Impaired isometric hip abductor strength predisposes competitive male soccer players to lateral n... more Impaired isometric hip abductor strength predisposes competitive male soccer players to lateral non-contact ankle sprains. Screening procedures should consider evaluating isometric hip abductor strength (specifically for high-level male athletes participating in soccer) as preseason hip abductor predicts future lateral noncontact ankle sprains.
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2013
Case Report (Differential diagnosis). Differential diagnosis of knee pathology after trauma may b... more Case Report (Differential diagnosis). Differential diagnosis of knee pathology after trauma may be difficult when diagnosing an isolated popliteus strain and concurrent medial deltoid ligament sprain. Upon a thorough search of the published literature, the authors found no reports delineating a popliteus strain in professional soccer in the United States. The joints most affected by injury in soccer players are the knee and ankle joints. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presentation of and difficulties encountered in diagnosing a popliteus strain in a Major League Soccer athlete. During an in-season away game, an outside defender was slide-tackled from behind when his right shank was caught in an externally rotated position underneath himself and the opposing player. The initial point of contact was made to the proximal third of the posterior right shank with an anteromedially directed force. The medial longitudinal arch of the foot was forced into a more midfoot p...
This article focuses on describing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes and the ef... more This article focuses on describing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes and the efficacy of implementing a neuromuscular and proprioceptive sports-specific training program to reduce the incidence of ACL ligament injuries. This article will discuss the role of the ACL, epidemiology and etiology, and the four categorical risk factors for incurring an ACL injury: anatomical, environmental, hormonal, and biomechanical. In addition, this article will discuss the mechanisms ACL injuries, as well as a comprehensive review of all of the literature that has been published with regard to the prevention or reduction of ACL injury. The article concludes that a neuromuscular training program might have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of ACL injuries in athletes.
Background: Participation in football can put both male and female players at an increased risk f... more Background: Participation in football can put both male and female players at an increased risk for knee osteoarthritis. There is a higher prevalence of focal chondral defects in the knee of athletes compared to nonathletes. The management of chondral defects in the football player is complex and multifactorial. Objective: The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the current strategies for rehabilitation after articular cartilage repair of the knee in the football player. Design: A review of current literature and the scientific evidence for rehabilitation after articular cartilage repair of the knee. Conclusions: Articular cartilage repair has been shown to allow return to sport but rehabilitation timescales are lengthy. Successful rehabilitation for a return to football after articular cartilage repair of the knee requires the player to be able to accept the load of the sport. This necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation, especially in the transition ...
Cartilage Surgery: An Operative Manual by Mats Brittberg, MD and Wayne Gersoff, MD is your guide ... more Cartilage Surgery: An Operative Manual by Mats Brittberg, MD and Wayne Gersoff, MD is your guide to applying the most recent advances in cartilage repair, and performing cutting-edge surgical procedures. An internationally diverse collection of authors offers a global perspective on timely topics such as cartilage biologics. Clinical pearls, operative video clips, and detailed, full-color intraoperative photographs offer step-by-step guidance on essential techniques. You can access the full content and videos online at expertconsult. ...
Background Articular cartilage injury in the athlete's knee presents a difficult clinical cha... more Background Articular cartilage injury in the athlete's knee presents a difficult clinical challenge. Despite the importance of returning injured athletes to sports, information is limited on whether full sports participation can be successfully achieved after articular cartilage repair in the knee. Hypothesis Systematic analysis of athletic participation after articular cartilage repair will demonstrate the efficacy of joint surface restoration in high-demand patients and help to optimize outcomes in athletes with articular cartilage injury of the knee. Study Design Systematic review. Methods A comprehensive literature review of original studies was performed to provide information about athletic participation after articular cartilage repair. The athlete's ability to perform sports postoperatively was assessed by activity outcome scores, rate of return to sport, timing of the return, level of postoperative sports participation, and the continuation of athletic activity over...
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2019
Hamstring injuries (HSI) occur more commonly in baseball than are often appreciated and can impac... more Hamstring injuries (HSI) occur more commonly in baseball than are often appreciated and can impact the potential career of a player. Little is known about the historical incidence of these injuries in summer league players preparing for their upcoming collegiate season or being drafted by major league team(s). Summer league baseball players have a high historical incidence of HSI which are often unknown at the start of their summer league play. The purpose of this study was to administer a validated questionnaire to assess various factors regarding the prevalence of prior hamstring injuries, current symptoms of posterior thigh pain or hamstring injuries in amateur summer league baseball players, and to provide details on the injury history, time lost from injury, injury reocurrence, position, individual player physical characteristics and physical activities that might be associated with those injuries. Cross-sectional Observational Study. A self-reported, validated questionnaire re...
In 1972, legislation known as Title IX of the Educational Amendments was passed. Title IX prohibi... more In 1972, legislation known as Title IX of the Educational Amendments was passed. Title IX prohibits institutions that receive federal funding from practicing gender discriminations in educational programs or activities, including athletics. Since that time, women’s sports have advanced tremendously. Currently, more than 2.36 million girls participate in high school sports, compared with 300,000 in 1972, representing an increase of approximately 800%.
STUDY DESIGN Case Report (Differential diagnosis). BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Differential diagnosis ... more STUDY DESIGN Case Report (Differential diagnosis). BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Differential diagnosis of knee pathology after trauma may be difficult when diagnosing an isolated popliteus strain and concurrent medial deltoid ligament sprain. Upon a thorough search of the published literature, the authors found no reports delineating a popliteus strain in professional soccer in the United States. The joints most affected by injury in soccer players are the knee and ankle joints. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presentation of and difficulties encountered in diagnosing a popliteus strain in a Major League Soccer athlete. CASE DESCRIPTION During an in-season away game, an outside defender was slide-tackled from behind when his right shank was caught in an externally rotated position underneath himself and the opposing player. The initial point of contact was made to the proximal third of the posterior right shank with an anteromedially directed force. The medial longitudi...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardle... more BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardless of whether the injured limb is an athlete's preferred kicking or stance leg, a lower extremity injury may affect their ability to impact the ball. Sport-specific biomechanical progressions to augment loading and gradually reintroduce a player to the demands of sport have been developed for upper extremity sports such as baseball, softball, tennis, and golf. Generalized return to soccer progressions have also been published in order to assist clinicians in safely returning athletes to sport; however, there are no specific progressions for the early stages of kicking designed to introduce stance leg loading and kicking leg impact. Thus, the purpose of this clinical commentary was to review the existing literature elucidating the biomechanics of kicking a soccer ball and propose a progressive kicking program to support clinicians in safely returning their soccer athletes to the deman...
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent in contact sports that feature cutting an... more Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent in contact sports that feature cutting and pivoting, such as American football. These injuries typically require surgical treatment, can result in significant missed time from competition, and may have deleterious long-term effects on an athlete's playing career and health. While the majority of ACL tears in other sports have been shown to occur from a noncontact mechanism, it stands to reason that a significant number of ACL tears in American football would occur after contact, given the nature of the sport. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to describe the mechanism, playing situation, and lower extremity limb position associated with ACL injuries in professional American football players through video analysis to test the hypothesis that a majority of injuries occur via a contact mechanism. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A retrospective cohort of National Football League (NFL) players with ACL injuries from 3 conse...
The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked f... more The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.
This paper is a descriptive manuscript focused on describing the issue of anterior cruciate ligam... more This paper is a descriptive manuscript focused on describing the issue of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in the athlete and the efficacy of implementing a neuromuscular and proprioceptive sports specific training program to reduce the incidence of ACL ligamentous injuries.This article will discuss the anatomic role of the ACL, epidemiology, etiology, and the four categorical risk factors for incurring an ACL injury: anatomical, environmental, hormonal, and biomechanical. In addition, this article will discuss the mechanism of injury of ACL injuries as well as a comprehensive review of all of the literature that has been published with regard to the prevention or reduction of ACL injury.Utilizing a neuromuscular training program may have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of ACL ligament injuries in athletes.Der Beitrag fokussiert die Thematik der vorderen Kreuzbandverletzung (VKB) im Sport und die Effektivität von propriozeptiven und sensomotorischen Präventionsprogrammen zur Verminderung der Verletzungshäufigkeit.Diskutiert werden anatomische, biomechanische und hormonelle Aspekte sowie Umwelteinflüsse, die mit VKB-Verletzungen in Verbindung stehen.Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Verletzungsmechanismen der VKB-Läsion sowie einer kurz gefassten Übersicht der Literatur zur Thematik der VKB-Verletzungsprävention.Es zeigt sich, dass durch sensomotorisch akzentuierte Trainingsprogramme die Zahl der VKB-Verletzungen reduziert wird.
Objective This study intends to look at the role of leg dominance in anterior cruciate ligament (... more Objective This study intends to look at the role of leg dominance in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk among soccer (football) athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that soccer players rupture the ACL of their preferred support leg more frequently than the ACL in their preferred kicking leg, particularly in non-contact injuries, despite differences in gender. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Outpatient orthopaedic practice. Patients Subjects who had sustained an ACL injury due to direct participation in soccer. N=93 (41 male, 52 female). Interventions These noncontact injuries were sustained while playing soccer. Results For non-contact injuries, roughly half of the injuries occurred in the preferred kicking leg (30) and the contralateral leg (28). However, by gender, there was a signifi cant difference in the distribution of non-contact injury, as 74.1% of males (20/27) were injured on the dominant kicking leg compared with 32% (10/31) of females (p<0.002). Conclusions When limited to a non-contact injury mechanism, females are more likely to injure the ACL in their supporting leg, whereas males tend to injure their kicking leg. This research suggests that limb dominance does serve as an aetiological factor with regard to ACL injuries sustained while playing soccer. If follow-up studies confi rm that females are more likely to injure their preferred supporting leg, future research should investigate the cause for this discrepancy, which could result from underlying gender-based anatomical differences as well as differences in neuromuscular patterns during cutting manoeuvres or kicking.
The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardless of whether the injur... more The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardless of whether the injured limb is an athlete's preferred kicking or stance leg, a lower extremity injury may affect their ability to impact the ball. Sport-specific biomechanical progressions to augment loading and gradually reintroduce a player to the demands of sport have been developed for upper extremity sports such as baseball, softball, tennis, and golf. Generalized return to soccer progressions have also been published in order to assist clinicians in safely returning athletes to sport; however, there are no specific progressions for the early stages of kicking designed to introduce stance leg loading and kicking leg impact. Thus, the purpose of this clinical commentary was to review the existing literature elucidating the biomechanics of kicking a soccer ball and propose a progressive kicking program to support clinicians in safely returning their soccer athletes to the demands of sport.
This paper examines the effectiveness of implementing neuromuscular and proprioceptive training p... more This paper examines the effectiveness of implementing neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programs in female athletes and their ability to decrease the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The relationship of sex, age, and training on the incidence of ACL injury is pivotal in developing a comprehensive neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program to decrease ACL injuries occurring in female athletes. Based on the 2-year results, ACL incidence has remained consistently lower in the intervention group versus the control group. A prophylactic neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program may have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of ACL injuries incurred by female athletes. This research foundation endorses further epidemiologic and biomechanic studies to determine the exact mechanism of ACL injury and the most effective intervention that will effectively decrease ACL injuries in this high-risk population.
Impaired isometric hip abductor strength predisposes competitive male soccer players to lateral n... more Impaired isometric hip abductor strength predisposes competitive male soccer players to lateral non-contact ankle sprains. Screening procedures should consider evaluating isometric hip abductor strength (specifically for high-level male athletes participating in soccer) as preseason hip abductor predicts future lateral noncontact ankle sprains.
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2013
Case Report (Differential diagnosis). Differential diagnosis of knee pathology after trauma may b... more Case Report (Differential diagnosis). Differential diagnosis of knee pathology after trauma may be difficult when diagnosing an isolated popliteus strain and concurrent medial deltoid ligament sprain. Upon a thorough search of the published literature, the authors found no reports delineating a popliteus strain in professional soccer in the United States. The joints most affected by injury in soccer players are the knee and ankle joints. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presentation of and difficulties encountered in diagnosing a popliteus strain in a Major League Soccer athlete. During an in-season away game, an outside defender was slide-tackled from behind when his right shank was caught in an externally rotated position underneath himself and the opposing player. The initial point of contact was made to the proximal third of the posterior right shank with an anteromedially directed force. The medial longitudinal arch of the foot was forced into a more midfoot p...
This article focuses on describing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes and the ef... more This article focuses on describing anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in athletes and the efficacy of implementing a neuromuscular and proprioceptive sports-specific training program to reduce the incidence of ACL ligament injuries. This article will discuss the role of the ACL, epidemiology and etiology, and the four categorical risk factors for incurring an ACL injury: anatomical, environmental, hormonal, and biomechanical. In addition, this article will discuss the mechanisms ACL injuries, as well as a comprehensive review of all of the literature that has been published with regard to the prevention or reduction of ACL injury. The article concludes that a neuromuscular training program might have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of ACL injuries in athletes.
Background: Participation in football can put both male and female players at an increased risk f... more Background: Participation in football can put both male and female players at an increased risk for knee osteoarthritis. There is a higher prevalence of focal chondral defects in the knee of athletes compared to nonathletes. The management of chondral defects in the football player is complex and multifactorial. Objective: The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the current strategies for rehabilitation after articular cartilage repair of the knee in the football player. Design: A review of current literature and the scientific evidence for rehabilitation after articular cartilage repair of the knee. Conclusions: Articular cartilage repair has been shown to allow return to sport but rehabilitation timescales are lengthy. Successful rehabilitation for a return to football after articular cartilage repair of the knee requires the player to be able to accept the load of the sport. This necessitates a multidisciplinary approach to rehabilitation, especially in the transition ...
Cartilage Surgery: An Operative Manual by Mats Brittberg, MD and Wayne Gersoff, MD is your guide ... more Cartilage Surgery: An Operative Manual by Mats Brittberg, MD and Wayne Gersoff, MD is your guide to applying the most recent advances in cartilage repair, and performing cutting-edge surgical procedures. An internationally diverse collection of authors offers a global perspective on timely topics such as cartilage biologics. Clinical pearls, operative video clips, and detailed, full-color intraoperative photographs offer step-by-step guidance on essential techniques. You can access the full content and videos online at expertconsult. ...
Background Articular cartilage injury in the athlete's knee presents a difficult clinical cha... more Background Articular cartilage injury in the athlete's knee presents a difficult clinical challenge. Despite the importance of returning injured athletes to sports, information is limited on whether full sports participation can be successfully achieved after articular cartilage repair in the knee. Hypothesis Systematic analysis of athletic participation after articular cartilage repair will demonstrate the efficacy of joint surface restoration in high-demand patients and help to optimize outcomes in athletes with articular cartilage injury of the knee. Study Design Systematic review. Methods A comprehensive literature review of original studies was performed to provide information about athletic participation after articular cartilage repair. The athlete's ability to perform sports postoperatively was assessed by activity outcome scores, rate of return to sport, timing of the return, level of postoperative sports participation, and the continuation of athletic activity over...
International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 2019
Hamstring injuries (HSI) occur more commonly in baseball than are often appreciated and can impac... more Hamstring injuries (HSI) occur more commonly in baseball than are often appreciated and can impact the potential career of a player. Little is known about the historical incidence of these injuries in summer league players preparing for their upcoming collegiate season or being drafted by major league team(s). Summer league baseball players have a high historical incidence of HSI which are often unknown at the start of their summer league play. The purpose of this study was to administer a validated questionnaire to assess various factors regarding the prevalence of prior hamstring injuries, current symptoms of posterior thigh pain or hamstring injuries in amateur summer league baseball players, and to provide details on the injury history, time lost from injury, injury reocurrence, position, individual player physical characteristics and physical activities that might be associated with those injuries. Cross-sectional Observational Study. A self-reported, validated questionnaire re...
In 1972, legislation known as Title IX of the Educational Amendments was passed. Title IX prohibi... more In 1972, legislation known as Title IX of the Educational Amendments was passed. Title IX prohibits institutions that receive federal funding from practicing gender discriminations in educational programs or activities, including athletics. Since that time, women’s sports have advanced tremendously. Currently, more than 2.36 million girls participate in high school sports, compared with 300,000 in 1972, representing an increase of approximately 800%.
STUDY DESIGN Case Report (Differential diagnosis). BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Differential diagnosis ... more STUDY DESIGN Case Report (Differential diagnosis). BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Differential diagnosis of knee pathology after trauma may be difficult when diagnosing an isolated popliteus strain and concurrent medial deltoid ligament sprain. Upon a thorough search of the published literature, the authors found no reports delineating a popliteus strain in professional soccer in the United States. The joints most affected by injury in soccer players are the knee and ankle joints. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presentation of and difficulties encountered in diagnosing a popliteus strain in a Major League Soccer athlete. CASE DESCRIPTION During an in-season away game, an outside defender was slide-tackled from behind when his right shank was caught in an externally rotated position underneath himself and the opposing player. The initial point of contact was made to the proximal third of the posterior right shank with an anteromedially directed force. The medial longitudi...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardle... more BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardless of whether the injured limb is an athlete's preferred kicking or stance leg, a lower extremity injury may affect their ability to impact the ball. Sport-specific biomechanical progressions to augment loading and gradually reintroduce a player to the demands of sport have been developed for upper extremity sports such as baseball, softball, tennis, and golf. Generalized return to soccer progressions have also been published in order to assist clinicians in safely returning athletes to sport; however, there are no specific progressions for the early stages of kicking designed to introduce stance leg loading and kicking leg impact. Thus, the purpose of this clinical commentary was to review the existing literature elucidating the biomechanics of kicking a soccer ball and propose a progressive kicking program to support clinicians in safely returning their soccer athletes to the deman...
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent in contact sports that feature cutting an... more Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are prevalent in contact sports that feature cutting and pivoting, such as American football. These injuries typically require surgical treatment, can result in significant missed time from competition, and may have deleterious long-term effects on an athlete's playing career and health. While the majority of ACL tears in other sports have been shown to occur from a noncontact mechanism, it stands to reason that a significant number of ACL tears in American football would occur after contact, given the nature of the sport. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose was to describe the mechanism, playing situation, and lower extremity limb position associated with ACL injuries in professional American football players through video analysis to test the hypothesis that a majority of injuries occur via a contact mechanism. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A retrospective cohort of National Football League (NFL) players with ACL injuries from 3 conse...
The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked f... more The Leeds Beckett repository holds a wide range of publications, each of which has been checked for copyright and the relevant embargo period has been applied by the Research Services team. We operate on a standard take-down policy. If you are the author or publisher of an output and you would like it removed from the repository, please contact us and we will investigate on a case-by-case basis.
This paper is a descriptive manuscript focused on describing the issue of anterior cruciate ligam... more This paper is a descriptive manuscript focused on describing the issue of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in the athlete and the efficacy of implementing a neuromuscular and proprioceptive sports specific training program to reduce the incidence of ACL ligamentous injuries.This article will discuss the anatomic role of the ACL, epidemiology, etiology, and the four categorical risk factors for incurring an ACL injury: anatomical, environmental, hormonal, and biomechanical. In addition, this article will discuss the mechanism of injury of ACL injuries as well as a comprehensive review of all of the literature that has been published with regard to the prevention or reduction of ACL injury.Utilizing a neuromuscular training program may have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of ACL ligament injuries in athletes.Der Beitrag fokussiert die Thematik der vorderen Kreuzbandverletzung (VKB) im Sport und die Effektivität von propriozeptiven und sensomotorischen Präventionsprogrammen zur Verminderung der Verletzungshäufigkeit.Diskutiert werden anatomische, biomechanische und hormonelle Aspekte sowie Umwelteinflüsse, die mit VKB-Verletzungen in Verbindung stehen.Ein besonderer Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Verletzungsmechanismen der VKB-Läsion sowie einer kurz gefassten Übersicht der Literatur zur Thematik der VKB-Verletzungsprävention.Es zeigt sich, dass durch sensomotorisch akzentuierte Trainingsprogramme die Zahl der VKB-Verletzungen reduziert wird.
Objective This study intends to look at the role of leg dominance in anterior cruciate ligament (... more Objective This study intends to look at the role of leg dominance in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk among soccer (football) athletes. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that soccer players rupture the ACL of their preferred support leg more frequently than the ACL in their preferred kicking leg, particularly in non-contact injuries, despite differences in gender. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Outpatient orthopaedic practice. Patients Subjects who had sustained an ACL injury due to direct participation in soccer. N=93 (41 male, 52 female). Interventions These noncontact injuries were sustained while playing soccer. Results For non-contact injuries, roughly half of the injuries occurred in the preferred kicking leg (30) and the contralateral leg (28). However, by gender, there was a signifi cant difference in the distribution of non-contact injury, as 74.1% of males (20/27) were injured on the dominant kicking leg compared with 32% (10/31) of females (p<0.002). Conclusions When limited to a non-contact injury mechanism, females are more likely to injure the ACL in their supporting leg, whereas males tend to injure their kicking leg. This research suggests that limb dominance does serve as an aetiological factor with regard to ACL injuries sustained while playing soccer. If follow-up studies confi rm that females are more likely to injure their preferred supporting leg, future research should investigate the cause for this discrepancy, which could result from underlying gender-based anatomical differences as well as differences in neuromuscular patterns during cutting manoeuvres or kicking.
The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardless of whether the injur... more The majority of all soccer injuries affect the lower extremities. Regardless of whether the injured limb is an athlete's preferred kicking or stance leg, a lower extremity injury may affect their ability to impact the ball. Sport-specific biomechanical progressions to augment loading and gradually reintroduce a player to the demands of sport have been developed for upper extremity sports such as baseball, softball, tennis, and golf. Generalized return to soccer progressions have also been published in order to assist clinicians in safely returning athletes to sport; however, there are no specific progressions for the early stages of kicking designed to introduce stance leg loading and kicking leg impact. Thus, the purpose of this clinical commentary was to review the existing literature elucidating the biomechanics of kicking a soccer ball and propose a progressive kicking program to support clinicians in safely returning their soccer athletes to the demands of sport.
This paper examines the effectiveness of implementing neuromuscular and proprioceptive training p... more This paper examines the effectiveness of implementing neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programs in female athletes and their ability to decrease the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The relationship of sex, age, and training on the incidence of ACL injury is pivotal in developing a comprehensive neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program to decrease ACL injuries occurring in female athletes. Based on the 2-year results, ACL incidence has remained consistently lower in the intervention group versus the control group. A prophylactic neuromuscular and proprioceptive training program may have a direct benefit in decreasing the number of ACL injuries incurred by female athletes. This research foundation endorses further epidemiologic and biomechanic studies to determine the exact mechanism of ACL injury and the most effective intervention that will effectively decrease ACL injuries in this high-risk population.
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