of PMSF treated samples suggesting that the total serine protease remains unaffected by the dietary regimes. To conclude, we found 20 ppb inclusion of silver nanoparticle in fish diet improves general performance and induces metalloprotease activity in fish. Further detailed study is required before establishing dietary inclusion of silver nanoparticle for industrial purposes.
A set of 96 water samples from shallow tubewells and 14 sediment samples from Samastipur district... more A set of 96 water samples from shallow tubewells and 14 sediment samples from Samastipur district to know the level of arsenic (As) and its controlling factors were analyzed. Groundwater samples were collected from tubewells of different depths, and a wide range of concentrations in the range 0.19-135 μg L −1 was found. Scanning electron micrograph study of the sediments shows intense chemical weathering. Present study also support reductive dissolution of FeOOH triggered by organic matter oxidation as an As mobility factor in the aquifer sands.
With CAD/CAM technology moving from myth to mainstream applications, most industries are caught b... more With CAD/CAM technology moving from myth to mainstream applications, most industries are caught between change and survival. This is especially true in the case of small and medium industries. This paper attempts to answer the question: "Is CAD/CAM necessary and economically justifiable for small and medium industries?" by focusing on four aspects: key developments, benefits, bottlenecks and strategies.
Digest of Papers. 2004 Topical Meeting onSilicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, 2004., 2004
In this work an enhanced approach to 3D process modeling using mixed element meshes followed by t... more In this work an enhanced approach to 3D process modeling using mixed element meshes followed by tetrahedralization and small signal device simulation by Fielday is presented. This methodology is then used to analyze and predict the effects of various substrate isolation schemes on substrate noise coupling. Experimental results are used to calibrate and verify the simulation results. Our proposed various
Shallow aquifers arsenic (As) enrichment is a major public health issue affecting over millions r... more Shallow aquifers arsenic (As) enrichment is a major public health issue affecting over millions rural inhabitants across the world. Millions of people inhabiting the Gangetic plain have been slowly poisoned by arsenic in groundwater used for drinking and agriculture. Arsenic concentration in the region varies from below detection limit up to as high as several hundred µg/L. As concentration were found very high in the proximity of aquifers close to river floodplain and its associated river paleo-channels. It has been confirmed from various study, there is no regular pattern of aquifers contamination in the central Gangatic plain of India. The sulphate concentration in groundwater was low as compared to surface water. In the central Gangatic Plain, geochemistry of As and its mobilizing factors are poorly understood. Therefore there is an urgent need to conduct detailed research work and holistic river basin management study in order to save millions of people's life in the central Gangatic Plain.
Groundwater from central Gangetic plain regions contains arsenic (As) concentrations few tens of ... more Groundwater from central Gangetic plain regions contains arsenic (As) concentrations few tens of time higher than the drinking water guideline value (10 μg/L) prescribed by the World Health Organization. The concentration of As near an inland lake was high where as it was moderate to low in the interior fl ood plains. The intermediate and deeper aquifers have higher As concentrations compared to shallow aquifers. These aquifers seem to be particularly at risk, due to the prevailing geochemical conditions in which oxidized and reduced waters mix, and where the amount of sulfate available for microbial reduction seem to be limited. The severity of As contamination necessitates restricted use of groundwater or look for alternative water sources like rivers. The rain water harvesting could be another alternative option along with a community based management and maintenance in this rural region.
This study investigates the level of contamination and health risk assessment for arsenic (As) an... more This study investigates the level of contamination and health risk assessment for arsenic (As) and other elements in drinking water, vegetables and other food components in two blocks (Mohiuddinagar and Mohanpur) from the Samastipur district, Bihar, India. Groundwater (80%) samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value (10μg/L) of As while Mn exceeded the previous WHO limit of 400μg/L in 28% samples. The estimated daily intake of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn from drinking water and food components were 169, 19, 26, 882, 4645, 14582, 474, 1449 and 12,955μg, respectively (estimated exposure 3.70, 0.41, 0.57, 19.61, 103.22, 324.05, 10.53, 32.21 and 287.90μg per kg bw, respectively). Twelve of 15 cooked rice contained high As concentration compared to uncooked rice. Water contributes (67%) considerable As to daily exposure followed by rice and vegetables. Whereas food is the major contributor of other elements to the dietary exposure. Correlation and prin...
The purpose of this study is to prospectively identify factors that predict the chance of pleural... more The purpose of this study is to prospectively identify factors that predict the chance of pleural injury (detected clinically or on postoperative X-ray chest) during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). All patients with renal/upper ureteric stones, undergoing PCNL between January 2013 and June 2014, were evaluated for pleural injury. An erect chest X-ray on inspiration was done within 6 h of PCNL. The patients were divided into Groups A and B depending on whether they developed or did not develop pleural injury. Patient-, stone-, renal-, and procedure-related factors were compared between the two groups. 332 patients with mean age 36.76 ± 15.01 years (range 4-80) and M:F of 172:160 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Pleural complications occurred in 10 patients (3 %). Of 141 patients with supracostal punctures (59 had additional infracostal punctures), 4.2 % (n = 6) had pleural injury. Of 191 patients with only infracostal punctures, 4 developed pleural injuries (2 %). Patients in g...
Water from snow melt is a critical resource in watersheds of the western US, Canada, and other si... more Water from snow melt is a critical resource in watersheds of the western US, Canada, and other similar regions of the world. The distribution of snow and melt-water controls the temporal and spatial distributions of soil moisture, evapo-transpiration (ET), recharge, stream-aquifer interaction and other hydrologic processes within the watershed. It also influences the quantity and timing of water availability in
Six fungal culture viz Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergil... more Six fungal culture viz Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergilus terreus, Rhizophus nigricans isolated from diseased portion of vegetables from Una region (Himanchal Pradesh). The results of this study identify Trichoderma harzianum as promising biological control agents for further testing against different saprophytic fungal forms for controlling post harvest diseases.
The main purpose of this study is to reduce the production cost of cellulase by using alternative... more The main purpose of this study is to reduce the production cost of cellulase by using alternative carbon source such as wheat bran residue and optimized fermentation medium for high yields. In the present investigation, to isolate the novel cellulase producing fungi, Trichoderma viride and T. reesei from the soil samples and to optimize the physicochemical and nutritional parameters for cellulase and xylanase production. Wheat bran residue was found to be the best substrate source for the production of cellulase and xylanase by Trichoderma spp. Optimal concentration of wheat bran residue for the production of cellulase and xylanase was 1.0% (w/v). Optimum temperature, pH and incubation time of the medium for the cellulase and xylanase production by T. viride and T.reesei was 280 C, 5.5 and 120 h respectively. Cellulase production from T. reesei can be an advantage as the enzyme production rate is normally higher as compared to other fungi.
Among the environmental concerns the accumulation of heavy metals is of prime importance. The fac... more Among the environmental concerns the accumulation of heavy metals is of prime importance. The factors that are generally responsible for deteriorating soil quality include geological and anthropogenic activities. Besides, due to constantly changing urbanization and industrialization patterns the quality of the soil has greatly been affected which ultimately poses a threat to the ecosystem, food safety and human health. Reclamation of these contaminated soils by engineering methods is expensive, time consuming and sometimes not eco-friendly. Researchers all over the world are focusing to exploit the potential of plants as phytoremediators, a technology which is cost-effective, sustainable and eco-friendly. Phytoremediation technology is emerging gradually and as one of the important components of green technology which aims to employ plants across various genera for restoring ecosystem health. Plants possess a natural ability to eliminate, detoxify or immobilize environmental contaminants in a growth matrix by means of various biological processes. The main significant points discussed in this chapter include the mechanisms of phytoremediation and factors affecting phytoremediation.
Biofuels provide a potential and promising green alternative to avoid the global political instab... more Biofuels provide a potential and promising green alternative to avoid the global political instability and environmental crises that arise from dependence on petroleum. It has an important role to mitigate global warming and to conserve fossil fuels. Currently, starchy crops such as corn are utilized as a source of raw material for the production of bioethanol but it cannot meet global fuel requirements. Besides, due to their food value these conventional crops are not able to cater the demand of biofuel production. Therefore, lignocellulosic biomass seems to be an attractive alternative for inexorable supplies of biofuels, cutting down the credence on fossil fuel resources. Lignocellulosic biomass feedstock is abundant, recyclable, cheap, and is evenly distributed in nature. However, lignocellulosic bioethanol production is not commercialized at a large scale due to certain economic and technical barriers which make ethanol production exorbitant. Therefore, research should be focussed to develop commercially profitable processes (green technology) for bioethanol production. Moreover, current approach is focussed on enzyme-based conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol. The assurance of highly dynamic conversion coupled to a “Green” technology is now universally appealing. Therefore, the main aim of this chapter is to critically analyze the current situation and future needs for technological developments in the area of producing liquid biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. It primarily covers distinct lignocellulosic biomass conversion technologies, challenges, and future research targets.
Cell culture in shake flask and airlift bioreactor was carried out to exploit the potential of Ar... more Cell culture in shake flask and airlift bioreactor was carried out to exploit the potential of Arnebia sp. for napthoquinone metabolite production. Cell suspension cultures of Arnebia were established from friable callus in liquid MS medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (10 lM) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (5 lM). Growth kinetic studies were done by using settled cell volume and fresh/dry cell weight method. Suspension cultures were maintained by sub-culturing at 10 days interval. A two-stage culture system is employed using growth medium (GM) and modified M9 medium (production medium) for cell biomass and naphthoquinone pigment production, respectively. Results showed that cultivation of cells under dark conditions at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) enhanced the cell biomass from 100 to 625 g l-1. The pigment production was also found to be increased in dark conditions at room temperature. Alkaline pH found to have positive effect on pigment yield. In case of M9 medium constituents, absence of Na 2 SO 4 does not affect the pigment yield. The current approaches have the cumulative effect to meet an increased level of (25.5 lg/ ml) metabolite production in airlift bioreactor.
Synthesis of nanomaterials may involve various routes including physical, chemical and biological... more Synthesis of nanomaterials may involve various routes including physical, chemical and biological approaches. Here, the biological green route was chosen to prepare silver nanoparticles from silver salts to avoid the requirement of costly instruments and involvement of hazardous chemicals as well. To make the process clean and green, leaf extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) was used to synthesize Ag nanoparticles at room temperature. The formation of Ag-nanoparticles was monitored by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The presence of silver in the sample and its crystalline nature were verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The size distribution profile and particle size in the suspension were manipulated from dynamic light scattering (DLS) pattern. The shape, size and morphology of the biogenic nanoparticles were studied using high resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM). Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy was used to detect the biomolecules responsible for reduction of silver ions. These biogenic Ag-nanoparticles showed appreciable antibacterial efficacy against three bacteria-Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of silver na... more ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of silver nanoparticle on general performance and digestive proteases in zebra fish. Four experimental diets were designed with a concentration of 5, 20 and 40 parts per billion (ppb) nanoparticles in the diet (named S5, S20, and S40 respectively) and control group without any nanoparticles (S0). There was no significant difference observed in FI and FCR among all the dietary treatments. At the end of the experiment, S20 exhibited highest WG and SGR followed by S40 as compared with other feeding regimes while, there was no significant difference observed between S0 and S5. Similar trends were also observed in total protease enzyme activity of the fish. To evaluate the protease enzyme patterns on gut extract, substrate SDS-PAGE was performed and the inhibition of zymogram was studied. The results showed that there was no difference in banding patterns between S0 and S5 with EDTA treated samples whereas two extra bands of molecular weight (MW) 67 and 37 appeared in S20 and S40, were inhibited by EDTA indicating the presence of metalloprotease in those dietary regimes. There were no differences in the banding patterns of PMSF treated samples suggesting that the total serine protease remains unaffected by the dietary regimes. To conclude, we found 20 ppb inclusion of silver nanoparticle in fish diet improves general performance and induces metalloprotease activity in fish. Further detailed study is required before establishing dietary inclusion of silver nanoparticle for industrial purposes.
A set of 96 water samples from shallow tubewells and 14 sediment samples from Samastipur district... more A set of 96 water samples from shallow tubewells and 14 sediment samples from Samastipur district to know the level of arsenic (As) and its controlling factors were analyzed. Groundwater samples were collected from tubewells of different depths, and a wide range of concentrations in the range 0.19-135 μg L −1 was found. Scanning electron micrograph study of the sediments shows intense chemical weathering. Present study also support reductive dissolution of FeOOH triggered by organic matter oxidation as an As mobility factor in the aquifer sands.
With CAD/CAM technology moving from myth to mainstream applications, most industries are caught b... more With CAD/CAM technology moving from myth to mainstream applications, most industries are caught between change and survival. This is especially true in the case of small and medium industries. This paper attempts to answer the question: "Is CAD/CAM necessary and economically justifiable for small and medium industries?" by focusing on four aspects: key developments, benefits, bottlenecks and strategies.
Digest of Papers. 2004 Topical Meeting onSilicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, 2004., 2004
In this work an enhanced approach to 3D process modeling using mixed element meshes followed by t... more In this work an enhanced approach to 3D process modeling using mixed element meshes followed by tetrahedralization and small signal device simulation by Fielday is presented. This methodology is then used to analyze and predict the effects of various substrate isolation schemes on substrate noise coupling. Experimental results are used to calibrate and verify the simulation results. Our proposed various
Shallow aquifers arsenic (As) enrichment is a major public health issue affecting over millions r... more Shallow aquifers arsenic (As) enrichment is a major public health issue affecting over millions rural inhabitants across the world. Millions of people inhabiting the Gangetic plain have been slowly poisoned by arsenic in groundwater used for drinking and agriculture. Arsenic concentration in the region varies from below detection limit up to as high as several hundred µg/L. As concentration were found very high in the proximity of aquifers close to river floodplain and its associated river paleo-channels. It has been confirmed from various study, there is no regular pattern of aquifers contamination in the central Gangatic plain of India. The sulphate concentration in groundwater was low as compared to surface water. In the central Gangatic Plain, geochemistry of As and its mobilizing factors are poorly understood. Therefore there is an urgent need to conduct detailed research work and holistic river basin management study in order to save millions of people's life in the central Gangatic Plain.
Groundwater from central Gangetic plain regions contains arsenic (As) concentrations few tens of ... more Groundwater from central Gangetic plain regions contains arsenic (As) concentrations few tens of time higher than the drinking water guideline value (10 μg/L) prescribed by the World Health Organization. The concentration of As near an inland lake was high where as it was moderate to low in the interior fl ood plains. The intermediate and deeper aquifers have higher As concentrations compared to shallow aquifers. These aquifers seem to be particularly at risk, due to the prevailing geochemical conditions in which oxidized and reduced waters mix, and where the amount of sulfate available for microbial reduction seem to be limited. The severity of As contamination necessitates restricted use of groundwater or look for alternative water sources like rivers. The rain water harvesting could be another alternative option along with a community based management and maintenance in this rural region.
This study investigates the level of contamination and health risk assessment for arsenic (As) an... more This study investigates the level of contamination and health risk assessment for arsenic (As) and other elements in drinking water, vegetables and other food components in two blocks (Mohiuddinagar and Mohanpur) from the Samastipur district, Bihar, India. Groundwater (80%) samples exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value (10μg/L) of As while Mn exceeded the previous WHO limit of 400μg/L in 28% samples. The estimated daily intake of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn from drinking water and food components were 169, 19, 26, 882, 4645, 14582, 474, 1449 and 12,955μg, respectively (estimated exposure 3.70, 0.41, 0.57, 19.61, 103.22, 324.05, 10.53, 32.21 and 287.90μg per kg bw, respectively). Twelve of 15 cooked rice contained high As concentration compared to uncooked rice. Water contributes (67%) considerable As to daily exposure followed by rice and vegetables. Whereas food is the major contributor of other elements to the dietary exposure. Correlation and prin...
The purpose of this study is to prospectively identify factors that predict the chance of pleural... more The purpose of this study is to prospectively identify factors that predict the chance of pleural injury (detected clinically or on postoperative X-ray chest) during percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). All patients with renal/upper ureteric stones, undergoing PCNL between January 2013 and June 2014, were evaluated for pleural injury. An erect chest X-ray on inspiration was done within 6 h of PCNL. The patients were divided into Groups A and B depending on whether they developed or did not develop pleural injury. Patient-, stone-, renal-, and procedure-related factors were compared between the two groups. 332 patients with mean age 36.76 ± 15.01 years (range 4-80) and M:F of 172:160 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Pleural complications occurred in 10 patients (3 %). Of 141 patients with supracostal punctures (59 had additional infracostal punctures), 4.2 % (n = 6) had pleural injury. Of 191 patients with only infracostal punctures, 4 developed pleural injuries (2 %). Patients in g...
Water from snow melt is a critical resource in watersheds of the western US, Canada, and other si... more Water from snow melt is a critical resource in watersheds of the western US, Canada, and other similar regions of the world. The distribution of snow and melt-water controls the temporal and spatial distributions of soil moisture, evapo-transpiration (ET), recharge, stream-aquifer interaction and other hydrologic processes within the watershed. It also influences the quantity and timing of water availability in
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