Papers by Julie Cakebread
Current Developments in Nutrition, 2019
Background Nondairy beverages, produced from soy, rice, oat, almond, or coconut, are increasingly... more Background Nondairy beverages, produced from soy, rice, oat, almond, or coconut, are increasingly being used as alternatives to dairy milk, with the perception that they are healthier and/or more sustainable products than dairy products. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supplementing either bovine milk, soy, or almond-based beverages to young, growing rats fed an intact-protein diet or a diet that had protein substituted with amino acids (AA-diet). Methods Three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n = 10/group) and fed ad libitum for 4 wk. Two control groups were fed either standard AIN-93G food [20% casein (CN) protein] or AIN-93G with amino acids (AAs) equivalent to CN protein, and water to drink. Three treatment groups were fed AIN-93G AA and supplemented with either bovine ultra-heat treatment (UHT) milk or soy or almond UHT beverages. Rat weight gain and food intakes were recorded. During week 4, body composition wa...
International Dairy Journal, 2017
The burden of diarrhoeal disease and the progressive increase in antibiotic resistance to enteric... more The burden of diarrhoeal disease and the progressive increase in antibiotic resistance to enteric pathogens is a critical area of concern that necessitates exploration of alternative therapeutic approaches. Free secretory component (FSC), derived from human milk, has been shown to inhibit adhesion and invasion of pathogenic bacteria. Cows' milk also contains FSC, but its activity has not yet been characterised. FSC was purified from non-pasteurised and pasteurised bovine milk. The binding properties of purified bovine FSC were investigated against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Bovine FSC bound to EPEC and facilitated aggregation of the bacteria. FSC also attenuated binding of EPEC to Caco-2 cells. Pasteurisation of milk before extraction of FSC did not affect activity of the FSC. These activities of FSC are consistent with a role in suppressing colonisation of EPEC. Milk extracts enriched for bovine FSC have potential as an alternative to antibiotic therapy for protection against diarrhoeal disease.
Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences, 2022
D102. PATHOGENS IN AIRWAY DISEASE, 2011
2007 IEEE Sensors, 2007
Abstract Impedance spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique which allows analysis of the electric... more Abstract Impedance spectroscopy is a non-invasive technique which allows analysis of the electrical properties of biological cells and other materials. Typically, the electrical properties of a cell suspension are measured using relatively large volumes (> 100 mul). This approach suffers from the significant drawback that the measurement is averaged over several million cells, and as such, discrimination of cell sub-population and cell sorting is impossible. We have developed a microfluidic device capable of high-speed impedance ...
PLoS ONE, 2014
Background: In response to viral infection, bronchial epithelial cells increase inflammatory cyto... more Background: In response to viral infection, bronchial epithelial cells increase inflammatory cytokine release to activate the immune response and curtail viral replication. In atopic asthma, enhanced expression of Th2 cytokines is observed and we postulated that Th2 cytokines may augment the effects of rhinovirus-induced inflammation. Methods: Primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from pediatric subjects were treated with Th2 cytokines for 24 h before infection with RV16. Release of IL-8, IP-10 and GM-CSF was measured by ELISA. Infection was quantified using RTqPCR and TCID 50. Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors and dexamethasone were used to investigate differences in signaling pathways. Results: The presence of Th2 cytokines did not affect RV replication or viral titre, yet there was a synergistic increase in IP-10 release from virally infected cells in the presence of Th2 cytokines. Release of IL-8 and GM-CSF was also augmented. IP-10 release was blocked by a PI3K inhibitor and IL-8 by dexamethasone. Conclusion: Th2 cytokines increase release of inflammatory cytokines in the presence of rhinovirus infection. This increase is independent of effects of virus replication. Inhibition of the PI3K pathway inhibits IP-10 expression.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2000
Although it has been known for a long time that asthma and the other atopic disorders (rhinitis a... more Although it has been known for a long time that asthma and the other atopic disorders (rhinitis and allergic dermatitis) are familial, the last two decades have seen an exponential increase in research designed to prove a genetic contribution to their pathogenesis and to identify candidate loci and genes (Figure 1). Asthma and allergy are complex genetic disorders that do not conform to a simple Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Like atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and the major psychoses, these complex genetic disorders are common and contribute the major burden of illness in western populations. Until recently the idea of localizing and identifying the genes that contribute to the familial concordance of asthma and allergy was purely theoretical. However, the revolution in molecular genetics has now made it likely that specific DNA sequence variants will be identified that constitute the genetic risk factors for the development of asthma and allergy. With the explosion in interest and capacity to examine the genetic components of asthma and allergy, it is important to reflect on what we know now and what are the important questions to address in the coming decades. WHAT IS KNOWN? The Familial Association of Asthma and Allergy Has a Genetic Component
PeerJ
Background Milk, the first food of mammals, helps to establish a baseline gut microbiota. In huma... more Background Milk, the first food of mammals, helps to establish a baseline gut microbiota. In humans, milk and milk products are consumed beyond infancy, providing comprehensive nutritional value. Non-dairy beverages, produced from plant, are increasingly popular as alternatives to dairy milk. The nutritive value of some plant-based products continues to be debated, whilst investigations into impacts on the microbiome are rare. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of bovine milk, soy and almond beverages on the rat gut microbiome. We previously showed soy and milk supplemented rats had similar bone density whereas the almond supplemented group had compromised bone health. There is an established link between bone health and the microbiota, leading us to hypothesise that the microbiota of groups supplemented with soy and milk would be somewhat similar, whilst almond supplementation would be different. Methods Three-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to...
Background: In response to viral infection, bronchial epithelial cells increase inflammatory cyto... more Background: In response to viral infection, bronchial epithelial cells increase inflammatory cytokine release to activate the immune response and curtail viral replication. In atopic asthma, enhanced expression of Th2 cytokines is observed and we postulated that Th2 cytokines may augment the effects of rhinovirus-induced inflammation. Methods: Primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from pediatric subjects were treated with Th2 cytokines for 24 h before infection with RV16. Release of IL-8, IP-10 and GM-CSF was measured by ELISA. Infection was quantified using RTqPCR and TCID50. Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors and dexamethasone were used to investigate differences in signaling pathways. Results: The presence of Th2 cytokines did not affect RV replication or viral titre, yet there was a synergistic increase in IP-10 release from virally infected cells in the presence of Th2 cytokines. Release of IL-8 and GM-CSF was a...
Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2022
Journal of Dairy Science, 2021
The value of milk hinges on its physicochemical functionality under processing conditions. We exa... more The value of milk hinges on its physicochemical functionality under processing conditions. We examined composition-functionality relationships with individual milks from 24 New Zealand dairy cows, sampled at 3 times over the season. Milks were classified into type A or B, according to the shape of 3-point heat coagulation time versus pH profiles. Milk type changed over the season for half of the cows in the study. Best subsets regression suggested that different factors controlled heat stability in the 2 milk types. Urea concentration was key for both types, but for type A milks, osmotic pressure and milk solids were the most important predictors of heat stability, whereas casein micelle size and ionic calcium predicted heat stability for type B milks. This study revealed that milk type is prone to change over the season, and the findings suggest that optimizing heat stability could be achieved by different means for type A versus type B milks.
International Dairy Journal, 2021
PeerJ, 2018
Skimmed milk powder (SMP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were manufactured from fresh milk co... more Skimmed milk powder (SMP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were manufactured from fresh milk collected from cows producing high or low Immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels in their milk. In addition commercial products were purchased for use as diluent or control treatments. A murine enteric disease model () was used to assess whether delivery of selected bioactive molecules (IgA, IgG, Lactoferrin (Lf)) or formulation delivery matrix (SMP, WPC) affected faecal shedding of bacteria in infected mice. In trial one, faecal pellets collected from mice fed SMP containing IgA (0.007-0.35 mg/mL), IgG (0.28-0.58 mg/mL) and Lf (0.03-0.1 mg/mL) contained fewer (cfu) compared to control mice fed water (day 8, < 0.04, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher's unprotected least significant difference (ULSD)). In trial two, WPC containing IgA (0.35-1.66 mg/mL), IgG (0.58-2.36 mg/mL) and Lf (0.02-0.45 mg/mL) did not affect shedding, but SMP again reduced faecal levels (day 12, < 0.04, A...
Developmental & Comparative Immunology, 2017
Secretory IgA (SIgA) from milk contributes to early colonization and maintenance of commensal/sym... more Secretory IgA (SIgA) from milk contributes to early colonization and maintenance of commensal/symbiotic bacteria in the gut, as well as providing defence against pathogens. SIgA binds bacteria using specific antigenic sites or non-specifically via its glycans attached to α-heavy-chain and secretory component. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that human and bovine SIgA have similar innate-binding activity for bacteria. SIgAs, isolated from human and bovine milk, were incubated with a selection of commensal, pathogenic and probiotic bacteria. Using flow cytometry, we measured numbers of bacteria binding SIgA and their level of SIgA binding. The percentage of bacteria bound by human and bovine SIgA varied from 30 to 90% depending on bacterial species and strains, but was remarkably consistent between human and bovine SIgA. The level of SIgA binding per bacterial cell was lower for those bacteria that had a higher percentage of SIgA-bound bacteria, and higher for those bacteria that had lower percentage of SIgA-bound bacteria. Overall, human and bovine SIgA interacted with bacteria in a comparable way. This contributes to longer term research about the potential benefits of bovine SIgA for human consumers.
PeerJ, 2016
Antibiotics are a vital and commonly used therapeutic tool, but their use also results in profoun... more Antibiotics are a vital and commonly used therapeutic tool, but their use also results in profound changes in the intestinal microbiota that can, in turn, have significant health consequences. Understanding how the microbiota recovers after antibiotic treatment will help to devise strategies for mitigating the adverse effects of antibiotics. Using a mouse model, we have characterized the changes occurring in the intestinal microbiota immediately after five days exposure to ampicillin, and then at three and fourteen days thereafter. During the fourteen day period of antibiotic recovery, groups of mice were fed either water, cows’ milk containing high levels of IgA, or cows’ milk containing low levels of IgA as their sole source of liquid. Effects on microbiota of feeding milks for 14 days were also assessed in groups of mice that had no ampicillin exposure. Changes in microbiota were measured by high throughput sequencing of the V4 to V6 variable regions of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene...
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Jan 13, 2015
IgA is an anti-inflammatory antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. It is found ... more IgA is an anti-inflammatory antibody that plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. It is found in large quantities in human milk, but there are lower amounts in bovine milk. In humans, IgA plays a significant role in providing protection from environmental pathogens at mucosal surfaces and is a key component for the establishment and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis via innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. To-date, many of the dairy-based functional foods are derived from bovine colostrum, targeting the benefits of IgG. IgA has a higher pathogenic binding capacity and greater stability against proteolytic degradation when ingested, compared with IgG. This provides IgA-based products greater potential in the functional food market that has yet to be realised.
C94. VIRAL INFECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD RESPIRATORY DISEASE, 2009
Clinical <html_ent glyph="@amp;" ascii="&"/> Experimental Allergy Reviews, 2004
Skip to Main Content. Wiley Online Library will be disrupted 3 Sep from 10-12 BST for monthly mai... more Skip to Main Content. Wiley Online Library will be disrupted 3 Sep from 10-12 BST for monthly maintenance. ...
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Papers by Julie Cakebread