Papers by Busayo Olayinka
African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology
Background: The increasing prevalence of multi drug resistance (MDR) in strains of Staphylococcus... more Background: The increasing prevalence of multi drug resistance (MDR) in strains of Staphylococcus aureus is a major challenge in the selection of an appropriate therapeutic agents, especially in persistent orthopaedic infections. This study investigated the patterns of antimicrobial resistance and identified the genetic determinants of resistance in S. aureus isolates from orthopaedic patients. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of hospitalized patients at National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala (NOHD), Kano, Nigeria from whom urine samples, and nasal and wound swabs were collected for isolation of S. aureus. Samples were cultured on standard media and S. aureus isolated and identified using both conventional biochemical tests and a standard rapid diagnostic kit. The antibiotic susceptibility was determined to a panel of 15 antibiotics using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of each isolate was determi...
FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
Liquid herbal products are highly prone to microbial deterioration due to high content of organic... more Liquid herbal products are highly prone to microbial deterioration due to high content of organic matter. The aim of this study was to carry out 90 days microbial stability study of a bi- herbal syrup formulated from extracts of Citrus aurantifolia (CA) whole fruits and Garcinia kola (GK) seeds. The bi-herbal syrup was formulated based on combined extracts minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC): 8.33mg/mL GA, 30.42mg/mL GK and excipients and compounded by agitation without heat method. Both the preserved and unpreserved samples were challenged with determined population of organisms and counts taken at 7th, 14th and 28th day after inoculation. The zones of growth inhibition (ZGI) and MBC retention of the syrup were determined by Agar well diffusion and Agar–extract–inoculum pour plate methods respectively and the same procedure repeated 60th and 90th days of compounding.There was a slight decline (8.88 %) in the average percentage change of antibacterial activities (ZGI) of the o...
Epidemiology and Infection, 2009
SUMMARYCommunity-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are ... more SUMMARYCommunity-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections are increasingly recognized in persons without established risk factors. Population-based prevalence studies of CA-MRSA colonization in persons without risk factors are relatively limited. Subjects aged 2–65 years were enrolled from a student recreation centre, public office building, and out-patient clinics. Persons or close contacts with a history of hospitalization, nursing-home residence, surgery, emergency-department visit, or healthcare employment during the previous year and persons with chronic debilitating illness, indwelling catheter, or surgical device were excluded. Swabs of anterior nares were obtained. Demographic and clinical information was collected. During January–June 2005, three (1·2%) of 259 subjects were colonized with MRSA. All three subjects were adults enrolled at the recreation centre. Healthy persons living in households without recent exposure to healthcare enviro...
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2011
Staphylococcus aureus resistance to mupirocin is often caused by acquisition of a novel isoleucyl... more Staphylococcus aureus resistance to mupirocin is often caused by acquisition of a novel isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase encoded on the plasmid gene mupA . We tested S. aureus isolates from children at Texas Children's Hospital with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections for mupirocin resistance and mupA . Of 136 isolates, 20 were resistant to mupirocin (14.7%). Fifteen isolates (11%) carried mupA , and the gene was more common in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (21.4%) than methicillin-resistant S. aureus (8.3%; P = 0.03). Seven of 20 mupirocin-resistant isolates displayed clindamycin resistance.
World Journal of Advance Healthcare Research, Apr 8, 2005
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major community pathogen and also known to have developed ... more Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major community pathogen and also known to have developed resistance to many antibiotics, which makes its clinical management difficult. Alchornea cordifolia (Schum. & Thonn.) Muel. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) used traditionally in the treatment of wound infections and other staphylococcal infections was investigated for antistaphylococcal activity against multidrug resistant Staph. aureus. Methods: Alchornea cordifolia leaves were collected from Abuja, Nigeria. The ethanolic extract (EA) of the dried and powdered plant leaf was obtained by standard methods. The extract obtained was further fractionated using liquid extraction procedure to N-butanol fraction (NF) and aqueous fraction (AF). Five clinical staphylococcal isolates were characterized by established microbiological methods and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern determined by the Kirby-Bauer-CLSI modified disc agar diffusion technique (DAD). The activity of ethanolic extract and the fra...
Background: Salmonella arizonae, an uncommon uropathogen, is a potentially serious cause of urina... more Background: Salmonella arizonae, an uncommon uropathogen, is a potentially serious cause of urinary tract infection (UTI). Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella arizonae among Gramnegative uropathogens in Sokoto, Nigeria. Materials & Methods: A total of 365 urine samples were collected over a period of four months and examined to detect the presence of bacterial pathogens. Isolates were identified and their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics was determined using the Microgen Identification Kit (GN-ID) and modified Kirby Bauer method, respectively. Results: The results were interpreted according to the methods described by Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) in 2012. A total of 61 Gram-negative bacteria comprising 19 (31.15%) E. coli, 15 (24.59%) Salmonella arizonae, 7 (11.48%) Klebsiella pneumoniae, 3 (4.92%) Klebsiella oxytoca, 6 (9.84%) Enterobacter gergoviae, 4 (6.56%) Citrobacter freundii, 4 (6.56%) Serratia marcescens, ...
Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical research, 2016
Background: Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative uropathogens is now... more Background: Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) producing Gram-negative uropathogens is now a major source of concern worldwide. Objectives: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence and susceptibility to antimicrobial of ESBL-producing Gram-negative uropathogens in Sokoto, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total number of Three Hundred and Sixty Five (365) urine samples were analyzed between November, 2014 and February, 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined using the modified Kirby Bauer method. Confirmation of ESBL phenotype was performed by Double-Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method. Results: Gram-negative uropathogens constitute 60.9% out of the 105 positive cultures. Male patients were 54.7%, while females were 45.3%. Age group 19-40 constitutes 54.7%, while age group 41-60 was 32.8%, and 61 years and above accounted for 12.5%. The isolates were highly resistant to Cotrimoxazole (71.9%), but highly susceptible to Nitrofurantoin (70.3). Out of t...
African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2019
This work was aimed at determining the occurrence and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolat... more This work was aimed at determining the occurrence and antibiogram of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from fresh and fermented milk samples in parts of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 180 samples comprising of fresh raw milk, bulk milk, nono, and kindirmo were collected over a period of 6 months (May to October, 2017). Standard microbiological procedures were employed in the isolation, identification, characterisation, and determination of the antibiogram of S. aureus from the milk samples. Characterisation of the S. aureus isolates was by morphological, biochemical characteristics using conventional methods, Microgen® STAPH-ID kits. Confirmed isolates were tested for susceptibility or resistance to a panel of 11 commonly used antibiotics using the agar disc diffusion technique. Out of the 180 milk samples examined, 9 S. aureus were isolated giving a prevalence of 5.0%. The occurrence of S. aureus was higher in nono (12.1%) and kindirmo (10.6%) than in fresh raw milk (5.9%). The high occurrence of S. aureus in nono disproved the assertion that fermented foods are not good media for the survival and growth of S. aureus. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the S. aureus isolates indicated all of the nine isolates were completely resistant to cefoxitin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The isolates were moderately resistant to erythromycin (22.2%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (22.2%), and tetracycline (44.4%). Five antibiotic resistance patterns were recorded among the isolates. All of the isolates had a multiple antibiotics resistance (MAR) index of 0.3 and above, an indication of possible antibiotic misuse in the areas studied.
New Microbes and New Infections, 2020
Emergence and spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are two of the major pro... more Emergence and spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are two of the major problems currently threatening global public health. In Nigeria, interest in CPE is recent. In Sokoto, northwest Nigeria, there are no data on the prevalence and mechanism underlying carbapenem resistance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of clinical carbapenems-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates in two leading hospitals in Sokoto, northwest Nigeria. A total of 292 non-duplicate Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical specimens processed in the diagnostic laboratories of two hospitals between January and June 2019 were collected. Of these, 129 (44.2 %) and 19 (6.5%) were resistant to third-generation cephalosporin and carbapenems, respectively. RT-PCR revealed that 10 (7.8%), 19 (14.7%) and 46 (35.7%) of the third-generation cephalosporin-resistant isolates harboured bla SHV , bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes, respectively. The modified Carba NP test result showed that only 7 (36.8 %) of the 19 carbapenem-resistant isolates were carbapenemase producing; among them, bla NDM-5 and bla OXA-181 genes were identified in five and two isolates, respectively. However, none of the carbapenemase genes investigated, including bla VIM , bla KPC and bla IMP , was detected in the remaining carbapenem-resistant isolates, suggesting a nonenzymatic mechanism. This study reports for the first time, the emergence of CPE in Sokoto state and the detection of NDM-producing Citrobacter freundii in Nigeria. The observed CPE in this study is a concern in a country where alternative antibiotics are rarely available.
Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2017
Introduction: Nosocomial surgical site infections remain a key drawback in health care facilities... more Introduction: Nosocomial surgical site infections remain a key drawback in health care facilities, resulting in extended length of stay, significant morbidity and mortality, elevated excess of cost, and less regular basis of death in the surgical patient. Aim: The objective of the study is to determine the rate of occurrence of surgical site nosocomial infections in surgical patients in Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria.
The prevalence and pattern of self-medication with antibiotics among undergraduate students at th... more The prevalence and pattern of self-medication with antibiotics among undergraduate students at the Main Campus of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria was evaluated using structured self-medication administered questionnaire. A total of 430 questionnaires were randomly distributed based on hostel of residence with a respondent rate of 65.80%. Majority of respondents, 65.50% were aged betw een 16-28years , while 188(66.40%) were males and 95(33.60%) w ere females. Distribution of respondents by Faculties showed they were mainly from Arts (43.20%), Social Sciences (42.10%) and Medicine (19.80%). Over half of the respondents (56.90%) admitted they self-medicate. Self-medication with antibiotics was most prevalent among students of health-related faculties, Pharmaceutical Sciences (80.40%) and M edicine (80.40%) and least prevalent among students from the Faculty of Engineering (27.80%). The major reasons given for selfmedicating with antibiotics were; assumed knowledge on antibiotics (35.00%...
Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal, 2019
Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major patient safety concern in hospitals. Unlik... more Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major patient safety concern in hospitals. Unlike most developed countries, Nigeria does not yet have an established national system to monitor the occurrence of this infection. This meta-analysis was thus designed to determine the pooled cumulative incidence of SSIs and various determinants of its occurrence in Nigeria. Methods: The electronic databases were systematically searched for articles reporting the occurrence and risk factors associated with SSIs in Nigeria from January 2000 to December 2018. The eligible articles were evaluated using a set of pre-defined criteria. The extracted data were analysed using the comprehensive meta-analysis software. The Begg and Egger's regression tests were used to assess the risk of bias of the included publications. Results: Thirty-two articles emanating from the six geopolitical regions of Nigeria were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled cumulative incidence of SSIs was 14.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.113–0.184) with the highest incidence reported in the north-eastern region (27.3%, 95% CI: 0.132–0.481) of the country. It was also found to occur more predominantly following colorectal and abdominal surgeries, among elderly patients and in patients with co-morbid conditions. The most frequently reported was the superficial incisional SSIs occurring in 62.5% (95% CI: 0.333–0.848). Higher preponderance was also observed among patients with dirty wounds (52.7%, 95% CI: 0.367–0.682). Conclusion: This meta-analysis documents for the first time the national burden of SSIs in Nigeria. Control measures geared towards its reduction should be strengthened and a national policy on SSI surveillance, prevention and control developed.
Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), Jan 30, 2018
Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most frequent complications of surgical interventions... more Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the most frequent complications of surgical interventions. Several factors have been identified as major determinants of occurrence of SSIs. The present study determined the occurrence and possible risk factors associated with SSIs at a tertiary healthcare facility in Abuja, Nigeria. All patients scheduled for operation in the hospital during the study period and who consented to participate willingly in the study were observed prospectively for the occurrence of SSI based on criteria stipulated by the United States Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, surgical procedure and co-morbidity were collected into a pre-tested data collection tool and analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics software v.24. Predictors of SSIs were identified using multivariate logistic regression model and -value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Of the 127 surgical patients that met the...
Journal of global antimicrobial resistance, Jan 10, 2018
This study aimed to characterize ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacterial isolates from patients wi... more This study aimed to characterize ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacterial isolates from patients with surgical site infections (SSIs) at a tertiary healthcare facility in Abuja, Nigeria. Consecutive, non-duplicate, wound swabs were collected, over three months period, from wounds of patients who had SSI and cultured appropriately. Bacterial isolates were identified using rapid identification kits. Modified disc diffusion method was used for antibiotics susceptibility testing and the phenotypic ESBL activity of the isolates was determined using the Double Discs Synergy Test (DDST). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique was thereafter used to molecularly characterize the isolates. A total of 57.14% of the bacterial isolates were Gram-negative with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (35%) constituting the most prevalent. The isolates exhibited varying degree of resistance to the antibiotics with resistance as high as 100% for ampicillin and amoxicillin. Phenotypic ESBL production test showed tha...
Heavy metals have been shown to interact with various antibiotics result-ing in differing spectru... more Heavy metals have been shown to interact with various antibiotics result-ing in differing spectrum of activity than that of the parent drug. In the present study the nature of antimicrobial activity exhibited by chloramphenicol in the presence of Cd, Cr, Mn and Zn at 37°C against S. typhii, S. aureus, E. coli, P. vulgaris and K. pneumo-niae were evaluated. Broth dilution method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of chloramphenicol against the organisms, while the cup-plate agar diffusion technique was used to quan-tify antimicrobial activity of the free drug and drug-metal mixtures. Results obtained for the interactions showed both decrease and increase in chloramphenicol activity depending on the type and concentration of the metal involved, and also on the or-ganism. The resultant change in spectrum and profile of activity can result in unpre-dictable clinical efficacy of this drug and they should be avoided whe...
African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2008
Healthcare organizations, governments and individuals have been forced by prevailing circumstance... more Healthcare organizations, governments and individuals have been forced by prevailing circumstances of economic crisis to be increasingly oriented towards cost containment due to escalating nature of health expenditure. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the comparative cost effectiveness of various antituberculous therapeutic options and to make recommendation for the adoption of costeffectiveness evaluations in National Health Policy formulation and decision-making. Method Retrospective cost effectiveness analysis was carried out for prescribed/dispended antibiotic to outpatients with tuberculosis among other infectious diseases in outpatients case notes between 2005 and 2007 in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria Nigeria. Results The result shows that ethambutol tablet cost N8.40/unit of effectiveness while streptomycin injection cost N81.50/unit of effectiveness in the treatment of tuberculosis. Ethambutol tablet therefore appears to be more cost effective than streptomycin injection. Subjecting the cost and effectiveness to sensitivity analysis did not change this conclusion. Statistical analysis shows that there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness (outcome) of ethambutol (95%) and streptomycin injection (76.73%) (X 2 =13.75 ; p<0.5). Therefore there is association between effectiveness and therapeutic option chosen with ethambutol tablet being a more cost effective option. The result of this study is significant because ethambutol is usually traded off for less cost-effective streptomycin in many cases even when there is no contraindication to the use of ethambutol. CONCLUSION Ethambutol tablet is more cost effective than streptomycin injection at their usual therapeutic doses in combination with isoniazed, rifampicin and pyrazinamide in the treatment of tuberculos 1 at the intensive phase. KEYWORD: Pharmacoeconomics, cost effectiveness analysis, ethambutol, streptomycin, tuberculoses.
African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 2008
With depressing nature of economy in many countries such as Nigeria where per capita income is lo... more With depressing nature of economy in many countries such as Nigeria where per capita income is low, there is need for utmost consideration for cost containment measures. Objective: The objective of this study is to conduct pharmacoeconomic evaluation of two antichlamydial indicated non-gonococcal urethritis therapeutic options and to make recommendations for inclusion of economic evaluation of drug therapies in health policy formulations and decision making. Methods: Cost effectiveness analysis was carried out retrospectively for prescribed/dispensed antibacterials to outpatients with chlamydial implicated non-gonococcal urethritis among other infectious diseases, by examining outpatient case notes between 2005 and 2007 in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria Nigeria. Results : The result shows that doxycycline costs N1.33/unit of effectiveness while tetracycline costs N2.77/unit of effectiveness in the treatment of chlamydial implicated non-gonococcal urethritis. Doxycycline is therefore more cost effective than tetracycline capsules. Subjecting the costs and effectiveness to sensitivity analysis did not change this conclusion. There is statistically significant difference in the effectiveness (outcome) of doxycycline (78.8%) and tetracycline (58.7%) (x 2 =9.4; p<0.05) There is therefore association between effectiveness and therapeutic option chosen with doxycycline being a more cost-effective option. The result is significant because doxycycline is not currently included in the Essential Drug list of Nigeria 1. However, the result is in agreement with Zimbabwean Essential Drug list which recommended that tetracycline be replaced by doxycycline in all indications and should be used only when doxycycline is not available 2. Also doxycycline is a drug of choice for other disease like gonorrhorea and syphilis in non-pregnant women 2. It was concluded that Doxycycline 100mg bd x 1 /52 is more cost effective than Tetracycline 500mg qid x 1 /52 in the treatment of chlamydial implicated non-gonococcal urethritis. Adoption of economic evaluation of drug therapies in Nigeria Health policy formulation and decisions is likely to enhance overall Health System cost effectiveness.
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Papers by Busayo Olayinka