Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human be... more Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human behaviour. Due to this extreme diversity various societies need to discuss with each other, each of them using their own language. Engineers talk about network performance and quality of service, business people talk about average revenue per user and customer churn while behavioural scientists talk about happiness and experiences. Thus, everyone who wants to understand, or even analyze, the whole ecosystem, has to deal with all these diverse issues. In addition to the apparent communication problems, the main challenges of ecosystem analysis are to realistically model human behaviour, and to efficiently combine the models developed for different domains. A central concept when solving these problems is quality of experience (QoE). This paper sheds light on the role of QoE by means of a common framework that covers the whole communications ecosystem. Additionally, a research agenda for a holistic ecosystem analysis is outlined.
... ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Karen Wachs DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Thomas Cirtin PROJECT EDITOR Theresa Wehrl... more ... ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Karen Wachs DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Thomas Cirtin PROJECT EDITOR Theresa Wehrle COPY EDITOR Keith Cline INDEXER Larry Sweazy AQUISITIONS COORDINATOR Jennifer Garrett MANUFACTURING ...
... Vaarnamo and other colleagues at Telecom Finland for giving me the change to do such interest... more ... Vaarnamo and other colleagues at Telecom Finland for giving me the change to do such interesting research work in a pleasant environment. ... A time resolution with three, four or even more scales has been applied widely (see Aagesen 1993; Castelli, Cavallero & Tonietti 1991 ...
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 1, 2008
Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human be... more Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human behaviour. Due to this extreme diversity various societies need to discuss with each other, each of them using their own language. Engineers talk about network performance and quality of service, business people talk about average revenue per user and customer churn while behavioural scientists talk about happiness and experiences. Thus, everyone who wants to understand, or even analyze, the whole ecosystem, has to deal with all these diverse issues. In addition to the apparent communication problems, the main challenges of ecosystem analysis are to realistically model human behaviour, and to efficiently combine the models developed for different domains. A central concept when solving these problems is quality of experience (QoE). This paper sheds light on the role of QoE by means of a common framework that covers the whole communications ecosystem. Additionally, a research agenda for a holistic ecosystem analysis is outlined.
Simple Integrated Media Access (SIMA) is a network service based on drop preference bits in every... more Simple Integrated Media Access (SIMA) is a network service based on drop preference bits in every packet. A key characteristic of SIMA is that the packet discarding decision are made locally without any knowledge about the load condition in other parts of the network. A possible problem of SIMA is that some packets could be lost in the last node after they have gone through the whole network. This seems to be a waste of network resource,s as some other packets could be transmitted in the network instead of the packets discarded in the last node. The question addressed in the paper is how much a network may profit by using perfect information about the network load condition in a way that the goodput in maximized by discarding packets only in the first node. A network with 5 nodes has been evaluated with a large number of different load conditions. The results show that the average benefit is less than 2 percent of the network capacity if the overall packet loss ratio is at most 20 percent. Only if the average packet los ratio is very high, could the benefit be significant.
Differentiated Services approach has been recently proposed for providing Quality of Service in I... more Differentiated Services approach has been recently proposed for providing Quality of Service in Internet. Simple Integrated Media Access is a network service concept that use this approach by utilizing priority bits in packet headers. Three drop preference bits are used for making the decision about packets to be discarded when congestion arises in a core network node. A single delay indication bit marks the packet either as belonging to a realtime or non real time flow. The acceptance of packets is not directly connected with real time properties of a packet. The real time support of SIMA is based on two features. First, real time packets are placed to a short real time buffer inside a core network node. Secondly, the real time buffer is always emptied before the longer, non real time buffer. This means a shorter queuing delay for real time packets. For the successful operation of the network it is crucial to have small enough transfer delay for real time packets. On the other hand, the difference in transfer delay must be significant enough between real time and non real time service in order to justify their existence. Finally, there is also the question, whether real time packets can block non real time flows since the real time packets are always transmitted first in a SIMA node. To answer these questions this paper addresses the issues related with transfer delay of packets over a SIMA network. We present extensive simulation results about the transfer delay distributions in order to provide insight into SIMA and transfer delays.
Simple integrated media access (SIMA) is a new service category for packet based communications s... more Simple integrated media access (SIMA) is a new service category for packet based communications systems, such as ATM or IP. SIMA offers a simple way to introduce easy charging, real time support and increase in the capacity of networks. According to the SIMA concept each customer shall define only two issues before a connection establishment: a nominal bit rate (NBR) and the selection between real-time and non-real- time classes. NBR forms the basis of charging and defines how the network capacity is divided among different connections during overload situations. The ratio of momentary bit rate of the source and NBR defines for each individual cell a priority level that is used to select the cells to be discarded under congestion. Simulation results are described about the cell loss as a function of priority level of a cell. SIMA can be also be equipped with a priority feedback system that informs traffic sources about the condition of the network. Results on the performance of sources using this information are published. This paper also presents some simulations on a SIMA network that uses packet discarding. Simulations presented in this paper show that SIMA is capable of fulfilling requirements for the future broadband Internet networks.
Short-message service (SMS) has disrupted several communications ecosystem stakeholders. With thi... more Short-message service (SMS) has disrupted several communications ecosystem stakeholders. With this new technology, consumers have adopted new ways to communicate with each other and companies have radically improved their existing processes and ways to deliver their services. Furthermore, SMS has enabled the emergence of machine-to-machine type services. The Disruption Framework is a theoretical model that can be used for identifying the process of technology diffusion from a scientific level to a level of social norms. SMS is found to fit within the model of Disruption Framework. The study reveals that the service has progressed to all levels in the model thus the service has been diffused at an almost maximal manner through the ecosystem. Shifts from one level and an industry to another level can be pinpointed and diffusion into different ecosystem layers can be identified. SMS reached its maturity phase in the early 2000s. However, there are clear indications that novel technologies are starting to disrupt SMS ecosystem stakeholders since early adopters of those new technologies are abandoning SMS.
The ubiquity of mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and mobile routers drives u... more The ubiquity of mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and mobile routers drives unprecedented mobile data traffic every year. However, the actual mobile data usage per subscriber or data volume delivered to the subscriber varies significantly between operators and nations. Understanding the reasons behind these differences is important for the mobile network operator's evolving business and telecom regulation in general. Towards this goal, this study analyzes the efficiency of delivering data services (data usage by subscribers) of 94 mobile operators from 28 countries through the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study also provides a case study of the highly efficient but also very dissimilar data service markets of Finland and India. Overall, the results illustrate that many countries have a single highly efficient MNO due to its effort for market share growth (i.e. a disruptive operator). While in other countries all MNOs displayed good efficiency likely due to country level initiatives. Furthermore, majorly economic disparities between countries highly affect the differences in efficiency scores at the country level. The case study between Finland and India shows the causes for differences in mobile data services from the view of regulation policies, spectrum management, market competition and economic disparities.
In this article we present a holistic techno-economic framework to analyze a service delivery eco... more In this article we present a holistic techno-economic framework to analyze a service delivery ecosystem and its revenue streams. In particular, we address issues related to user segmentation and pricing. The main contribution of the paper is to show that it is possible to construct and utilize analytical models to assess how users in different customer segments behave both when selecting services and when using the services. The results of the analysis provide consistent basis for service providers to design and optimize their products. Index Terms-Techno-economic modeling, user segmentation, perceived value I. II. TECHNO-ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK In order to manage the analysis of a complex service system and related interdependencies, the system needs to be divided
There are ATM nodes from several vendors in the market and some operators even are offering publi... more There are ATM nodes from several vendors in the market and some operators even are offering public ATM services. However, in order to really make a breakthrough of ATM we must develop ATM applications which are acceptable also by others than computerwizards. Our paper gives an outline of the ATM evolution from separate nodes to real and practical services utilizing ATM technology. One of the most prominent experiences of current situation is continuously evolving standards. First adopters have faced a dilemma of never ending software and hardware updates. Although we may except that Internet will be upgraded to ATM because of increasing capacity and quality requirements, the definitive role of ATM in the whole network architecture is still shrouded in mystery, and a lot of practical and theoretical questions are open.
The area of quality of service (QoS) in communications networks has been the target of research f... more The area of quality of service (QoS) in communications networks has been the target of research for already several decades with tens of thousands of published journal and conference papers. However, the practical introduction of QoS systems in commercial networks has been limited (with a preference for simple overprovisioning). Despite this dissonance, most influential QoS papers do not discuss this lack of penetration or challenge any of the common assumptions used to argue for QoS systems. So far, the few critical QoS papers have had only a minor effect on QoS research and standardization. Therefore, there is a serious risk that QoS will remain an academic research topic without significant practical relevance. To help elucidate these issues, in this work, we first perform a comprehensive review of QoS including a general overview and an analysis of both influential and critical work from the past 30 years. We examine properties such as citations, keywords, and author traits to show that QoS has passed through several distinct phases with different topics while maintaining the overall attitude towards the role and objective of QoS systems. We then discuss QoS as a social phenomenon and in the context of current networking standards. Finally, we propose a QoS scheme based on incentives that avoids some of the problems identified in critical work, and we provide simple recommendations for network operators. Overall, we hope to spark the community to take a fresh look at QoS.
ABSTRACT: The basic objective of future Internet is to offer practical service for various user g... more ABSTRACT: The basic objective of future Internet is to offer practical service for various user groups using diverse applications. During recent years several different approaches have been developed to fulfil all the dissimilar requirements. In this paper we evaluate three ...
An economic approach to analyse and design mobile services Olli-Pekka Pohjola, Kalevi Kilkki Noki... more An economic approach to analyse and design mobile services Olli-Pekka Pohjola, Kalevi Kilkki Nokia Research Center, Finland E-mail-olli-pekka. pohiola (a. nokia. com Abstract Limited resources, eg, time and money, force both people and firms make choices between ...
Abstract. From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 From Quality of Service to Qua... more Abstract. From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience was held in Schloss Dagstuhl Leibniz Center for Informatics. The notion of Quality of Ser-vice has served as a central research topic in communication ...
The basic objectives offuture Internet are to increase the network capacity, to offer a practical... more The basic objectives offuture Internet are to increase the network capacity, to offer a practical real-time service, and to develop a feasible charging scheme. These objectives introduce very strict requirements for the traffic control system. This paper presents a new simple approach for traffic management: Simple Integrated Media Access (SIMA). The strength of SIMA lies in its wide area of applications. There is no need to build complex systems with several service classes each appropriate to only certain applications.
From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 ``From Quality of Service to Quality of E... more From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 ``From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience '' was held in Schloss Dagstuhl~--~Leibniz Center for Informatics. The notion of \emph{Quality of Service} has served as a central research topic in communication networks for more than a decade, however, usually starting from a rather technical view on service quality. Therefore, recently the notion of emph{Quality of Experience} has emerged, redirecting the focus towards the end user and trying to quantify her subjective experience gained from using a service. The goal of this Dagstuhl seminar is to discuss this important paradigm shift in an interdisciplinary international community of key researchers, to investigate innovative research methodologies and to deepen the scientific understanding of this topic which is highly relevant for the economic success of future mobile and fixed communication services.
Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human be... more Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human behaviour. Due to this extreme diversity various societies need to discuss with each other, each of them using their own language. Engineers talk about network performance and quality of service, business people talk about average revenue per user and customer churn while behavioural scientists talk about happiness and experiences. Thus, everyone who wants to understand, or even analyze, the whole ecosystem, has to deal with all these diverse issues. In addition to the apparent communication problems, the main challenges of ecosystem analysis are to realistically model human behaviour, and to efficiently combine the models developed for different domains. A central concept when solving these problems is quality of experience (QoE). This paper sheds light on the role of QoE by means of a common framework that covers the whole communications ecosystem. Additionally, a research agenda for a holistic ecosystem analysis is outlined.
... ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Karen Wachs DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Thomas Cirtin PROJECT EDITOR Theresa Wehrl... more ... ACQUISITIONS EDITOR Karen Wachs DEVELOPMENT EDITOR Thomas Cirtin PROJECT EDITOR Theresa Wehrle COPY EDITOR Keith Cline INDEXER Larry Sweazy AQUISITIONS COORDINATOR Jennifer Garrett MANUFACTURING ...
... Vaarnamo and other colleagues at Telecom Finland for giving me the change to do such interest... more ... Vaarnamo and other colleagues at Telecom Finland for giving me the change to do such interesting research work in a pleasant environment. ... A time resolution with three, four or even more scales has been applied widely (see Aagesen 1993; Castelli, Cavallero & Tonietti 1991 ...
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research), Mar 1, 2008
Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human be... more Communications ecosystem covers a huge area from technical issues to business models and human behaviour. Due to this extreme diversity various societies need to discuss with each other, each of them using their own language. Engineers talk about network performance and quality of service, business people talk about average revenue per user and customer churn while behavioural scientists talk about happiness and experiences. Thus, everyone who wants to understand, or even analyze, the whole ecosystem, has to deal with all these diverse issues. In addition to the apparent communication problems, the main challenges of ecosystem analysis are to realistically model human behaviour, and to efficiently combine the models developed for different domains. A central concept when solving these problems is quality of experience (QoE). This paper sheds light on the role of QoE by means of a common framework that covers the whole communications ecosystem. Additionally, a research agenda for a holistic ecosystem analysis is outlined.
Simple Integrated Media Access (SIMA) is a network service based on drop preference bits in every... more Simple Integrated Media Access (SIMA) is a network service based on drop preference bits in every packet. A key characteristic of SIMA is that the packet discarding decision are made locally without any knowledge about the load condition in other parts of the network. A possible problem of SIMA is that some packets could be lost in the last node after they have gone through the whole network. This seems to be a waste of network resource,s as some other packets could be transmitted in the network instead of the packets discarded in the last node. The question addressed in the paper is how much a network may profit by using perfect information about the network load condition in a way that the goodput in maximized by discarding packets only in the first node. A network with 5 nodes has been evaluated with a large number of different load conditions. The results show that the average benefit is less than 2 percent of the network capacity if the overall packet loss ratio is at most 20 percent. Only if the average packet los ratio is very high, could the benefit be significant.
Differentiated Services approach has been recently proposed for providing Quality of Service in I... more Differentiated Services approach has been recently proposed for providing Quality of Service in Internet. Simple Integrated Media Access is a network service concept that use this approach by utilizing priority bits in packet headers. Three drop preference bits are used for making the decision about packets to be discarded when congestion arises in a core network node. A single delay indication bit marks the packet either as belonging to a realtime or non real time flow. The acceptance of packets is not directly connected with real time properties of a packet. The real time support of SIMA is based on two features. First, real time packets are placed to a short real time buffer inside a core network node. Secondly, the real time buffer is always emptied before the longer, non real time buffer. This means a shorter queuing delay for real time packets. For the successful operation of the network it is crucial to have small enough transfer delay for real time packets. On the other hand, the difference in transfer delay must be significant enough between real time and non real time service in order to justify their existence. Finally, there is also the question, whether real time packets can block non real time flows since the real time packets are always transmitted first in a SIMA node. To answer these questions this paper addresses the issues related with transfer delay of packets over a SIMA network. We present extensive simulation results about the transfer delay distributions in order to provide insight into SIMA and transfer delays.
Simple integrated media access (SIMA) is a new service category for packet based communications s... more Simple integrated media access (SIMA) is a new service category for packet based communications systems, such as ATM or IP. SIMA offers a simple way to introduce easy charging, real time support and increase in the capacity of networks. According to the SIMA concept each customer shall define only two issues before a connection establishment: a nominal bit rate (NBR) and the selection between real-time and non-real- time classes. NBR forms the basis of charging and defines how the network capacity is divided among different connections during overload situations. The ratio of momentary bit rate of the source and NBR defines for each individual cell a priority level that is used to select the cells to be discarded under congestion. Simulation results are described about the cell loss as a function of priority level of a cell. SIMA can be also be equipped with a priority feedback system that informs traffic sources about the condition of the network. Results on the performance of sources using this information are published. This paper also presents some simulations on a SIMA network that uses packet discarding. Simulations presented in this paper show that SIMA is capable of fulfilling requirements for the future broadband Internet networks.
Short-message service (SMS) has disrupted several communications ecosystem stakeholders. With thi... more Short-message service (SMS) has disrupted several communications ecosystem stakeholders. With this new technology, consumers have adopted new ways to communicate with each other and companies have radically improved their existing processes and ways to deliver their services. Furthermore, SMS has enabled the emergence of machine-to-machine type services. The Disruption Framework is a theoretical model that can be used for identifying the process of technology diffusion from a scientific level to a level of social norms. SMS is found to fit within the model of Disruption Framework. The study reveals that the service has progressed to all levels in the model thus the service has been diffused at an almost maximal manner through the ecosystem. Shifts from one level and an industry to another level can be pinpointed and diffusion into different ecosystem layers can be identified. SMS reached its maturity phase in the early 2000s. However, there are clear indications that novel technologies are starting to disrupt SMS ecosystem stakeholders since early adopters of those new technologies are abandoning SMS.
The ubiquity of mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and mobile routers drives u... more The ubiquity of mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops, tablets, and mobile routers drives unprecedented mobile data traffic every year. However, the actual mobile data usage per subscriber or data volume delivered to the subscriber varies significantly between operators and nations. Understanding the reasons behind these differences is important for the mobile network operator's evolving business and telecom regulation in general. Towards this goal, this study analyzes the efficiency of delivering data services (data usage by subscribers) of 94 mobile operators from 28 countries through the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study also provides a case study of the highly efficient but also very dissimilar data service markets of Finland and India. Overall, the results illustrate that many countries have a single highly efficient MNO due to its effort for market share growth (i.e. a disruptive operator). While in other countries all MNOs displayed good efficiency likely due to country level initiatives. Furthermore, majorly economic disparities between countries highly affect the differences in efficiency scores at the country level. The case study between Finland and India shows the causes for differences in mobile data services from the view of regulation policies, spectrum management, market competition and economic disparities.
In this article we present a holistic techno-economic framework to analyze a service delivery eco... more In this article we present a holistic techno-economic framework to analyze a service delivery ecosystem and its revenue streams. In particular, we address issues related to user segmentation and pricing. The main contribution of the paper is to show that it is possible to construct and utilize analytical models to assess how users in different customer segments behave both when selecting services and when using the services. The results of the analysis provide consistent basis for service providers to design and optimize their products. Index Terms-Techno-economic modeling, user segmentation, perceived value I. II. TECHNO-ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK In order to manage the analysis of a complex service system and related interdependencies, the system needs to be divided
There are ATM nodes from several vendors in the market and some operators even are offering publi... more There are ATM nodes from several vendors in the market and some operators even are offering public ATM services. However, in order to really make a breakthrough of ATM we must develop ATM applications which are acceptable also by others than computerwizards. Our paper gives an outline of the ATM evolution from separate nodes to real and practical services utilizing ATM technology. One of the most prominent experiences of current situation is continuously evolving standards. First adopters have faced a dilemma of never ending software and hardware updates. Although we may except that Internet will be upgraded to ATM because of increasing capacity and quality requirements, the definitive role of ATM in the whole network architecture is still shrouded in mystery, and a lot of practical and theoretical questions are open.
The area of quality of service (QoS) in communications networks has been the target of research f... more The area of quality of service (QoS) in communications networks has been the target of research for already several decades with tens of thousands of published journal and conference papers. However, the practical introduction of QoS systems in commercial networks has been limited (with a preference for simple overprovisioning). Despite this dissonance, most influential QoS papers do not discuss this lack of penetration or challenge any of the common assumptions used to argue for QoS systems. So far, the few critical QoS papers have had only a minor effect on QoS research and standardization. Therefore, there is a serious risk that QoS will remain an academic research topic without significant practical relevance. To help elucidate these issues, in this work, we first perform a comprehensive review of QoS including a general overview and an analysis of both influential and critical work from the past 30 years. We examine properties such as citations, keywords, and author traits to show that QoS has passed through several distinct phases with different topics while maintaining the overall attitude towards the role and objective of QoS systems. We then discuss QoS as a social phenomenon and in the context of current networking standards. Finally, we propose a QoS scheme based on incentives that avoids some of the problems identified in critical work, and we provide simple recommendations for network operators. Overall, we hope to spark the community to take a fresh look at QoS.
ABSTRACT: The basic objective of future Internet is to offer practical service for various user g... more ABSTRACT: The basic objective of future Internet is to offer practical service for various user groups using diverse applications. During recent years several different approaches have been developed to fulfil all the dissimilar requirements. In this paper we evaluate three ...
An economic approach to analyse and design mobile services Olli-Pekka Pohjola, Kalevi Kilkki Noki... more An economic approach to analyse and design mobile services Olli-Pekka Pohjola, Kalevi Kilkki Nokia Research Center, Finland E-mail-olli-pekka. pohiola (a. nokia. com Abstract Limited resources, eg, time and money, force both people and firms make choices between ...
Abstract. From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 From Quality of Service to Qua... more Abstract. From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience was held in Schloss Dagstuhl Leibniz Center for Informatics. The notion of Quality of Ser-vice has served as a central research topic in communication ...
The basic objectives offuture Internet are to increase the network capacity, to offer a practical... more The basic objectives offuture Internet are to increase the network capacity, to offer a practical real-time service, and to develop a feasible charging scheme. These objectives introduce very strict requirements for the traffic control system. This paper presents a new simple approach for traffic management: Simple Integrated Media Access (SIMA). The strength of SIMA lies in its wide area of applications. There is no need to build complex systems with several service classes each appropriate to only certain applications.
From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 ``From Quality of Service to Quality of E... more From May 05 to May 08, 2009, the Dagstuhl Seminar 09192 ``From Quality of Service to Quality of Experience '' was held in Schloss Dagstuhl~--~Leibniz Center for Informatics. The notion of \emph{Quality of Service} has served as a central research topic in communication networks for more than a decade, however, usually starting from a rather technical view on service quality. Therefore, recently the notion of emph{Quality of Experience} has emerged, redirecting the focus towards the end user and trying to quantify her subjective experience gained from using a service. The goal of this Dagstuhl seminar is to discuss this important paradigm shift in an interdisciplinary international community of key researchers, to investigate innovative research methodologies and to deepen the scientific understanding of this topic which is highly relevant for the economic success of future mobile and fixed communication services.
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Papers by Kalevi Kilkki